Completion

Fluids
-“UTILIZED WHERE PERFORMANCE COUNTS”

GEO Drilling Fluids, Inc. offers an array of completion products

for all servicing areas throughout the Western US.

PRODUCTS OFFERED
• Brines
• Corrosion Control
• Viscosifiers
• Lubricants
• Friction Reducers
• Biocides
• Scavengers
• Scale Inhibitors
SERVICES OFFERED
• Frac Cleanouts
• Coil Tubing
• Well Kill
• Abandonments
• Work Over projects

For more info visit: [Link]

Introduction
• Reduced borehole skin damage
• Improved permeability
• Reduced mechanical problems with completion and production equipment
• Solids free fluids

Un-dissolved solids are a major contributor to formation damage. Use of solids-free fluids for com- pletion and remedial
work have resulted in increased production and faster recovery. Fresh water use is avoided to prevent clay hydration in dirty-
sand reservoirs. Various salts are used for inhibi- tion of clays. Water with dissolved salts of any species is referred to as a
brine. Cost-effective for- mulations for various densities can be obtained by combining different salts.

The higher initial cost of brine fluids is easily recouped through significant productivity gains for oil and gas wells when
compared to fresh water or “mud” completions. When used in drilling applica- tions, the near solids-free nature of clear
brine fluids and the controlled high-densities they achieve, contribute to stabilization of sensitive formations. Additionally,
when utilized as a Drill-In Fluid the low solids nature of brine fluids contribute to increased penetration rate and lower
abrasion for

Completion Methods
Fluid Density Range ppg Usable Temperature (oF) Stability (Static) Clay Reactions Corrosion
Gas
Air/Natural gas 0 to 8.3 all unlimited ----- minor
Mist 0 to 8.3 32 to 212 none minor variable
Foam 0 to 8.3 32 to 212 limited minor variable
Methanol 6.6 -146 to 148 unlimited minor variable
Oil
Diesel 7.03 -12 to 660 very long ---- ----
Crude (treated) 7 to 8 very long ---- ----
Emulsions 7 to 8.3 long minor minor
Weighted Oil 7 to 17 variable ---- ----
Weighted Emulsions 8.3 to 17 long minor minor
Water
Fresh 8.3 32 to 212 unlimited none to extreme variable
Seawater (treated) 8.5 32 to 212 very long none to extreme minor
Brines
KCI 8.3 to 9.7 -29 very long none to minor minor
NaCl 8.3 to 10.0 -29 very long none to minor minor
CaCl2 8.3 to 11.6 -51 very long none to minor minor
CaBr2 8.3 to 15.2 -12 very long none to minor moderate
ZnBr2 8.3 to 19.2 -40 very long none to moderate major
Weighted Water/ Brine
Salt 8.3 to 15 short to very long none to major minor
Carbonates 8.3 to 17 short to very long variable variable

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Maximum Density Brine Fluids
The maximum density of a solids-free fluid depends on the Applications
type of salt used. Each salt has a maximum con- centration Drilling Fluids
before it reaches saturation. The table below indicates the Packer Fluids
maximum densities of various brines. Thermal expansion Gravel-Pack Fluids
of the water effects the density of a clear brine. At elevated Perforating Fluids
temperatures the density de- creases. Densities are Under-reaming Fluids
reported at a specific tempera- ture such as 70°F. Work-over Kill Fluids
Combinations of salts can be used to economically
achieve densities from 8.34 pg to 19.2 ppg. Systems
Potassium Chloride....... KCl
Dt=D0/(1+ßAT) Sodium Chloride ..........NaCl
Dt = density at desired temperature Potassium Bromide.......KBr
D0 = density at 70ºF Calcium Chloride .......CaCl2
ß = coefficient of thermal expansion Sodium Bromide ..........NaBr
AT = temperature desired less 70ºF Calcium Bromide ...... CaBr2
Zinc Bromide ..............ZnBr2

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Crystallization Maintenance
When a saturated brine is heated, the water expands and Brine fluids are easier to maintain than mud systems.
more salt can be added. As the temperature is lowered Many ingredients make up mud systems which must be
saturated brine becomes super saturated and salt kept in proper balance.
begins to crystallize and fall out. The point where pre-
cipitation begins in a fluid saturated at 60o F is know as With no solids being added, brine fluids can be properly
the crystallization point. Cost and formulations of brine maintained with routine filtration and pH adjustment.
fluids vary greatly depending on crystallization points. It is The corrosion rates of brine fluids need to be considered
important to determine the maximum crystallization point when in use or storage.
that can be safely handled in the field. This is particularly
true in marine risers. Densities higher than saturation can be obtained with
produced brine and other sodium chloride (NaCl) based
Calcium chloride and all bromide based brines are more waters by the addition of either sized NaCl, calcium
sensitive to the effects of thermal expansion. Coefficients carbonate (CaCO3), or iron carbonate (siderite), in
of thermal expansion can be used to calculate density conjunction with polymer viscosifiers. The carbonate
effects using the following formula. materials are considered to be highly acid soluble
and can therefore be easily removed from the face
of the formation. The sized NaCl crystals can also be
easily removed since they are water soluble and will
be dissolved by any water less than saturated, such as
produced fluids. These materials are usually supplied in
graded sizes to assist in controlling the filtrate of the
completion fluid.

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FLUID ADDITIVES FOR
CONTROLLING VISCOSITY

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FLUID ADDITIVES FOR
CONTROLLING VISCOSITY
HEC vs. GEOZAN

HEC GEOZAN
Advantages High viscosity with very high Yield Point Provides a clear fluid with Gel Strengths to sus-
is easily attained with HEC. Viscosity is pend cuttings when circulation is interrupted.
easily “broken” with either enzymes or Exhibits high shear stress at low shear rates for
Hypochlorite. The product is naturally improved cuttings transport in horizontal wells.
bio- degradable and has been used Provides some filtrate loss control.
for years as the com- pletion fluid of
choice. The ability to control settling can
be advantageous in gravel packs.
Disadvantages HEC will not provide Gel strengths re- Does not degrade as readilyas HEC. Due to its
gardless of concentration. Does not intrinsic viscos- ity it is potentially more damag-
suspend solids well when circulation ing to production unless prop- erly broken.
is stopped. Does not control wellbore
slough. Pro- vides no fluid loss con-
trol on its own. At temperatures above
125oF viscosity is greatly reduced.

Polymer Breakers
Hypochlorite Solution of Sodium Hy-pochlo- Effectively degrades the viscosity Given enough time and temperature the
rite in water has a pH of 10-12. Break is not of HEC by breaking the molecular viscosity of GEO- ZAN is greatly reduced but
as “clean” as with Lithium Hypochlorite. chain. Reaction time is slow and the not degraded. Stability up to 260oF requires
re- sulting by-products have a mo- no additional treat- ment. Stability up to
lecular weight in the 20,000 range. 315oF is possible with addition of special
Lithium Hypochlorite Personal safety con- Works by a similar mechanism as Effectively degrades the viscosity of GEOZAN
siderations are more strin- gent than with Sodium Hypochlorite but is some- over time. Much faster with increased tem-
Sodium Hypochlorite or SDIC. Solution of what faster. Lithium Hypochlorite perature. Continues to have some residual
Lithium Hy-pochlorite in water has a pH of provides a cleaner break than Sodi- fluid loss charac- teristics after breaking

SDIC Solution of SDIC in wa- ter has a pH Effective breaker for immediate Breaks the viscosity of Xathan Gum poly-
of 5-6. Re- search shows SDIC to provide a degradation of HEC polymer. Cannot mers more quickly and completely than
“break” cleaner than Hypochlorite. be time delayed like H-Break 100. Lithium Hypochlorite. Exhibits no residual
H-Break 100 pH is adjusted to suit the drill- An Enzyme Breaker specific to HEC. Not applicable. While claims of an enzyme
ing fluid. Activation with mild acid. H-Break The enzymes attack the polymer breaker for Xanvis have been made the
100 is not a corrosive product. at every molecular branch. They manufacturer of Xanvis has not seen an
continue to move from site to site example and we have not found such a
until all the HEC has been degraded. product.
The resulting by-products are sim-
ple sugars with a molecular weight
in the 20 range. Can be controlled
with pH so that it is inactive when
added but can be activated later.

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Preparing Brines
Brine fluids can be prepared with one salt or a combination of of fresh water to use is given in each of the tables, Potassium
salts. The desired density will determine which salts to use. In Chloride, Sodium Chloride, and Calcium Chloride, under the
many cases Potassium Chloride is the salt of choice because heading “Volume to “Pounds per finished Start”. The number
of its superior inhibiting properties. of pounds to be added for each finished barrel is given under
the heading bbl”.
When preparing a brine solution first select the desired density
or the desired concentration (% by Weight). The percentage

Potassium Chloride

KCl % by Density Pounds per Volume to Cl- (mg/l) K+ (mg/l) KCl (mg/l) Crystallization
Weight (ppg) finished bbl Start Point, °F
1% 8.39 3.5 99.46% 4,786 5,278 10,064 37
2% 8.44 7.07 99.08% 9,608 10,596 20,203 36
3% 8.5 10.67 98.69% 14,500 15,991 30,491 35
4% 8.55 14.35 98.29% 19,464 21,465 40,928 34
5% 8.6 18.03 97.88% 24,498 27,017 51,515 34
6% 8.66 21.77 97.47% 29,603 32,647 62,250 33
7% 8.71 25.55 97.04% 34,744 38,316 73,060 32
8% 8.77 29.4 96.60% 39,955 44,064 84,019 31
9% 8.82 33.29 96.16% 45,238 49,889 95,127 31
10% 8.88 37.21 95.70% 50,556 55,754 106,310 29
12% 8.99 45.23 94.76% 61,440 67,757 129,197 28
14% 9.11 53.46 93.78% 72,607 80,073 152,680 26
16% 9.22 61.86 92.77% 84,023 92,663 176,686 24
18% 9.34 70.47 91.71% 95,758 105,605 201,362 22
20% 9.46 79.33 90.62% 107,741 118,820 226,560 24
24% 9.7 97.63 88.33% 120,043 132,387 252,430 66

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BRINE PROPERTIES
Sodium Chloride

NaCl % by Density Pounds per Volume to Cl- (mg/l) Na+ (mg/l) NaCl (mg/l) Crystallization
Weight (ppg) finished bbl Start Point, °F
1 8.39 3.54 0.995 6,098 3,954 10,052 31
2 8.45 7.07 0.992 12,267 7,954 20,221 29
3 8.51 10.71 0.989 18,542 12,024 30,565 28
4 8.57 14.39 0.986 24,923 16,162 41,085 27
5 8.63 18.1 0.982 31,376 20,346 51,722 27
6 8.69 21.98 0.979 37,899 24,576 62,475 26
7 8.76 25.7 0.975 44,529 28,875 73,404 25
8 8.82 29.58 0.971 51,229 33,220 84,449 24
9 8.88 33.5 0.968 58,036 37,634 95,670 24
10 8.94 37.49 0.964 64,949 42,117 107,067 22
12 9.07 45.61 0.955 79,024 51,244 130,268 19
14 9.19 53.95 0.947 93,489 60,624 154,113 14
16 9.32 62.52 0.938 108,343 70,257 178,600 12
18 9.45 71.31 0.928 123,588 80,142 203,730 9
20 9.58 80.38 0.918 139,258 90,304 229,562 3
22 9.72 89.65 0.908 155,354 100,741 256,095 0
24 9.86 99.17 0.897 171,875 111,454 283,329 -5
26 10 108.98 0.886 188,821 122,444 311,265 25

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BRINE PROPERTIES
Calcium Chloride — Using 94%-97% CaCl2

CaCl2 % by Density Pounds per Volume to CL- (mg/l) CA+(mg/l) CaCl2 (mg/l) Crystalliza-
weight (ppg) finished bbl Start tion Point, °F
0.90% 8.4 3 0.997 5,485 3,100 8,585 31
2.20% 8.54 10.75 0.995 14,403 8,141 22,544 30
3.60% 8.6 13 0.992 23,569 13,322 36,891 28
4.60% 8.68 18.2 0.991 30,070 16,996 47,066 26
5.50% 8.75 22.02 0.989 36,780 20,789 57,569 25
6.50% 8.8 24 0.988 43,487 24,580 68,067 25
7.40% 8.9 29.86 0.985 50,132 28,336 78,467 23
8.30% 8.97 33.85 0.981 56,770 32,088 88,858 22
9.30% 9 35 0.978 63,543 35,916 99,459 21
11.90% 9.2 46 0.971 82,352 46,548 128,901 17
14.70% 9.4 58 0.962 103,379 58,433 161,812 12
16.00% 9.5 63.78 0.956 114,636 64,796 179,431 9
17.40% 9.6 70 0.95 126,246 71,358 197,604 6
19.70% 9.8 81 0.943 145,589 82,291 227,880 0
22.40% 10 94 0.931 168,366 95,166 263,532 -8
24.70% 10.2 106 0.919 189,294 106,995 296,289 -18
27.00% 10.4 118 0.912 210,188 118,805 328,993 -29
29.20% 10.6 130 0.9 231,093 130,621 361,714 -43
30.30% 10.7 134.6 0.897 243,521 137,646 381,168 -51
31.30% 10.8 142 0.893 256,342 144,892 401,234 -59
33.30% 11 154 0.878 277,537 156,873 434,410 -22
35.50% 11.2 167 0.864 300,724 169,979 470,703 0
37.60% 11.4 180 0.854 323,912 183,085 506,998 27
39.40% 11.6 192 0.843 345,400 195,231 540,632 44

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BRINE PROPERTIES
Sodium Chloride & Calcium Chloride — To Make 1 bbl (42 gallons)

Brine Density at 60o F Barrels of 10.0 ppg NaCl Barrels of 11.6 ppg CaCl2 Barrels of 8.34 ppg Water
Pounds/Gallon (ppg)
10.1 0.808 0.151 0.041
10.2 0.643 0.271 0.087
10.3 0.496 0.375 0.129
10.4 0.376 0.464 0.160
10.5 0.294 0.542 0.165
10.6 0.229 0.604 0.166
10.7 0.184 0.656 0.160
10.8 0.147 0.703 0.150
10.9 0.119 0.750 0.131
11.0 0.092 0.786 0.122
11.1 0.073 0.828 0.098

Viscosifiers in Calcium Chloride

In order to avoid using Bromide fluids, it is often decided to A combination of high pH and high Calcium can destroy the
use Calcium Chloride and an acid soluble weight material, GEOZAN viscosity. To prevent this from happening drilling out
usually calcium carbonate. The amount of Calcium carbonate cement it is essential that sufficient Sodium Bicarbonate be
required to reach a given density is much less when starting added to precipitate the free calcium ions.
with a high density fluid making it possible to achieve higher
weights then would be possible with fresh water. An alternate viscosifier in calcium chloride brine would be
Hydroxyethyl-Cellulose (HEC). While the HEC does not provide
GEOZAN, and other Xanthan polymers have yield limitations in gel strengths nor is it as temperature stable, it does con-
divalent cationic fluids such as Calcium Chloride and Calcium tinue to function in the presence of both high pH and high
Bromide. This is especially true in saturated brine. In that case filtrate calcium levels.
it is necessary to mix the polymer in a less than saturated
brine. After the polymer has yielded, dry salt may be added to
bring the fluid up to saturation.

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BRINE PROPERTIES
Calcium Bromide / Calcium Chloride — To Make 1 bbl (42 gallons)

Brine Density at 60o F Pressure Gradient Specific Gravity Barrels of Barrels of 8.34 Pounds of 94%-
Pounds/Gallon (ppg) (psi/ft) 14.2 ppg CaBr ppg Water 97% CaCl2

11.7 0.608 1.4 0.025 0.811 192.16

11.8 0.613 1.41 0.051 0.786 189.8
11.9 0.618 1.43 0.076 0.762 187.22
12 0.623 1.44 0.102 0.738 184.73
12.1 0.629 1.45 0.127 0.714 182.2
12.2 0.634 1.46 0.152 0.690 179.65
12.3 0.639 1.47 0.178 0.666 177.13
12.4 0.644 1.49 0.203 0.642 174.59
12.5 0.649 1.5 0.229 0.618 172.06
12.6 0.655 1.51 0.254 0.594 169.51
12.7 0.66 1.52 0.279 0.570 166.97
12.8 0.665 1.53 0.305 0.546 164.44
12.9 0.67 1.55 0.330 0.522 161.92
13 0.675 1.56 0.356 0.500 159.37
13.1 0.681 1.57 0.381 0.474 156.83
13.2 0.686 1.58 0.408 0.447 154.29
13.3 0.691 1.59 0.432 0.426 151.76
13.4 0.696 1.61 0.457 0.402 149.21
13.5 0.701 1.62 0.483 0.378 146.68
13.6 0.706 1.63 0.508 0.354 144.15
13.7 0.712 1.64 0.533 0.330 141.6
13.8 0.717 1.65 0.559 0.306 139.07
13.9 0.722 1.67 0.584 0.282 136.54
14 0.727 1.68 0.607 0.263 133.99
14.1 0.732 1.69 0.635 0.234 131.45
14.2 0.738 1.7 0.660 0.21 128.94
14.3 0.743 1.71 0.686 0.186 126.39
14.4 0.748 1.73 0.711 0.162 123.32
14.5 0.753 1.74 0.737 0.138 121.32
14.6 0.758 1.75 0.762 0.114 118.79
14.7 0.764 1.76 0.788 0.100 116.24
14.8 0.769 1.77 0.813 0.066 113.78
14.9 0.774 1.79 0.838 0.042 111.18
15 0.779 1.8 0.864 0.018 108.63
15.1 0.784 1.81 0.889 0.006 106.1

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BRINE PROPERTIES
Calcium Bromide / Zinc Bromide
To Make 1 bbl (42 gallons)
Brine Density at 60o F Barrels of 14.2 ppg Barrels of 19.2 ppg Crystallizati Point oF
Pounds/Gallon (ppg)) CaBr2 CaBr2 / ZnBr2
15 0.84 0.16 -22
15.1 0.82 0.18 -25
15.2 0.8 0.2 -27
15.3 0.78 0.22 -29
15.4 0.76 0.24 -32
15.5 0.74 0.26 -34
15.6 0.72 0.28 -35
15.7 0.7 0.3 -38
15.8 0.68 0.32 -40
15.9 0.66 0.34 -37
16 0.64 0.36 -33
16.1 0.62 0.38 -30
16.2 0.6 0.4 -26
16.3 0.58 0.42 -23
16.4 0.56 0.44 -20
16.5 0.54 0.46 -16
16.6 0.52 0.48 -11
16.7 0.5 0.5 -8
16.8 0.48 0.52 -6
16.9 0.46 0.54 -4
17 0.44 0.56 -4
17.1 0.42 0.58 -2
17.2 0.4 0.6 0
17.3 0.38 0.62 2
17.4 0.36 0.64 4
17.5 0.34 0.66 5
17.6 0.32 0.68 5
17.7 0.3 0.7 6
17.8 0.28 0.72 7
17.9 0.26 0.74 7
18 0.24 0.76 9
18.1 0.22 0.78 10
18.2 0.2 0.8 11
18.3 0.18 0.82 13
18.4 0.16 0.84 15
18.5 0.14 0.86 17
18.6 0.12 0.88 19
18.7 0.1 0.9 21
18.8 0.08 0.92 23
18.9 0.06 0.94 20
19 0.04 0.96 21
19.1 0.02 0.98 18
19.2 0 1 16

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 Company Headquarter
Bakersfield, CA

Sales Offices
Bakersfield, CA
GEO Drilling Fluids, Inc. Denver, CO
1431 Union Avenue
Bakersfield, CA 93305 Mixing Facilities/Warehouse
1-800-GETSGEO 24 hour operations
(661)325-5919
geodf@[Link] Bakersfield, CA
Woodland, CA
For more info visit: El Centro, CA
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