Shri Cloth Market Vaishnav Bal
Mandir G. H. S. .School.
Session:- 2019-20
Chemistry project
Topic:- Dying Of Fabrics
Submitted by:- Mahak tiwari
Submitted to:- Mrs. Amita bhatt
Principal:-mrs. Abha johri
0
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and
sincere thanks to principal mrs. Abha johri
for her encouragement and for all the
facilities that she provided for this project
work. I sincerely appreciate this
magnanimity by taking me into her fold for
which I shall remain indebted to her.
I extend my heartily thanks to mrs. Amita
bhatt, chemistry teacher who guided me to
the successful completion of this project. I
take this opportunity to express my deep
sense of gratitude for her invaluable
guidance, constant encouragement,
constructive comments, sympathetic attitude
and immense motivation, which has
sustained my efforts at all stages of this
project work.
1
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mahak tiwari of std. 12th
‘AB’ has prepared the project entitled “Dying
of fabrics”. The project is the result of her own
efforts and endeavours. The project os found
worthy of acceptance as final project report for
the subject chemistry. She has prepared the
project under my guidance.
Internal External Principal
Signature Signature Signature
2
DECLARATION
I Mahak tiwari of std. 12th ‘AB’
hereby declare that the project
work entitled “Dying of fabrics”
submitted to mrs. Amita bhatt is
prepared by me. All the matter and
contents presented are result of my
personal efforts.
Signature
3
DYING OF
FABRICS
4
INDEX:-
❏ Introduction
❏ History
❏ Dyes
● Natural dyes
● Advantages of natural dyes
❏ Types of dyes
● Direct dyes
● Mordant dyes
● Developed dyes
● Vat dyes
❏ Investigatory project
❏ bibliography
5
INTRODUCTION
Dyes used for fabrics such as cotton,
wool and silk are complex organic
molecules that contains what is
known as a chromophore group,
that is, they contain some type of
conjugated alternating double and
single bonds in a part of the
molecule. These molecules can
absorb certain wavelengths of visible
light and reflect the remaining light
and, thus, gave a fabric its colour
Not only do the dyes have polar or
ionic groups, but fabrics such as
cotton and wool also contains polar
groups such as -OH (Hydroxyl) and
-NH (Amide) which help the dye to
attach to the fabric.
6
Sometimes the chemical bonds
forms between the dye and the fabric
molecules which holds the two
together. Another process involved
the use of a m
ordant , which serves as
a sort of intermediary that bonds the
dye and the fabric. attached to the
fabric, the colour will be “fast”, that
is, it does not run when wet or
washed, after the initial rinsing of
excess dye.
This experiment will deal with four
types of dyeing processes, direct
Dying, mordant Dying, developed
Dying and vat Dying.
7
HISTORY
Dying of textiles has been practiced
for thousands of years with the first
written record of use of dyestuff
dated 2600BC in China. All dyes
were natural substances obtained
from plants, animals or mineral
sources. In 1856, William Henry
perkin, while searching for a cure for
malaria,discovered the first synthetic
dye, mauve. The mauve was brilliant
fuchsia colour but faded easily. Since
that time a large number of
synthetic dyes have been
manufactured and their resistance to
running and fading has been
8
eliminated. Almost all garments
purchased today are dyes with
synthetic dyes.
9
DYES
A dye is coloured substance that chemically
bonds with the substrate to which it is being
applied and add or change the colour of the
substrate. Most dyes are organic in nature.
i.e. , they contain carbon in their structure.
Dyes are classified into two types :-
1. Natural dyes. 2. Synthetic dyes.
10
NATURAL DYES:-
The word natural dye covers all dyes
derived from natural sources like
plants, animals and minerals.
Natural dyes are mostly non
substantive and must be applied on
textiles with the help of mordants,
usually a metallic salt which have an
affinity for both fibre and colouring
matter. Transition metal ions
usually have strong coordinating
power and/or capable of forming
week to medium
attraction/interaction forces and
thus can act as bridging material to
create substantivity of natural dyes
11
and colourants when textil material
being impregnated with such
metallic salts (i.e. mordanted) is
subjected to dying with different
natural [Link] having some
mordantable groups facilitating
fixation of such dyes/colourants.
12
ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL
DYES:-
ADVANTAGES:-
1. The shades produced by natural
dyes are usually soft, lustrous and
soothing to the human eye.
2. Natural dyestuff can produce a
large number of colours by mix
and match method. A small
variations in dying techniques or
use of different mordants with
same dye (polygenetic type
natural dye) can shift the colours
to a wide range or create some
new colours which is not easily
13
possible with synthetic dyes.
3. Natural dyestuffs produce rare
colour ideas and are
automatically harmonizing.
4. In some cases like harda, Indigo
etc., the waste in the process
becomes the ideal fertilisers for
use in agricultural fields.
Therefore, no disposal problem in
this organic waste.
5. Application of natural dyes have
potential to earn carbon credit by
reducing consumption of fossil
fuel based synthetic dyes.
6. Unlike non renewable raw
14
materials for synthetic dyes,
natural dyes are easily renewable,
being agro renewable/ vegetable
based and at the same time
biodegradable.
15
Types of dyes:-
DIRECT DYES :- These are the
molecules that adhere to the fabric
molecules without help from the
other chemicals.
Ex. Malachite green.
16
MORDANT DYES :- These are the
dyes that do not adhere to the fabric
directly. These need a chemical
intermediate, known as a mordant,
to attach themselves to the fabric.
DEVELOPED DYES:- These are those
where the dye-forming chemical
reaction is carried out on the fabric.
This process is commonly done with
diazo dyes which are characterised
by containing a -N=N- double bond
structure in the molecule .
Ex. Para red (bright red).
17
VAT DYES:- These are insoluble in
their coloured form. They are
reduced by another chemical and
converted to a soluble form. The
reduced dye is applied to the fabric,
and then exposed to the air which
oxidises the dye to its coloured form.
Ex. Indigo.
18
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
19
OBJECTIVE:-
To dye wool and cotton clothes
with malachite green
REQUIREMENTS:-
500ml beakers, tripod stands,
wire gauze, glass rod, spatula,
wool cloth, cotton cloth.
Sodium carbonate, tannic acid,
tartar emetic and malachite
green.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Preparation of sodium
carbonate solution-take
about 0.5g of solid Na2CO3
and dissolve it in 250ml of
water.
20
2. Preparation of tartar emetic
solution-take about 0.2g of
tartar emetic and dissolved in
100ml of water by stirring
with the help of a glass rod.
3. Preparation of tannic acid
solution-take 100ml of water
and add about 1g of tannic
acid to it. Heat the solution.
4. Preparation of dye
solution-take about 0.1g of
malachite green dye and add
to it400ml of water. On
warming a clear solution of
the dye results.
5. Dying of wool- Take about
21
200ml of dye solution and dip
the woollen cloth in it to be
dyed. Boil the solution for 2
minutes. After that remove
the cloth and wash it with hot
water 3-4 times, squeeze and
keep it for drying.
6. Dying of cotton- Cotton
doesn't absorb malachite
green readily. So it requires
the use of mordant. For dying
a cotton cloth, dip it in
NA2CO3 solution for about 10
minutes and then rinse with
water. Then put the water in
hot tannic acid solution for
22
about 5 minutes. Now take
out the cloth from tannic acid
solution and keep it in tartar
emetic solution for about 5
minutes. Remove the cloth
and squeeze it with spatula
to remove the excess solution.
7. Now place the cloth in boiling
solution of the dye for about 2
minutes. Remove and wash
the dyed cloth thoroughly
with water, squeeze and keep
it for drying.
23
OBSERVATIONS:-
1. The colour of the wool cloth
dyed directly by dipping in a
hot solution of malachite
green is fast.
2. The colour of the cotton cloth
dyed indirectly by using
mordant and then by dipping
in a hot solution of malachite
green is fast to washing and
of high intensity.
24
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
❏ WWW. [Link]
❏ Practical chemistry by
laxmi publications
❏ Wikipedia
❏ WWW. [Link]
❏ Dying booklet_pdf.
❏ WWW. [Link]
25
