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Great Circle Distance Calculation

The formula in getting the Great Circle Distance is as follows:

A = |Longitude 2 – Longitude1|

b = 90° - Latitude 1

c = 90° - Latitude 2

cos a = (cos b)(cos c) + (sin b)(sin c)(cos A)

Conversion factor:

1° = 60 nautical mile

1 nautical mile = 1.151 statute mile

1 statute mile = 1.609 kilometre

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 Known Data

Site Longitude Latitude

A Hagonoy, Bulacan 120°76’18”E 14°83’67”N

B Santa Ana, Pampanga 120°46’05”E 15°05’38”N

Computations:

A = |LongitudeA – LongitudeB|
A = |120°76’18” - 120°46’05”|
A = 0°30’13”

b = 90° - latitudeA
b = 90° - 14°83’67”
b = 74°35’53”

c = 90° - latitudeB
c = 90° - 15°05’38”
c = 74°54’22”

cosa = (cos b)(cos c) + (sin b)(sin c)(cos A)

= [cos(74°35’53”) x cos(74°54’22”)] + [sin(74°35’53”) x sin(74°54’22”) x
cos(0°30’13”)]
a = arcos 0.9999495
a = 0.5758179°
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Conversion:
60𝑛𝑚 1.151𝑠𝑚 1.609𝑘𝑚
a = 0.576°x x x
1° 1𝑛𝑚 1𝑠𝑚

a = 64km

Antenna Orientation Calculation

C = |Longitude A – Longitude B|
𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝑩−𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝑨
𝒚−𝒙 𝑪 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( 𝟐
)
𝒕𝒂𝒏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 ( )
𝟐 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝑩+𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝑨)
𝟐

𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝑩−𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝑨
𝒚+𝒙 𝑪 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( 𝟐
)
𝒕𝒂𝒏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 ( )
𝟐 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝑩+𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝑨)
𝟐
𝒚+𝒙 𝒚−𝒙 𝒚+𝒙 𝒚−𝒙
𝑿= − ; 𝒀= −
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Where:
C = difference of the longitudinal coordinates of the sites in a hop
X = the compound coordinate of the first site
Y = the computed coordinate of the second site
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Antenna Orientation Calculation
Computations:
c = |120°76’18” - 120°46’05”|
c = 0°30’13”

LatitudeB − LatitudeA
𝑋−𝑌 c 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 {[𝑐𝑜𝑡 ] [ LatitudeB+ LatitudeA
]}
2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2

LatitudeB − LatitudeA
𝑋+𝑌 c 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 {[𝑐𝑜𝑡 ] [ ]}
2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 LatitudeB+ LatitudeA
2

LatitudeB – LatitudeA = 15°05’38” - 14°83’67”

LatitudeB – LatitudeA = 0°18’29”

LatitudeB + LatitudeA = 15°05’38” + 14°83’67”

LatitudeB + LatitudeA = 30°29’45”

𝑋−𝑌
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [(227.54)(2.78𝑥10−3 )]
2
𝑋−𝑌
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (0.633) = 32.33
2

𝑋+𝑌
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [(918.2625)(3.8)]
2
𝑋+𝑌
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (864.654) = 89.93
2
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𝑋−𝑌
= 32.33 ; 64.66 + Y = 0 (1)
2
𝑋+𝑌
= 89.93 ; (2)
2
64.66 + Y + 𝑌
= 89.9
2

Y = 57.6 = 57°36’0”
X = 122°15’36”

Site A:
= N(90° - X)E
= N(90° - 122°15’36”)E
= N(-32°15’36”)E
Site B:
=S(Y - 90°)W
= S(57°36’0” - 90°)W
= S(-32°24’0”)W
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Antenna Height Calculation

𝑑1 𝑑2
𝑒𝑏 =
12.75𝑘
Where:
eb = earth bulge
𝑑1 = distance of the first site to the obstruction
𝑑2 = distance of the second site to the obstruction
k = earth bulge radius factor

ℎ0 = 𝑒𝑏 + 𝑒𝑜 + 𝑇𝐺
Where:
ℎ0 = height of obstruction
eb = earth bulge
𝑒𝑜 = elevation of the obstruction above the sea level
TG = tree growth

𝑑1 𝑑2
𝐹1 = 17.3 √
𝐹𝐷

Where:
𝐹1 = First Fresnel Zone
𝑑1 = distance of the first site to the obstruction
𝑑2 = distance of the second site to the obstruction
F = frequency
D = total distance
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𝐻 = 60%(𝐹1 )
Where:
H = Fresnel Clearance
𝐹1 = First Fresnel Zone

 Parameters
𝑑1 = 12.61km 𝑒0 = 30m
𝑑2 = 16.36km 𝑒1 = 25m
D = 28.97km 𝑒2 = 21m
TG = 18m 𝐹𝐺𝐻𝑍 = 5GHz

Computations:
 Earth Bulge
𝑑1 𝑑2 (12.61)(16.36)
𝑒𝑏 = = 4
12.75𝑘 12.75( )
3

𝒆𝒃 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝒎
 Height of Obstruction
ℎ0 = 12.135 + 30 + 18
𝒉𝟎 = 60.135m
 First Fresnel Zone

(12.61)(16.36)
𝐹1 = 17.3 √ 5(28.97)

𝑭𝟏 = 20.64m
 Fresnel Clearance
H = 60%(𝐹1 )
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= 0.6(20.64)
H = 12.387m

12.61[(21+ 𝑎2 )−(25+ 𝑎1 )
12.387 = − (60.135) + (25 + 𝑎1 )
28.97

𝒂𝟏 = 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟓𝟑𝟗𝒎

ℎ1 = 𝑒1 + 𝑎1
= 25 + 49. 539
𝒉𝟏 = 74.539m

ℎ2 = 𝑒2 + 𝑎2
= 21+ 49. 539
𝒉𝟐 = 70.539m
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Transmission Calculation

𝑷𝑻 = 𝑷𝟏
𝑷𝟐 = 𝑷𝑻 − 𝑻𝑳𝑳𝑻𝑿
𝑷𝟑 = 𝑷𝟐 − 𝑨𝑮𝑻𝑿
𝑷𝟒 = 𝑷𝟑 − 𝑭𝑺𝑳
𝑷𝟓 = 𝑷𝟒 + 𝑨𝑮𝑹𝑿
𝑷𝟔 = 𝑷𝟓 − 𝑻𝑳𝑳𝑹𝑿 = 𝑹𝑺𝑳
𝑭𝑴 = 𝑹𝑺𝑳 − 𝑰𝑻

 Parameters
F = 6GHz PT = 5kW
Bft = 5ft 𝑇𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑋 = 0
D = 28.94km IT = -84.4

Computations:
5𝑥103
𝑃𝑇 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 10−3 ) = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟗𝟖𝟗𝟕𝒅𝑩𝒎

4𝜋𝐷 4𝜋(28.94)
FSL = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔 | | = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔 | 3𝑥108
| = 𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟑𝟒𝒅𝑩
𝜆 ( )
5𝑥109

𝑷𝟏 = 𝑷𝑻 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟗𝟖𝟗𝟕𝒅𝑩𝒎

𝑃2 = 56.9897 − 0
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟗𝟖𝟗𝟕𝒅𝑩𝒎
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𝐴𝐺𝑇𝑥/𝑅𝑋 = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔(6) + 20𝑙𝑜𝑔(5) + 7.5

𝑨𝑮𝑻𝒙/𝑹𝑿 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟎𝟓𝒅𝑩

𝑃3 = 56.9897 + 37.05
𝑷𝟑 = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟕𝒅𝑩𝒎

𝑃4 = 94.0397 − 104.34
𝑷𝟒 = −𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟏𝒅𝑩𝒎

𝑃5 = −10.301 + 37.05
𝑷𝟓 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝟗𝒅𝑩𝒎

𝑃6 = 26.749 − 0
𝑷𝟔 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝟗𝒅𝑩𝒎

𝐹𝑀 = 26.749 − (−84.4)
𝑭𝑴 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝟗𝒅𝑩
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Interpolation:
110 0.99999
111.149 R
120 0.999999

0.149 𝑅−0.99999
= ; R = 99.99899754%
10 9𝑥10−6

System Unavailability
U = (1 – A)
365𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24ℎ𝑟𝑠 60𝑚𝑖𝑛
= (1 – 0.99999)( ) ( 1𝑑𝑎𝑦 ) ( )
1𝑦𝑟 1ℎ𝑟

U = 5.256min/year

 Parameters
F = 5GHz a=1
FM = 111.149dB b = 0.25
D = 28.97km

Unavailabity Non-diversity Probability

𝐹
𝑈𝑁𝐷𝑃 = 2.5𝑎𝑏𝐹𝐷3 (10 − ) (10−6 )
10

5
𝑈𝑁𝐷𝑃 = 2.5(1)(0.25)(5)(28.97)3 (10 − ) (10−6 )
10

𝑼𝑵𝑫𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐
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𝑅 = (1 − 𝑈𝑁𝐷𝑃 ) 𝑥 100
= (1 − 0.72) 𝑥 100
𝑹 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟏%

Reflection Point
 Parameters
ℎ1 = 74.539𝑚 = 244.55𝑓𝑡
ℎ2 = 70.539𝑚 = 231.427𝑓𝑡
𝐷 = 28.97𝑘𝑚 = 18𝑚𝑖

ℎ1 244.55
𝑋= 2
= = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟒𝒇𝒕/𝒎𝒊𝟐
𝐷 182
ℎ2 231.427
𝑌= 2= = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟒𝒇𝒕/𝒎𝒊𝟐
𝐷 182

Reflection Point
1 1
ƞ= =
𝑌 0.714
1 + √𝑋 1 + √0.754
ƞ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟔𝟖

𝑑1 = ƞD = 0.5068(28.97) 𝑑2 = D − 𝑑1 = 28.97 − 14.68

𝒅𝟏 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟔𝟖𝒌𝒎 𝒅𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟗𝒌𝒎

𝒅𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝟐 : distances of the site from the reflection point

(Reference: Microwave Link Communication System)