TC 3-22.10 Sniper December 2017 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to U.S. Government agencies and their contractor only, operational use, 25 January 2017. Other requests for this document shall be referred to the Maneuver Center of Excellence (MCOE). DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document. This publication supersedes TC 3-22.10, 17 October 2013, Headquarters, Department of the ArmyThis publication is available at the Army Publishing Directorate site (hitps://armypubs.army.mil), and the Central Army Registry site (hups://atiam.train.army.mil/catalog/dashboard).*TC 3-22.10 ‘Training Circular Headquarters Department of the Army 0. 2-22. No222.10 Washington, DC, 7 December 2017 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Sniper Contents Page PREFACE xi INTRODUCTION. OVERVIEW... Weapons Handling sonnei ‘Weapon Safety Status. 12 Weapon Control Salus ..rnnnsnninmninnnnnineninnnnnnennsinnnnne Overmateh, 14 PLANNING ‘The Sniper. Shiper Distribution in Force. 22 Duties and Responsibiites 22 Planning Personnel 24 Section Planning .nsnninsnsnnnninnnsininnnnnnsnmnnnennann 27 Mission Planning 28 Rules of Engagement for Sniper Operations, 242 Planning Matrix 213 Target Inteligence, 243 Weather. 248 Sniper and Weapon Performance 219 Equipment, 2.23 Team Assets 2.26 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution authorized to U.S. Government Agencies and their contractors only, operational use, 25 January 2017. Other requests for this document shall be referred to The Maneuver Genter Of Excellence (MCOE). DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that wll prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document. “This publication supersedes TC 3-22.10, 17 October 2013,Contents Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter § Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Insertion Infitration Hide Requirements Exitrtion and Extraction Precombat Checks and Rehearsals. Sniper Team Brief Back Command and Control Indirect Control... Direct Contr! Tactical Operations Center Tracker FIELD CRAFT... Movement Preparation Staking Individual Movement Techniques. Camouflage, Concealment, and Cover . INFILTRATION... Secure and Pinpoint... Communication Movement Formation Movement Techniques. Danger Areas Contact Drills. Man Down Drills RURAL HIDES. Locating a Hide Position Other Considerations for Position Selection, Construction Plan Surface Hides. Occupation: Communications Routine. Break Contact ‘OBSERVING AND REPORTING Observing Reporting Introduction to Photography DIRECT FIRE ENGAGEMENT PROCESS.. Overview. Scan and Search, Aquire Locate Engage. Te322.40 2.28 2.29 2-30 231 231 2.33 2.34 2.38 235 2.36 ot 61 6-13 614 74 7 72 79 TAT 7.34 7 December 2017Contents Shot Process. 734 Stability 7.36 Aim 745 Control. 749 Movement 782 Assess, 782 Sniper and Observer Dialogue 753 Chapter 8 EXFILTRATION Exliltration Phase Land Exftation ...nninsnnninninnnnsnninnnnsnsninnnnennnn 82 Recovery, Debrief Stage 33 ‘Appendix A SETUP A SNIPER WEAPON SYSTEM. A Appendix 8 BALLISTIC PROGRAMS... ‘Appendix C COMPLEX ENGAGEMENTS. Appendix D DRILLS Da ‘Appendix E URBAN CONSIDERATIONS.. Appendix F MOUNTAIN CONSIDERATIONS. Fa Appendix G DESERT CONSIDERATIONS. Appendix H JUNGLE CONSIDERATIONS Appendix | SNIPER DATA BOOK.. Appendix J TRAINING AND QUALIFICATION Appendix K HARD TARGET INTERDICTION. KA Appendix L Targetry La GLOSSARY Glossary-t REFERENCES References-t INDEX tndex-t Figures Figure 2-4. P.A.C.E, chart 243 Figure 2-2. TOC tracker worksheet 237 Figure 3-1. Ghillie suit 33 Figure 3-2. Drag bag 34 Figure 3-3, Sniper concealment hood .. co sone 35 Figure 3-4. Low crawl 39 T December 2017 To 322.10 WiFigure 3-5. Medium craw. Figure 3-6. High crawl Figure 3-7, Hand and knee crawl... Figure 3-8. Wak. Figure 3-9. Natural types of camouflage. Figure 3-10, Artificial types of camouflage. Figure 5-1. Objective rally point Figure §-2. Sunrise and Sunset Figure 6-1. Completed DA Form 7639, example Figure 6-2. Completed DA Form 7637, example Figure 6-3. Completed DA Form 7638, example Figure 6-4. Completed DA Form 7638, example Figure 7-1. Rapid scan. Figure 7-2. Slow scan Figure 7-3. Horizontal scan, open terrain Figure 7-4. Horizontal scan, urban or restricted terrain Figure 7-8. Vertical scan, open terrain Figure 7-6. Vertical scan, urban or restricted terrain Figure 7-7, Detailed search. Figure 7-8. Divided sector. Figure 7-9. Electromagnetic spectrum. Figure 7-10, Standard dismount threat dimensions... Figure 7-11. Map method, Figure 7-12. Range card method Figure 7-13. 100-meter unit measure method Figure 7-14, Bracketing method Figure 7-18. Sling....nnnnnnnne Figure 7-16. Sniper weapon tripod Figure 7-17. Bipod Figure 7-18A, Position stability rating .... Figure 7-188. Tripod setup Figure 7-19. Effects of scope shadow on the fall of the shot Figure 7-20. Arc of movement Figure 7-21. Sniper team dialogue example Figure A-1, Stock weld placement Te322.40 3-10 3-11 342 343 245 3-16 5-4 53 64 68 68 6-12 TA 75 76 76 17 17 TB 78 TAS 7-23 7-24 7-25 7-27 7-29 7-38 7-40 7-42 744 7-45 TAT 7-49 7-54 AA 7 December 2017Figure A-2. Weapon-mounted laser range finders Figure A-3. Scattering effect. Figure A-4, Performance actions, calibrate weapon mounted LRF Figure A-5. Suppressor Figure A-6. Bore sighting, Figure A-7, ECOS-O. Figure A-8, Precombat check. Figure A-9. Wind dots. Figure A-10. Mil and MOA, Figure A-11, Scope correction factor formula. Figure B-1. Accuracy and precision Figure B-2. Chronograph. Figure B-3. Truing data sheet, example Figure B-4. Calibrate muzzle velocity, Figure B-5. Calibrate muzzle velocity, example Figure B-6. Calibrate drop scale factor. Figure B-7. Calibrate drop scale factor, example Figure B-8. Data input groups Figure B-9, Data input groups, example... Figure B-10. Data input groups, example. Figure 8-11. Truing for Atrag Figure B-12. Truing for Atrag, example. Figure C-1. Target direction of movement. Figure C2. Moving targets and the wind Figure C-3. Moving target formula, Figure C-4. Tracking technique Figure C-5, Ambush technique... Figure C-6. Types of mirages. Figure C-7. Flag method, Figure C-8, Point method Figure C-9. Smoke method Figure C-10. Terrain and wind Figure C-11. Terrain and wind compression Figure C-12. Sea breeze Figure C-13, Land breeze... T December 2017 To 322.10 Contents AS AS AS Ag AAO AM AND AN3 AB B+ Bs Bs BS B-10 B41 Bt BAZ B42 B15 B46 2 C3 cr CB cn o-12 C13 44 cas car 48 cagFigure C-14. Wind effects cz Figure C-18. High angle fire 0.26 Figure C-16, Angle cosine indicat0t.....nnnnnnnnnnnnsesessens O28 Figure C-17. Head to shoulder target 0-30 Figure C-18, Reticle pattern for rapid target engagement c31 Figure C-19, H58 speed shooting, example «nnn O82 Figure C-20. Frame shooting 33 Figure C-21. Boxing in c.34 Figure C-22. Night designation 035 Figure E-1. Double drape system Es Figure E-2. Front screen and body veil method. ES Figure E-3. Window blackout technique E40 Figure E-4, Checklist for shooting through glass E46 Figure E-5. Wind in urban terrain, example E48 Figure F-1. Mountain breeze. F3 Figure F-2. Fall wind F4 Figure F-3. Valley breeze F5 Figure F-4. Chinook wind F6 Figure F-5, Channeled and gap WindS........:sssnnnnnsesennneE-T Figure F-6. Converging and diverging winds F8 Figure 1. Completed DA Form 7851, example. ba Figure I-2, Completed DA Form 7636, example .....nusnnseeennnnnlS Figure J-1. Special purpose weapons, PMISE Jo Figure J-2. Table 1, PMI&E evaluation task checklist. Jt2 Figure J-3. Special purpose weapons, table II, simulations. J13 Figure J-4. Special purpose weapons, table III, drills J18 Figure J-5. Special purpose weapons, table IV, basic (ZeP0) ........J-19 Figure J-6. Special purpose weapons, table V, practice. 323 Figure J-7. Special purpose weapons, table VI, qualifications 27 Figure J-8. Completed DA Form 7785, front, example J32 Figure K-1. Explosive stand-off chart. Ka Figure K-2. M107 rifle Ks wi Te 3.22.10 7 December 2017Contents Tables Table 1-1. Weapon safety status for the sniper weapon system 14 Table 1-2. Example of weapon control status 14 Table 2-1, Sniper distribution in [email protected]:snansnsnsnensnsnennnnn BB Table 2-2. Confidence zone 249 Table 2-3. Zone confidence table 2.20 Table 2-4, M110 performance Mode! .....0n-nsnsnnsnnnnnnnnennan 224 Table 2-5. M2010 performance model 2.23 Table 7-1, Target signatures 71 Table 7-2. Etfect of target conditions on range estimation 748 Table 7-3, Shot process 725 Table B-1. Priorities... smmininnninneninineninnnnnn BR Table B-2. Ballistic coefficient Ba Table C-1, Wind direction 20 Table 0-2, Range value.......n:oninnninnnnnnnnsnnsnennsnsnnnn 22 Table C-3, Beaufort scale o-23 Table C-4. Air pressure chart c24 Table J-1. Sniper weapon system training strategy overview. 3 Table J-2. Frequency and qualification duration 4 Table J-3. Primary frer annual ammunition allocation JS Table J-4, Alternate weapon fire ammunition allocation 5 Table JS. Table |, PMIRE J-10 Table J-6. Table I, simulations. ery Table J-7. Simulation authorizations table 4 Table J-8. Table ll task, conditions, and standards. Ja7 Table J-8. Drills a7 Table J-10. Table Il, dls, evaluated tasks checklist 18 Table J-11. Table IV, basic (zero) 20 Table J-12. Table lV, basic (zer0), authorized range facilities 24 Table J-13. Table V, practice, authorized range facilties 24 Table J-14, Table VI, qualification .....cnnmnnnnnmnnnnnnnnnnnal-26 Table J-15. Table VI, qualification, authorized range facilties, 1-28 Table K-1. M107 performance model K3 T December 2017 Te 322.10 viContents Table K-2, Authorized cartridges Table L-1. Sniper target types. Table L-2, Panels and boards. Table L-3. Range markers Table L-4. Stationary target requirements Table L-S, Moving and evasive target requirements... te322.40 KT Ls 6 Le L-10 okt 7 December 2017Preface TC 3.22.10 outlines the context in which sniper training and operations are executed. TC 3-22.10 is the authoritative reference to aid in developing doctrine, force structure, institutional and unit training, and standard operating procedures (SOP) for sniper planning and operations. TC 3-22.10 describes the sniper’s role, duties, and responsibilities; sniper planning and employment; engagement techniques; equipment; discipline; and safety. ‘The principal audience for TC 3-22.10 is commanders, staffs officers, and noncommissioned officers responsible for missions, personnel, organizations, equipment, training, skills, and employment of snipers or sniper teams. Commanders, staffs, and subordinates ensure that their decisions and actions comply with applicable United States, international, and in some cases host-nation laws and regulations. ‘Commanders at all levels ensure that their Soldiers operate in accordance with the law of war and the rules of engagement. (See FM 27-10.) ‘TC 3-22.10 implements STANAG 2020, The doctrinal principles and techniques used in TC 3-22.10 ate a guide, They are not prescriptive. Uniforms depicted in this manual were drawn without camouflage fo clarity of the illustration, TC 3-22.10 uses joint terms where applicable. Selected joint and Army terms and definitions appear in both the glossary and the text. Terms for which TC 3-22.10 is the proponent publication (the authority) are italicized inthe text and are marked with an asterisk (*) in the glossary. Terms and definitions for which TC 3-22.10 is the proponent publication are boldfaced in the text. For other definitions shown in the text, the term is italicized and the ‘umber of the proponent publication follows the definition, ‘TC 3-22.10 applies tothe active Army, the Army National Guard /Army National Guard of the United States, and the United States Army Reserve. The proponent of TC 3-22.10 is the Maneuver Center of Excellence (MCoB). Send comments and recommendations on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) to Commander, Maneuver Center of Excellence, Directorate of Training and Doctrine, Doctrine and Collective Training Division, ATTN: ATZB-TDD (TC 3-22.10), 1 Karker Street, Fort Benning GA 31905-5410; by email to usarmy.benning. meoe.mbx. doctrine @mail.mil, or submit an electronic DA Form 2028. T December 2017 Tos22.40 xIntroduction TC 3.22.10 is organized chronologically to reflec the order in which a sniper team will prepare, execute, and end an operation. To reduce the size of the manual and to comply ‘with regulations, detailed technical processes covered elsewhere have been replaced with references to those resources. Tos22.10 7 December 2017Chapter 1 Overview Chapter 1 describes the principles of safe weapons handling, the rules of firearm safety, weapon safety, and control status. Chapter 1 is also an overview of the concepts of overmatch as it pertains to a Soldier’s individual sniper weapon system. WEAPONS HANDLING 1-1, Safe weapons handling procedures are consistent, and standard methods used to ‘ensure snipers operate and employ the weapon safely and effectively. Weapons handling is built on three components: the Soldier, the weapon, and the environment. These three ‘components are discussed below. 1-2. The sniper must maintain situational understanding of friendly forces, be aware of the status of the weapon, and have the ability to evaluate the environment fo properly hhandle any weapon. The smart, adaptive, and disciplined sniper is the primary safety ‘mechanism for all weapons under their contro. 1-3. The weapon is the sniper’s primary tool to defeat threats in combat. The sniper ‘must know the mechanical safeties built into the weapons they employ and how to ‘operate the safeties. They must also know the prineiples of operation for those weapons. 1-4. The environment is the Soldier's surroundings. The sniper must be aware of ‘muzzle discipline, the nature of the target, and what is behind the target. 1-5. Snipers must know and enforce three distinct weapons handling measures to safely and effectively handle weapons. The weapons handling measures are— © Rules of firearms safety © Weapons safety status. © Weapons control status, 1-6. The weapons handling measures provide redundant safety measures when hhandling any weapon or weapon system in training and operational environments. A negligent discharge occurs when a sniper violates two of the rules of firearms safety or violates a weapons safety status T December 2017 To 322.10 “4Chapter 1 RULES OF FIREARMS SAFETY 1-7. The rules of firearms safety are standardized for any weapon a sniper may employ. Snipers must adhere to these rules during training and combat operations, regardless of the type of ammunition used. Rule 1: Treat Eve y Weapon as if it is Loaded 1-8. Any weapon handled by a sniper must be treated as if it is loaded and prepared to fire, Whether or not a weapon is loaded should not affect how a sniper handles the weapon. Snipers must take the appropriate actions to ensure the proper weapon status is, applied during operations, whether in combat or training, Rule 2: Never Point the Weapon at Anything you do not Intend to Shoot 1-9, Snipers must be aware of the orientation of their weapon's muzzle and what isin the path of the projectile if the weapon fires. Snipers must ensure the path between the ‘muzzle and target is clear of friendly forces, noncombatants, or anything the sniper does not want to shoot. 1-10, When the sniper cannot ensure a clear path, they must minimize the amount of time the muzzle is oriented toward people or objects they do not intend to shoot, while simultaneously applying the other three rules of firearms safety Rule 3: Keep Finger Straight and off the Trigger Until Ready to Fire I-11. Snipers must not place their finger on the trigger unless they intend to fire the ‘weapon. The sniper is the most important safety feature on any weapon. Mechanical safety devices are not available on all types of weapons, Even when mechanical safeties fare present, snipers must not rely solely on them for safe operation knowing that ‘mechanical measures may fail 1-12. Whenever possible, snipers should move the weapon to mechanical safe when a target is not present, If the weapon does not have a traditional mechanical safe, the trigger finger acts as the primary safety Rule 4: Ensure Positive Identification of the Target and its Surroundings 1-13. The disciplined sniper can positively identify the target and knows what is in front ‘of and what is beyond it. The sniper is responsible forall bullets fired from their weapon, including the projectile's final destination, 1-14, Application of this rule minimizes the possibility of fratrieide, collateral damage, ‘or damage to infrastructure or equipment. Applying this rule also prepares the sniper for any follow-on shots that may be required. WEAPON SAFETY STATUS 1-15. The readiness of a Soldier's weapon is its weapon safety status. Weapon safety status is standard code that uses common colors (green, amber, red, and black) 10 12 Tos22.10 7 December 2017overview represent the level of readiness for a given weapon. Each color represents a specific series of actions applied to a weapon. Table 1-1 (page I~!) shows the weapon safety status for the Army Sniper Weapon System(s). Note. If the component, assembly, or part described is unclear, refer to the respective sniper weapon system technical manual. GREEN 1-16. The weapon's magazine is out, the chamber is empty, the bolt is locked open or forward, and the safety selector is on SAFE, Note. The command given to direct a GREEN safety status is, CLEAR AMBER 1-17. A magazine is locked into the magazine well of the weapon, the bolt is forward ‘on an EMPTY chamber, and the safety selector is on SAFE. Note. The command given to direct an AMBER status is, LOAD MAGAZINE, Rep 1-18, The weapon’s magazine is inserted, a round is in the chamber, the bolt is forward and locked, and the safety selector is on SAFE. Note. The command given to direct a RED safety status is, MAKE READY. BLack 1-19. The weapon's magazine is inserted, a round is in the chamber, the bolt is forward and locked, and the safety selector is on FIRE. The Soldier's finger is on the trigger. The sniper has a clear path from the muzzle of the weapon to the target. Note. The command given to direct a BLACK safety status is driven by the unit's SOP, rules of engagement (ROE), or the command, FIRE. T December 2017 To 322.10 13Chapter 1 ‘Table 1-1. Weapon safety status for the sniper weapon system Fanon [ler [pueden st OAD ae Comm [cian [10*> |Maxeacapy Sanaa Armmniton SSE) Magazine in | found chambered eee eet ered ou [LOSES oro Forward Chamber | Empty Empty Locked Soren [Sa sate (sae ‘Trigger oft oft oft WEAPON CONTROL STATUS 1-20. When applicable, the leader may impose a weapon control status in addition to the weapon safety status. The weapon control status outlines the conditions, based on target identification criteria, under which friendly elements may engage. The weapons control status is adjustable, as necessary, based on the current rules of engagement established for the area of operations. 1-21, Table 1-2 provides a description of the standard weapon control statuses used in ‘conjunction with the weapon safety status, The weapon control statuses describe when the sniper is authorized to engage a threat target once the threat conditions have been met, Table 1-2, Example of weapon control status WEAPON CONTROL F aay DESCRIPTION Weapon hold Engage only if engaged or ordered to engage Weapon tight Engage only iftarget is positively identified as enemy Weapon free ngage targets not positively identified as friendly. OVERMATCH 1-22, Overmateh is the sniper applying their learned skills, employing their equipment, leveraging technology, and applying the proper force to create an unfair fight in favor of the sniper. To achieve and maintain overmatch against any threat, this training circular focuses on providing information that develops the sniper’s direct fire ‘engagement skills using the following attributes: © Smart. The ability to routinely generate understanding through changing conditions. my Tos22.10 7 December 2017overview Fast, The ability to physically and cognitively outmaneuver adversaries, Lethal, Deadly in the application of fore. Precise. Consistently accurate in the application of power to ensure delivery of the right effects in time, space, and purpose. 1-23, Overmatch requires the sniper to understand the key elements that build the unfair advantage and exploit them at every opportunity during tactical operations. The ‘components of overmatch aro— Target detection, acquisition, and identification. Ability of the sniper to detect and positively identify any suspected target as hostile at greater distances than their adversary. The sniper relies upon their training and their ability to leverage the capabilities oftheir optics, thermals, and sensors. Engagement range. Provide the sniper with weapons, aiming devices, and ammunition that ean strike and defeat a threat at a greater range than the adversary can detect or engage the friendly force with effective fires. Limited visibility. Provides an advantage forthe sniper during operations due to technology and techniques, thus compounding the adversary's disadvantages, Precision. Provide a weapon and ammunition package that enhances the sniper’s consistent application of shots with a level of precision greater than the adversary's. Speed. Employs the sniper with a weapon, aiming devices, and accessories that work seamlessly in unison, are intuitive to use, and leverage natural ‘motion and manipulations to facilitate rapid, initial, and subsequent shots during an engagement at close quarters, midrange, and extended range. Terminal performance. Ensures that precise shots delivered at extended anges provide the highest probability to defeat the threat through exceptional ballistic performance. Counter enemy target acquisition. Snipers must be aware of the layered application of the enemy target acquisition cycle and how to exploit the cycle. 1-24, Exceptional training, though not a component of overmatch, is critical to create smart, fast, lethal, and precise snipers. Training builds proficiency in a progressive, logical, and structured manner and provides snipers withthe skills necessary to achieve ‘overmatch against any adversary. Thus, the training program must provide snipers with experience in all the components of overmatch to their fullest extent in the shortest ‘amount of time TARGET DETECTION, ACQUISITION, AND IDENTIFICATION 1-25, The first component of overmatch atthe sniper level is the ability to detect targets as far away as possible during limited and low visibility conditions, This training circular describes the techniques that enhance the sniper's target detection and acquisition skills. ‘The sniper must be able to detect, acquire, and identify targets at ranges beyond the ‘maximum effective range of their weapon and ammunition. T December 2017 To 322.10 15Chapter 1 1-26, TC 3-22.10 also provides key recognition information to build the sniper’s skills in correctly identifying potential targets as friend, foc, or noncombatant (neutral) ‘once detected. ENGAGEMENT RANGE 1.27. To ensure small unit success, the sniper requires weapon systems that can effectively engage threats at ranges greater than those of their adversaries, This creates, 2 standoff distance advantage that allows friendly forces to destroy the target outside the threat's maximum effective range. LiMrrep VISIBILITY 1-28, Snipers must be able to detect, acquire, identify, and engage threats in all light conditions, regardless ofthe tactical situation. To provide that capability, siming devices are provided that minimize the effects of limited visibility. 1-29. Image intensifiers and thermal optics provide a significant overmatch capability, but they do have limitations and disadvantages. A general discussion of theit capabilities, particularly what those systems can view within the spectrum of light is provided. Snipers must understand what can be “seen” or viewed and what cannot be seen when using their assigned equipment, Understanding the advantages and limitations of their equipment has a direct effect on force protection, fratricide and collateral damage prevention, and maintaining overmatch during tactical operations. PRECISION 1-30, The Army Sniper Weapon System must be a complete and functional system to hhave the greatest success on the battleficld. Commanders must ensure that cach individual sniper weapon system is outfitted with the required aiming devices and accessories that enable snipers to deliver effective fire to the threshold of the weapon systems capabilitios. The sniper must build the skills to use the complete sniper weapon, system effectively to deliver precision fires during tactical engagements. SPEED 1-31, The elose fight requires rapid manipulations, a balance of speed and accuracy, and very little environmental concerns. Snipers must move quickly and efficiently through their manipulations of the fire control to maintain the maximum amount of ‘muzzle orientation on the threat through the shot process. The sniper’s second-nature efficiency of movement comes only from regular practice, drills, and repetition. 1-32. The foundation of speed of action is built through understanding the weapon, ammunition, ballistics, and principles of operation of the associated aiming devices Speed is reinforced during drills (appendix D) and the training program of the unit. 1-33, The goal of training to overmateh is to increase the speed at which the sniper detects a threat, identifies it as hostile, and executes the shot process with the desired target effect. 18 Tos22.10 7 December 2017overview ‘TERMINAL BALLISTIC PERFORMANCE 1-34, Terminal ballistic performance isthe actions of a projectile from the time it trikes fan object downrange until it comes to rest, The ammunition used withthe service rifle performs exceptionally well out to its maximum effective range and beyond, This ‘manual provides information on the vatious munition types available for taining and ‘combat, their capabilities and purpose, and the service (combat) round’s terminal ballistic performance. 1.35. Snipers must understand the capabilities of their ammunition, whether designed for training or combat use, The snipers’ understanding of the capabilities of the ‘ammunition and the appropriate skills necessary to deliver lethal fires creates a respect, for the weapon and ammunition and reinforces the precepts of safe weapons handling. 1-36. Snipers who understand the how and why of their weapon system, aiming devices, and ammunition, coupled with a rigorous taining program that builds and strengthens their skills, creates more proficient snipers. The proficiencies and skills displayed during training translate into smart, fast, lethal, and precise snipers for the small unit during decisive action combat operations COUNTER ENEMY TARGET ACQUISITION 1-37, Near peer enemies have strengthen their approach to modern warfare. The enemy ‘employs numerous sensors, both aerial and ground based, that give the enemy a real time update on the operational environment. 1-38. The enemy target acquisition cycle uses numerous layers of sensors to feed into their target acquisition eyele, The enemy uses multiple unmanned aircraft system (UAS) platforms and snipers to relay target data to artillery systems for devastating action. The ‘enemy employs electronic warfare systems to detect coalition forces and deny and degrade coalition communication systems. The sniper team must have a foolproof P.A.CE. matrix plan (see Chapter 2, Planning). The P.A.C-E. (primary, alternate, contingency, and emergency situations) plan assists snipers in working through degraded options, including navigation because the enemy can disrupt global positioning system devices. Snipers must also be cautious of their electronic footprint to avoid electronic detection finding, Snipers must plan and prepare accordingly and use the proper field craft and hide site construction to deter these threats, 1-39. Snipers must be prepared to disrupt this target acquisition cycle by hasty reporting of enemy sensors (chapter 6, Observation And Reporting) and immediately going into the direct fire engagement process (chapter 7, Direct Fire Engagement Process) to climinate the threat ‘Note, Refer to the Center for Army Lessons Learned Handbook, NO 17-09, Russian New Generation Warfare, for more information on the Russian target, acquisition cycle. T December 2017 To 322.10 wThis page intentionally left blankChapter 2 Planning Chapter 2 prescribes direction for the commander, staff, sniper employment officer, senior sniper, and several aspects of planning a successful sniper operation. Chapter 2 has four sections—the sniper, planning personnel, mission planning, and command and control of sniper teams, THE SNIPER 2-1. Snipers are intelligent and mature Soldiers who use the application of field craft and camouflage to move into concealed positions that allow them the highest probability for delivering accurate fire onto a target. 2:2. The snipers’ ability to engage point targets with accuracy at Jong range with ‘minimal risk of collateral damage makes them useful in all levels of conflict. Snipers" observation training, long-range optics, and communication skills make thom valuable tools for information collection activities. Core COMPETENCIES 2-3. A-sniper’s core competency enhances a units firepower and augments the various ‘means for destruction and harassment of the enemy. Whether snipers are organic or attached, they provide units with supporting fire and the ability to gather information in assigned areas from a ground-level perspective CHARACTERISTICS 2-4, By regulation, a sniper is a Soldier in I -series, 18-series, or 19-series military ‘occupational specialties. The sniper is a graduate from an approved U.S. Army sniper ‘course and is awarded the additional skill identifier B4, A sniper possesses an understanding of — © Field craft. Applied ballistics Optical device adjustments. Radio operation and communication procedures, Map reading and land navigation, Information collection and reporting procedures. Observation and adjustment of mortar and artillery indirect fires. T December 2017 To 322.10 aChapter 2 SNIPER DISTRIBUTION IN FORCE 2:5. A modified table of organization and equipment establishes the organization and ‘employment of snipers. Snipers are assigned to Infantry brigade combat teams, armored brigade combat teams, Stryker brigade combat teams, and the 75 Ranger Regiment (table 2-1). Table 2-1. Sniper distribution in force ‘Brigade o , Combat | Snipers Bere tene Paxaerr] |e oe ‘Subordinate Uns jon 10 | SHHC etary Bataions | 30 iect 1 Headquarters and a7 Snipers 7 Headquarters Troop 7 Cavaly Squadron 3 HHG Combined Arme asct | 10 HH Com 20 | 20 snipers 3 __| 8 Infantry Compan 7 BCT Wy Company 48 Shipers 7 [HNC taney 2 7s" 12 12 per Battalion 36 36 Snipers Resiment Legend ABCT Amoed bance conbattean (BCT fart bigade combat team HAC _hendouarers ard headquarters company SECT Ste brigade combat tam 2-6. The sniper section consists ofa scction Ieader and two or three sniper teams, cach with two or three snipers. In organizations that do not have a designated sniper ‘employment officer, generally, the sniper section leader performs that funetion, 2-7. For some missions, the sniper team is assigned a separate security force. Whether the teams consist of two or three Soldiers, all team members should be highly trained in the use of all team equipment. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITES 2:8. Each member of the sniper section has specific responsibilities. Only through ‘repeated practice ean the squad begin to funetion properly. SNIPER SQUAD LEADER 2-9, The squad leader is the subject matter expert on al sniper-related issues to include training, equipment, weapons, and employment. The position is a skill-level three position, The sniper squad leader is expected to be @ master of both marksmanship and 22 Tos22.10 7 December 2017Planning SENIOR SNIPER (SPOTTER) 2-10, The senior sniper is the team leader who is responsible for the training, ‘employment, and conduct of the team. The position is a skill-level two. The senior sniper ‘executes the orders of the sniper squad leader and is responsible for team planning and accomplishing the assigned mission. Te senior sniper has the following duties: ‘© Responsibility forall team members and equipment. © Requests and receives supplies. © Conducts inspections. © Plans facility sotups. ‘© Plans for evasion contingencies, © Time management. ‘© Supervises and spot-checks. Asa spotter— ‘© Properly identifies targets © Accurately calculates the range of the targets based upon the mil reading that the shooter provides. © Constantly monitors any environmental or specific changes and provides the shooter with accurate corrections © Observes or spots the impact of the round and provides immediate corrections for subsequent engagements. ‘SHOOTER (SNIPER) 2-11, The shooter isa skill level one position and requires the Soldier to be an expert in Jong-range marksmanship, The shooter— Places precise long-range fire on main targets and selected targets of opportunity, Correctly executes all phases ofthe shot process. Provides an accurate mil reading ofthe target. Accurately applies corrections provided by the spotter. Assists the section leader and senior sniper as necessary. Responsible for the terrain model and objective sketches. OBSERVER (JUNIOR SNIPER) 2-12. The observer's primary job is to provide security and observation while learning ‘marksmanship and reconnaissance, The observer is a skill-level one position prior to becoming a shooter-sniper. The observer— ‘Assists the team leader with planning. Maintains the team organic light machine gun (M249) if applicable. T December 2017 To 322.10 23Chapter 2 RADIO TELEPHONE OPERATOR (JUNIOR SNIPER) 2-13. ‘The radio telephone operator's primary responsibilty is to maintain and monitor ‘communications. The radi telephone operator's additional duties are listed below: ‘© Responsible for all communications equipment. © Responsible for section operations security. © Conducts communications exercise. © Escorts section leader and records information as necessary PLANNING PERSONNEL 2-14, The company and battalion level planning personnel that support the sniper team, are the— © Sniper employment officer. © Intelligence officer. © Combined arms, Infantry battalion, and Cavalry squadron intelligence cell © Company intelligence support team, SNIPER EMPLOYMENT OFFICER 2-15, The sniper employment officer can be the scout platoon leader, intelligence officer (S-2), operations officer (S-3), or sniper squad leader. Preferably, any officer or noncommissioned officer who is a graduate of an approved sniper course of a graduate of the U.S, Marine Corp Scout Sniper Unit Leaders Course at Quantico, VA, fills this position. The sniper employment officer must possess sufficient knowledge in sniper ‘operations, The sniper employment officer assists the commander with © Arecommendation on at least two possible courses of actions. ©The number of teams needed or available ‘© The capabilities and limitations of the available sniper teams. © The possible methods of insertion and extraction © The logistical considerations for the mission, 2-16, The sniper employment officer also coordinates all aspects of the sniper mission, Coordination is a continual process that begins at the missioneplanning phase. Coordination encompasses the following areas of concern: Selection of the appropriate sniper team (based on availability, skills required, or other specific considerations). © Quick reaction force clement (who, with what capability, where located, ‘mutual recognition signals to avoid fratrcide, and so forth) © Fire support element Adjacent units in the area of operations, particularly with regard to the sniper clement mission and position, ‘© Insertion and extraction element (including method of insertion). Resupply methods. Reconnaissance and surveillance considerations. at Tos22.10 7 December 2017Planning INTELLIGENCE OFFICER 2-17, The intelligence officer and the sniper employment officer work in conjunction to develop actionable intelligence for a specific target or target area. The sniper ‘employment officer liaises with the intelligence afficer to produce intelligence products that enhance the sniper team’s mission planning. The intelligence officer provides relevant information regarding the enemy. Information regarding the enemy may include— © Threat characteristics. Potential enemy courses of action. Pattern of life development. Known significant activity within the area Historical data from intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance platforms © Specific target information (habits) 2-18, The sniper team can use information to develop a predictive and proactive ‘mindset. When planning, snipers need to focus on pre-event indicators. When snipers focus on pre-event indicators, they can predict various outcomes when deployed, Snipers should concentrate on the following: © Creating a baseline of the target area ‘© Observing suspects to establish their typical tactics and procedures. © Product requests, © Collection strategies. COMBINED ARMS, INFANTRY BATTALION, AND CAVALRY SQUADRON INTELLIGENCE CELL, 2-19, Combined arms battalion, Infantry battalion, and Cavalry squadron intelligence cells are responsible for providing timely and accurate intelligence to the commander, staff, and sniper team. The battalion S-3 supervises and coordinates information collection (in conjunction with the battalion S-2) and the production, exploitation, and dissemination of intelligence. The battalion intelligence cell— ‘© Makes analytical predictions on when and where actions may occur. © Provides analysis on the effects of the operational environment on friendly and enemy courses of action and capabilites. © Evaluates the enemy in terms of doctrine, threat characteristics, high-value targets and high-payofT targets, capabilities, and vulnerabilities © In conjunction with the battalion $-3, coordinates the entite staff's recommended priority intelligence requirements for inclusion in the commander's critical information requirements. ‘© Integrates staff input to intelligence preparation of the battlefield products for stafT planning, decision-making, targeting, and assessment, © Coordinates with the S-3 and battalion fie support officer to plan and control intelligence operations. T December 2017 To 322.10 25Chapter 2 © Collaborates with the geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) cell to obtain products (such as potential overwatch and firing locations that identify fields of view, and terrain or building masking zones) to assist in planning and executing the missions, 2-20, The combined arms battalion, Infantry battalion, and the Cavalry squadron intelligence cell's primary means of collecting information are subordinate maneuver, ‘companies, patrols, scout platoons, UASs (such as the Raven and Puma), snipers, Soldier observations, and field artillery forward observers. 2-21, The combined arms battalion and Infantry battalion intelligence cell supervises the incorporation of information or intelligence received from company intelligence support team clements into battalion intelligence products. 2.22. The sniper employment officer is the liaison for the sniper team and works with the combined arms and Infantry battalion intelligence cell to procure all intelligence products for the planning phase of a sniper operation, 2.23, The $-2 area of responsibility also includes brigade level UAS assets (Shadow), and signals intelligence (SIGINT) (such as Prophet, Low-Level Voice Intercept). COMPANY INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT TEAM. 2-24. A company intelligence support team provides an analytical, production, and «dissemination capability at the company level. The team provides the commander with ‘options to exploit enemy vulnerabilities. A company intelligence support team analysis focuses on the company area of operations, with the ability to report and populate the battalion and brigade combat team (BCT), intelligence databases, and the common ‘operational picture. 2-25. Company commanders may perform basic intelligence tasks associated with planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forees and operations to accomplish the company’s assigned mission. Company commanders organize small intelligence support teams to assist with these tasks, 2-26, The company intelligence support team is the primary filtor and analysis center for raw data at the company level. The team describes the effects of the enemy, terrain ‘and weather, and civil considerations on operations. The team’s descriptions assist the ‘commander's decision-making by providing intelligence products to the company and the battalion. The company intelligence support team assists the company commander wwith— © Developing and maintaining situational understanding and knowledge of the relevant aspects of the area of operations. ‘© Facilitating the flow of information to and from company elements and the battalion S-2. 26 Tos22.10 7 December 2017Planning ECTION PLANNING 2:27. The sequence of the steps of the troop leading procedures is not rigid. Leaders ‘modify them as required, Higher headquarters issue frequent warning orders to optimize available time for subordinates to conduct their troop leading procedures. 2-28, Plannets should carefully plan, coordinate, and execute sniper operations. Unit standing operating procedures and mission checklists are valuable in helping planners ‘concentrate on the unique aspects ofthe operation, 2-29, The best planning occurs when the commander, intelligence officer, sniper ‘employment officer, and senior sniper engage in an iterative, collaborative process with input and feedback from all participants. This section begins with the sniper capability brief thatthe sniper employment officer or senior sniper issues to the commander, This is a vital step in the planning process as it informs and explains to the commander what that sniper team can and cannot do. 2:30, Once the capabilites brief is given, the planners identify several key areas that are specific to sniper planning, The planners use the P.A.C.E, matrix to plan for primary, altemate, contingency, and emergency situations. The last phase of planning is the senior snipers brief back to command and the team rehearsals. Once the team has finished their rehearsals and before departure, the sniper employment officer or company intelligence support team issues a patrol pre-briefing Note. Refer to ADP 5-0 and ATP 3-75 for more information on troop leading procedures or operation orders. CAPABILITIES BRIEF 2:31. The capabilites brief gives the ground commander information about the sniper team’s capabilites, restrictions, and limitations. A capabilities brie is used each time a new team arrives in the respected area of operation. The sniper team should request a task and purpose from the ground maneuver commander once arriving into the area prior to briefing 2-32, A capabilities brief must include— ‘© Manpower available; task organization options. © Sniper weapon system maximum range day and night to include threshold of night optics. Additional weapons and arms room concept; Class V supplies. Communication platforms available, frequency modulation/high frequency/tacticalidata (known as FM/HF tactical satellite/data); annotated level of training, and S-2 requirements Security, survivability, actions on chance contact. Sustainability class of supply rundown, Uniform configuration options. T December 2017 To 322.10 aChapter 2 Sections experience and historical roles, © Additional skills organic to some or all members of the team; pathfinder, Joint fire observer. 2-33, Items that are not in the capabilities brief but are considerations specific to or required by snipers are listed below: © Targeting requirements © Engagement criteria © Prioritize targets, with situational context. © Compromises. © Lost communication plan, © Quick reaction force emergency exfiltration. ‘© Adequate time provided for infiltration relating to the main effort force's actions on the objective ‘© Possible enemy courses of action upon receiving sniper fire © Intelligence reports that directly relate to the task and purpose of the sniper: © Intelligence reports when considering antiemateriel specific employment. ‘© Fire support dedicated to snipers during certain phases of insertion and infiltration © Fire control measures. © Mutually supported positions. ‘Attachments of enablers. MISSION PLANNING 2-34, Once the commander has been briefed on the capabilites of their sniper teams, ‘the commander can begin integration of snipers into operations. INTEGRATE SNIPERS INTO OPERATIONS 2.35, Integration is a six-step process, which is described below: Step I. PLAN. BCT and battalion leaders gain and maintain situational understanding, using available communications equipment, maps, intelligence summaries, situation reports, and other available information sources. Intelligence sources include human intelligence, SIGINT, and imagery intelligence, to include UASS and unattended ground sensors, Step 2, The battalion commander and staffreceive an order or anticipate a new mission that includes the use of snipers and begin the military decision-making process, Step 3. Tho battalion commander, staff, the sniper employment officer, and the sniper squad leader plan the employment of snipers using the mission variables of mission, ‘enemy, terrain, troops available, time and civil considerations (METT-TC) as follows: a, Conduet a digital or conventional map reconnaissance, 28 Tos22.10 7 December 2017Planning 'b, Update the intelligence preparation of the battlefield, Develop thorough reconnaissance and surveillance plan, 4. Plan sniper employment during course of action development as follows: (1) Include the sniper employment officer in course of action development. (2) Develop potential sniper engagement priorities and targets. Assign specific targets or specific types of targets. Ensure the prioritization of targets Determine the best mix of sniper teams. 1, Ensure proper terrain management with unit sniper asses i. Develop criteria that would allow sniper(s) to select key targets je Conduct risk assessment Step 4. The battalion commander, operations officer (S-3, intelligence officer (S-2), fire suppor officer, sniper employment officer, or sniper squad leader brief sniper(s) on the current situation and mission as follows: @. Purpose of each task, b. Priority of targets. ROE and special instructions, 4d. Description of the effects or results the commander expected, ‘c. The staf section brief the sniper team leader and provides the following information: (1) Mdentification of the enemy unit(s). (2) Weather and light data for the expected duration of the mission, G) Terrain updates (zeril photos, trails, and obstacles not on map), (4) Locations, strength, weapons, and possible courses of action of the enemy in the sniper area of operations. (5) Recent enemy activity and reaction time of reaction forces, (© Civilian activity in area. (1) Priority intelligence and information requirements, (8) Challenges and passwords for the expected duration of the mission, (9) Changes in the friendly situation, (10) Infiltration and extittration plan included (as applicable): (@ Route (b) Landing zone, (©) Pickup zone. (@) Linkup procedures. (©) Departure and reentry of forward units, T December 2017 To 322.10 29Chapter 2 (11) Communications including frequencies, call signs, and communications security requirements, (12) Special equipment requirements, if required. (13) Adjacent units operating in the area of operations (14) Rehearsal areas, Step 5. PREPARE, The battalion commander and staff prepare fires to support the sniper team leader and provide the following information: a, Routes to and from the objective (including alternate routes). 'b, Times of departure and expected times of return Target lst fre plan). 4. Fire support available such as artillery, mortar, naval gunfire, and aerial ¢. Ammunition available (to include different fuses) £. Priority of fires. 8 Control measures and communications for fire support. Step 6, EXECUTE, The battalion controls sniper teams. 2-36, The battalion staff, the sniper employment officer, or the sniper squad leader o| i OMEAESI | rv wearon acne wr THe B00y Wr MUZZLE PONTED DOU. Figure 3-8. Walk T December 2017 Tosz2.10 413Chapter 3 CAMOUFLAGE, CONCEALMENT, AND COVER 43-36, Camouflage and concealment is the sniper's primary defense when conducting any form of sniper operation, This section covers the rural means of camouflage and concealment, Refer to the appendixes for specific details on camoutflaging in urban, ‘mountain, desert, and jungle terrains. Teams can request camouflage accessories at the unit supply level TARGET INDICATORS 3-37, Target indicators are anything that a sniper does or fails to do that could result in being detected. A sniper must know and understand target indicators to not only move undetected, but also to detect enemy movement. The sniper trains to seek and engage targets, knowledge of camouflage and target indicators helps the sniper avoid becoming a target. 3-38, Target indicators are grouped into the four categories listed below: ‘© Olfactory. What the sniper does that allows the enemy to smell their presence. ‘© Tactile. What the sniper docs or ereates that allows the enemy to touch an object that gives away their presence. ‘* Auditory. What the sniper docs that allows the enemy to hear their presence. ‘© Visual. What the sniper does or fils to do that allows the enemy to see them ‘or indications that they're present. CAMOUFLAGE 3-39, Camouflage is one of the basic weapons of war, Camouflage can be the difference between a successfill or unsuccessful mission, To the sniper, camouflage can be the difference between life and death. Camouflage plays a fundamental role for the sniper, because the sniper cannot afford to be detected at any time while moving alone, as part ‘of another element, or while operating from a firing position, Marksmanship training teaches a sniper how to hit their target, field craft keeps them from becoming a target, Paying attention to camouflage and terrain is the mark of a well-trained sniper. Natural 3-40, Snipers add local vegetation and other materials to their ghillie to alter their ‘outline and appearance and to add texture (figure 3-9). The rule of thumb is to apply 70 percent of natural vegetation and 30 percent of artifical material. The sniper must be aware that vegetation often changes as they move towards their objective. The sniper ‘may need to halt and change their vegetation to match their surroundings. 43-41. The sniper team must be aware that as soon as they eut the natural vegetation, it begins to die, The hotter the environment, the faster the vegetation wilts, Snipers must roffesh their vegetation regularly. a4 Tos22.10 7 December 2017Field Craft Figure 3-9. Natural types of camouflage T December 2017 Tosz2.10 a8Chapter 3 Artificial 3-42, Snipers use artificial camouflage, such as jute, to break up the human shape, and ‘add texture and color to the ghillie base (figure 3-10). Team members cover all exposed skin using color and coverage materials and substances made for concealing. These ‘materials can be camouflage sticks, face paints, nets, o veils to cover all exposed skin. 3-43, The team must also prepare their equipment (tripods, drag bags, rucksacks) and ‘weapons. The team can use camouflage tape, colored electrical tape, spray paint, and ‘other means to properly camouflage their equipment and weapons. Figure 3-10, Artificial types of camouflage Face Paint 3-44, Face paint and camoutlage sticks are used to cover all exposed areas of skin such as the snipers face, ears, hands, and the back of the neck. The low parts of the face that ‘cause shadow shouldbe lightened, The high pats othe face that eause shine shouldbe darkened. Note. Add dark color to high points on the face and light colors to the low Attempt to mimic the vegetation the sniper is operating in. a6 Tos22.10 7 December 2017CONCEALMENT 3-45, The sniper team uses concealment to maneuver undetected to and from the target area, Sniper teams need to consider the following: © Sound— = Most noticeable during hours of darkness, Small noises may be dismissed as natural, but talking will not, © Movement = Most noticeable during daylight hours. = The human eye is attracted to movement. Quick or jerky movements can bbe detected far before any slow and deliberate movements © Improper camouflage = Shine = Outline = Contrast to background and foreground, © Disturbance of witdlife— = Birds suddenly flying away. = Sudden stop of animal noises. © Odors— = Smoking, = Soap, ‘= Insect repellent. Shine 43-46. Shine is one of the main reasons for compromise in the rural environment. The ‘enemy can spot the smallest reflection from great distances, The natural coloring of the skin stands out in the rural environment, 3-47. Reflections off shiny surfaces instantly attract attention and are visible from great distances. Snipers must use optics carefully in bright sunshine and must always be aware that reflections can give the sniper away. 3-48, The snipers optic can expose the sniper team, if ot properly concealed. The inside of the scope objective lens cap must be dulled with nonreflective tape or paint. The team ‘can use nonreflective tape to cover the objective lens cap and cut slots into it (cat eyes); ‘or the sniper can use the bird nesting technique or netting, Note. The M-series binoculars have an anti-laser coating on the objective lens and are notorious for reflection. The team must use antireflection devices or other means to conceal them. 3-49. The sniper team must always be mindful of light direction with their position, such as direction of sunrise and sunset. Sun light behind the team in the morning can reduce the enemy’s ability to spot the sniper team. However, the direction of light during T December 2017 Tosz2.10 a7Chapter 3 sunset can reduce the team’s ability to observe and engage targets. Light can also ereate reflections off the team’s equipment, and increase the chances of detection, Note. If possible, cover or dull watch faces, compasses, identification tags, and belt buckles. Shape 3-50. A human shape is very noticeable and distinct, even at long ranges. Depending on the range, the body can be identified, especially the head and shoulder area, To combat this, the sniper team must break up their body outline, starting with the head and shoulders and then the equipment they are carrying. Silhouette 3-51, The clear silhouette of a figure on the skyline is a good target. It is visible from szeat distances, even at night, because a dark outline stands out against the lighter night sky. This is most dangerous at night where there is clear sky and a full moon. Similar to sithouelting, sky lining occurs when a sniper or sniper team moves over the top of a high feature, Shadow 43-52. The sniper team can use shadow to their advantage by moving within it. Ifthe sniper team can get from point to point by moving in a shaded area, then they should seek that route. 43:53. Smell can compromise the team, which mandates that the team take proper precautions. The team should never wash their ghillie, and the team must not use scented soaps, detergents, or deodorants before and during a mission. Light 43-54, Before departure, the team needs to conduct proper precombat inspections on all ‘equipment that could discharge any light, both visible and infrared, The team must conduct this check in the dark and with the use of NVDs, because NVDs can ‘compromise a team’s location if discipline is not adhered, Noise 3-55, The sniper team needs to conduet a noise check prior to departure. The best way to conduct this check is to have the sniper don all equipment and jump up and down as the senior sniper listens for any loose equipment. Make sure all equipment is tapped, tied, or strapped down to prevent unnecessary movement DEFEAT TARGET INDICATORS 3-56, Snipers may defeat target indicators through the common senses listed below: a8 Tos22.10 7 December 2017Olfactory through elimination of cause, Tactile through proper construction of sniper hide, Auditory through noise discipline and equipment preparation, Visual through proper knowledge of fundamentals of concealment and camouflage. 3-57. Camouflage construction is the use of one of the three fundamentals of ‘concealment, which are hiding, blending, and deceiving, Hiding 43-58. Hiding means completely concealing the body from observation by lying behind ‘or in an objector thick vegetation. Blending 3-59. Blending is skillfully matching personal camouflage with the surrounding area, ‘or backdrop, to point where the shiper is indiscernible, Blending may be called “protective coloration,” and is best achieved with bland colors and not dramatic patterns, Ghillie suits help snipers blend in with the terrain and does not hide them or make them appear to be trees or bushes, -60, Deceiving is a technique used to trick the enemy into false conclusions about Tocation or identity of the sniper, so that the enemy doubts the shooter's presence or ‘isinterprets the sniper’s true location after the shot. CovER 43-61. Cover can be either natural or artificial protection from enemy fire, Natural cover (creck beds, trees, fallen logs, reverse slopes) and artificial cover (sand bags, walls, vehicles) protects the sniper from enemy direct fire weapon systems, although they do not provide the sniper cover from indirect weapon systems. Micro terrain and large vegetation, like trees, should be used in the sniper's route selection if the sniper feels ‘contact is eminent. T December 2017 Tosz2.10 a9This page intentionally left blankChapter 4 Infiltration Infiltration is a high risk patrol movement, requiring low signature mobility through various terrain, Patrol skills are required for the sniper team, Methods of moving covertly over open ground in the daytime or at night, crossing obstacles, and ground considerations are all factors that the sniper team must consider. SECURE AND PINPOINT 4-1. Once the sniper team has successfully inserted into the area of operation, the sniper team conducts a series of tasks that they must execute before they depart from their assembly area en route to their observation point. 4-2. The first task is to conduct stop, look, listen, and smell (defined below) once all team members are in the assembly area: © STOP, Stops all movement, © LOOK. Looks for signs ofthe enemy, things like trash, old fighting positions, or the enemy themselves, ‘© LISTEN. Listens for signs of the enemy, things like engines running, the enemy talking, or the enemy moving, © SMELL. Smells for signs of the enemy, things like food, smoke from fires, or petroleum, oils, and lubricant products (fuels). 4-3. The sniper team conducts stop, look, listen, and smell for 3 to 5 minutes or for as Jong as the senior sniper deems necessary 4-4, The next task is for the senior sniper to pinpoint their location on the map so they ccan relay to the sniper TOC that the team has inserted safely, provide the TOC with a six digit grid, and begin their movement to the target area, COMMUNICATION 4-5. Once the sniper team has established their location and conducted stop, look, listen, and smell, the sniper team initiates a radio check with the TOC, Depending on the mission and the mission duration, the sniper team could establish communication ‘windows, Communication windows allows the sniper team to conserve battery power land, when working within a larger operation, communication windows can prevent ‘multiple teams from interfering with each other when trying to send up information to the TOC. T December 2017 To 322.10 44Chapter 4 MOVEMENT FORMATION 4-6. The tactical situation dictates the type of movement formation thatthe sniper team uses when moving tothe target area, The sniper tam uses ATP 3-21,8, chapter 2, section IL, and combat formations. They should modify as needed based on the team size, ‘composition, and security attachments. MOVEMENT TECHNIQUES 4-7. Movement techniques are methods a unit uses to traverse terrain. The three basic ‘movement techniques are traveling, traveling overwatch, and bounding overwatch Selection is based on the likelihood of enemy contact and need for speed. Factors 10 consider for each technique are control, dispersion, speed, and security. Movement techniques are not fixed formations, They refer to the distance between snipers, teams, ‘and squads, based on METT-TC. Note. See ATP 3-21.8, chapter 2, section IV. DANGER AREAS 4-8. A danger area is any place along a unit's route where the leader determines their unit may be exposed to enemy observation or fire, Ifa sniper team must eross a danger area, it must do so as carefully as possible. Due to their autonomy and lack of personnel and firepower, the sniper team must avoid detection by the enemy. The team should consider use of ghillie suits or hours of limited visibility 4.9, Sniper Ieaders decide how the unit erasses based on the time they have, the size of the element, the size of the danger area, fields of fire into the area, and the amount of security being posted. 4-10, A sniper element can cross all at once, in buddy teams, or one sniper ata time. However, snipers need to maintain heightened security at all times. Teams must stop, look, listen, and smell for enemy in the area before committing to crossing danger areas, ‘and must employ counter-tracking methods when applicable, 4-11, Cross roads or tails at or near a bend, a narrow spot, or on low ground. Avoid ‘crossing on azimuth or at intersections. 4-12, Select @ narrow spot in the stream offering concealment on both banks and ‘observe the far side carefully. If possible, emplace near and far side security for early warning and clear the far side. Avoid crossing on azimuth or at intersections and assure the team crosses quietly. 4-13, Pass villages on the downwind side and well away from them, Avoid animals, ‘especially dogs, which might reveal the presence of the team. 4-14, Pass known or likely enemy positions on the downwind side. Be alert for trip ‘wires, pressure plates, and early warning systems. If it cannot be confirmed, assume the ‘enemy has @ dog team available 42 Tos22.10 7 December 2017CONTACT DRILLS 4-15. A sniper team must never become decisively engaged with the enemy. They must rehearse immediate action drills until they react automatically and immediately to ‘unexpected contact. SOPs must be established and rehearsed so the team can react fo different situations. Note. -e ATP 3-21.8, chapter 2, section V. MAN DOWN DRILLS 4-16, Ifthe sniper team takes a casualty, and contact is still present, the team must establish a base of fire and secure the wounded. The team needs to initiate a break contact drill and extract the wounded. It is vital that the team has established and rehearsed a man down drill both in contact and noncontact scenarios, Note. It is important to have at least two members of the team emergency medical technician (basic level) certified EXTRACTING THE WOUNDED 4-17, There are a number of ways that wounded, nonwalking team members ean be extracted off the ground. (Refer to ATP 4-25.13 for additional information and resources.) EXTRACTION SITE 4-18, As soon as the sniper team is out ofthe contact area and has reached a rally point ‘or a layup point, the team can coordinate medical evacuation of the Soldier. Army ‘aeromedical evacuation is the preferred evacuation method based on the trained medical personnel and medical equipment on the aircraft. Casualty evacuation is the alternate ‘method of evacuation and may not have the capabilities of an aeromedical evacuation asset. Hither can be used to evacuate Soldiers, but all effort should be made to use an ‘Army aeromedical evacuation resource first. (Refer to ATP 4-25.13 and ATP 4-02.2 for ‘more information.) 4-19, Snipers use set dimensions when ereating a helicopter landing zone. Each aircraft requires a specific sized area that must be cleared before it is safe to land. Note. It is important to have at least one member of the team who is pathfinder qualified. T December 2017 Tosz2.10 43‘This page intentionally left blank.Chapter § Rural Hides Ahide isa carefully constructed position that affords excellent radio communications, concealment, observation, and clear line of sights for the sniper to engage from. This chapter has four sections— locating a hide position, hide construction, occupation, and extractions. LOCATING A HIDE POSITION 5-1. During the mission planning phase, the sniper selects an objective rally point. ‘They use topographic maps, aetial photographs, permission visual reconnaissance, and information from units in the area. Krom the objective rally point, the sniper team reconnoiters the tentative position to determine the exact location of its final position The objective rally point must provide cover and concealment from enemy fire and ‘observation and offer good routes to and from the selected area. From the objective rally point, the team moves forward to view the tentative position area (figure 5-1) @ cevectve rausy rom Se TENTATIVE HNAL FIRING POSITION AREA Figure 5-1. Objective rally point T December 2017 Tosz2.10 5Chapter § 5-2. Once the probable hide site is located, the senior sniper puts the team into a defensive position. The team conducts stop, look, listen, and smell. Once complete, they pinpoint their location on the map. 543. When stop, look, listen, smell, and pinpoint is complete, the senior sniper ‘conducts radio communications with the TOC, Ifthe communication line is sufficient, the senior sniper delegates tasks to the team. One team member conducts a clearance patrol with the senior sniper while the other members secure the area and maintain the radio. 5-4, ‘The clearance patrol looks for any dead ground, tracks, water, wildlife, buildings and better positions for the hide. When selecting the location, the sniper team ensures, the position balances— Maximum fields of fire and observation of the target area, Concealment from enemy observation, Covered routes to and ftom the position. Locations at least 400 to 700 meters or 438 to 766 yards from the target area ‘Natural or man-made obstacles between the position and the target area Best Locations 5-5. The sniper team must use imagination and ingenuity when choosing a good location for the position. The location must allow the team to be effective, but must appear to the enemy to be the least likely location for a team position, such as— The undersides of logs in a deadfall area. Tunnels bored from one side of a knoll to the other. ‘Swamps. Deep shadows. Worst Locations 5-6. A sniper team must remember that a position in a seemingly ideal location may hhave the same appeal to the enemy. Therefore, the team avoids choosing locations at, A point or crest of prominent terrain features. Isolated objects. Bends or ends of roads, trails, or streams, Populated areas DIRECTION OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET 5-7. A sunrise and sunset overlay enables a team to plan a line of advance or tentative hiide sites to take advantage of the light. The sniper team tries to maximize the effects of sunlight by placing the light in the enemy's eyes, thus preventing detection during movement or while in the hide site, Sniper teams consider light directions in theit mission planning so they are not forced into risky movements around the objective area 52 Tos22.10 7 December 2017to prevent compromise. The sniper team must create an overlay showing the tue azimuth ofthe rising sun and the relative bearing of the seting sun for the mission. Refer to the planning chapter on the sunrise and sunset table to create the overlay (figure 5-2) Figure 5-2. Sunrise and Sunset OTHER CONSIDERATIONS FOR POSITION SELECTION 5-8, The sniper team must consider the following when finalizing the selection of a position. CoveR 5-9. Cover is protection from the fire of enemy weapons. Natural (such as ravines, hollows, and reverse slopes) and artificial cover (such as fighting positions, trenches, and walls) protect the sniper from flat trajectory fires and partly protect them from high angle fires and the effects of nuclear explosions. 5-10. Snipers must always seek and use all the cover the terrain provides. Even the smallest depression or fold in the ground might provide some cover when the sniper needs it most. Properly used, a sixeinch depression can provide enough cover to save @ sniper under fire. Snipers ean use the most difficult terrain available, because enemy patrols are less likely to move through these areas. CONCEALMENT 5-11. Concealment is protection from enemy observation. The sniper can use natural (uch as bushes, grass, and shadows) or artificial (such as materials like burlap and ‘camoutlage nets) concealment. Snipers must consider the effects of seasonal changes on the materials used for natural and artificial concealment. 5-12, ‘The sniper must choose a position enabling maximum application of field craft skills during the firing sequenee, T December 2017 Tosz2.10 53Chapter § Derr 5-13. Vegetation between the sniper’s position and the enemy creates the appearance ‘of depth. This helps conceal the sniper and can even offer some cover. The sniper should use the amount, type, and placement of vegetation giving the greatest appearance of depth without interfering with their sight picture or the flight of the round, OBSTACLES 5-14, When choosing the fing position, the sniper must consider the consequences of ‘enemy detection. The position must protect them from small arms fire and allow for ‘concealed withdravval under fire. The position must be located in an area making use of the natural terrain features and man-made features to impede enemy pursuit, create ‘choke points for enemy personnel, and generally restrict the enemy’ ability to maneuver ‘on the sniper team, Note the river in figure 5-1, page 5-1, creates such an obstacle it ‘encourages enemy movement along the bridge. The bridge creates a choke point in ‘which the sniper team could inflict severe casualties should the enemy attempt to use it to maneuver on the sniper team. CONSTRUCTION PLAN 5-15, Once in location, the sniper team assesses the factors that impact the safety and, potential success of constructing a positon. The sniper team needs to factor in arca security 5-16, Imrespective of the type of hide that the team is going to construct, there is one absolute rule that the team must adhere to. As soon as the hide site is identified, no team ‘member should walk on the ground in front of it. Ifa hide is going to be compromised, itis likely through ground sign and bad discipline. 5-17. ‘The senior sniper identifies one team member to overwatch the target area as the hide site is being constructed. This role is rotated throughout the team and whomever is ‘manning this role, also monitors the radio, maintains a log of the target area and looks ‘out for possible compromise. SUBSURFACE HIDES 5-18, ‘The decision to construct a subsurface hide should be taken with consideration, ‘A subsurface hide is a massive task and depending on the team size, it could take ‘multiple nights to complete. The tap soil may look workable but after the sniper team digs only one to two feet, the soil could turn into slate, rocks, and tree roots. 5-19, tems required to construct a subsurface hide are— Spades and picks, Saws and secateurs. Sandbags, Ponchos and ground sheets. Thermal sheets (if applicable), a6 Tos22.10 7 December 2017Wire roof sections (if applicable). Cords and stakes, Camouflage netting. 550 cord, Note. All digging tools should have a tie-down or cord sling, so when notin use, they ean be slung across the body and not lost or eause injury to other team members. GROUND PREPARATION AND DIGGING 5-20, ‘The sniper team marks the area of the hide with empty sandbags. Next, the sniper team takes their ponchos and lays them on the ground to protect the surface area around the hide in preparation to remove soil, 5.21. Before any soil is removed, the sniper team must find a suitable location to discard it, The team must conceal as best as possible any soil removed, The sniper team ‘must not use ponchos to carry the removed soil as ponchos rip and tear. The team uses ponchos to waterproof the hide only. Sand bags are recommended for soil removal 5-22. ‘The depth of the subservice hide needs to be a minimum of 1.5 meters deep and 2D meters wide (observer area). The overall size must be large enough to support a rear sentry, rest and administrative area, and observer's area, 5-23. With the sandbags marking the shape of the hide and the ponchos protecting the ‘ground around the hide from disturbanee, the next task is to de-turf the topsoil. The team replaces top soil at the end of construction to conceal the hide. De-turfing 5-24, Cut the turf larger than the hide needs to be to give ita more natural appearance. ‘To de-turf, the sniper team— © Rolls the forward section onto the sandbags in front protecting the ground. ‘© Cuts and rolls from the center outwards to both sides, preventing any obvious cols in the ground, ‘© Ensures when cutting the turf that itis neither too thick nor too thin, © Ensures all tur is rolled onto the sandbags with care. Cross Section 5-25, ‘The sniper team first creates a lip around the hide site to help disperse the weight of the roof away from the edges of the hide wall, which makes it stronger and safer to ‘operate. Once the lip is created, the sniper team digs for the required depth of the hide. ‘Once they have the floor of the hide established, the sniper team can dig a Tittle deeper for the observer area to cteate @ seated position. Doing so aids in comfort and better ‘observation, T December 2017 Tosz2.10 55Chapter § Roof and Aperture Construction 5-26, When constructing the roof, the sniper team aims for a roof that does not dip with the weight of the top soil. The roof needs to be waterproofed with the poncho ends tucked in place by the top soil. The thicker the roof the smaller the thermal signature mitted. 5-27, ‘The roof can be constructed in two ways. First by materials thatthe sniper caries, poles and wire roof sections. Second, the sniper team can use natural resources such as, ‘branches or thin tree trunks. 5-28. When constructing the roof, the sniper team makes a grid system by crossing the support material over and under one another using cord to tie some of the material together. The team places the thermal shect, if using, between the roof material and poncho. The team pulls the ponchos as tightly as possible to prevent sagging when securing the ponchos, The roof ofa subsurface hide must support the weight of a grown Rear Door 5-29. To construct the rear door, snipers use a precut wire section and attach natural ‘vegetation to it, replenishing as needed. Snipers attach a cord on the inside of the panel to assist in pulling dawn the door once inside the hide site. Aperture 5-30. ‘The sniper team observes and shoots from an aperture hole created in front of the hiide, Snipers must remember to make the aperture only as big as needed. An oversized aperture could result in a compromise. 5-31. When making the aperture, snipers make a small incision into the turf and pull it back into the hide to create the opening, They use screens behind the observing line to block out any light and use a screen in front of the observation device to prevent any shine. They ensure all optics have the appropriate antireflection device attached. SURFACE HIDES 5-32, ‘The surface hide is the primary hide position. A surface hide affords concealment, for a short period of time, SUITABLE LOCATIONS 5-33, The characteristics on the ground, line of sight to the target, and clearance to ‘engage a target dictate the location of the surface hide. 5-34. ‘The sniper team can use a variety of terrain profiles (ditches) or vegetation (large thick shrubs) to create a hide location. The sniper team can ereate screens within the vegetation by cutting loopholes in the vegetation and then standing behind the vegetation, 56 Tos22.10 7 December 2017NECESSARY EQUIPMENT 5.35. "The sniper team’s best piece of equipment fora surface hide is thei ghllie suit. ‘The sniper team must pay close attention to their surroundings and attach natural ‘vegetation (away ffom their position) to blend in with their suroundings. The sniper uses the 70/30 rl 5-36. The sniper can use a tripod to adjust the height of their observation. By using a tripod, the sniper takes advantage of the terain and creates greater standoff between the sniper and the target. 5-37. ‘The sniper can use the tree stack technique, in which the sniper uses a series of trees and aligns them to create a loophole (line of sight) to the target. The sniper needs to be cautious of setting up against a tree, because this creates an abnormal effect known as tree cancer. OCCUPATION 5-38. Once the hide site is complete, all members must be silent and take final preparations before occupation. They must ensute all equipment is secured and that the surrounding area has been checked one final time for any errors, The sniper team can also lay outa kinetic defense such as claymore mines, trip flares, and ambush lights. COMMUNICATIONS 5-39. The team must have established communication with the TOC before ‘constructing the hide, Ifunable to establish communications, then the senior shiper must find a new hide site. Once the team has occupied the hide site, they must be aware of how the antenna is deployed, and if using an antenna source that is located outside of the hide site, that antenna must be secured and concealed and the cables must be dug into the ground so it is not visible or disturbed by wildlife. 5-40, Once inside the hide site, all communication must be sent and received while ‘wearing a headset to prevent any outside sources from hearing the team. The team must keep all signaling equipment dry, clean, and in one area so the team ean grab all the ‘communication equipment during exfltration, in the event of a compromise. ROUTINE 5-41. Although the construction of positions may differ, the routines while in position are the same. The sniper takes the following actions— © When rotating observation duties, the sniper weapon must remain in place fn the firing platform, and the opties must be handed from one team member to the other. © The sniper data book, observation logs, range cards, and the radio must be placed between the team members so both have easy access to them. ‘© The team members must establish a system of observing, eating, resting, and ‘making latrine calls. T December 2017 Tosz2.10 ‘7Chapter § BREAK CONTACT 5-42, When reacting to an attack from a subsurface hide position, snipers react to an attack using break contact drills from the front, right, let, and rear. The team leader is the last sniper to leave the hide. The team leader ensures personnel and equipment are accounted for and initiates the destruction plan. Break contact drills need to be rehearsed thoroughly. Destruction plans are initiated based on METT-TC, Alll claymores are {detonated simultaneously while team leaders report their hard compromise, and the team. ‘moves into their escape and evasion plan. 58 Tos22.10 7 December 2017Chapter 6 Observing and Reporting The sniper team’s success depends upon its power to observe, analyze, and report accurate and timely information to higher command, Chapter 6 highlights the elements of observation and analysis, how to record what the sniper sees and how to report that information to higher command; therefore, chapter 6 is organized into three sections—observing, reporting, and introduction to photography. OBSERVING 6-1. ‘The sniper team should report all target activity to provide a realistic picture of the objective, which allows intelligence analysts to determine what information is pertinent. The sniper team may not be aware of activity or changes occurring in other ‘areas, Information they report can lead to a more holistic intelligence picture of the battlefield. The sniper employment officer should receive raw information from the sniper team and package it for the intelligence staff. Note. Types of visual searches, target detection, and range estimation are covered thorou ly in chapter 7, ELEMENTS OF OBSERVATION 6-2. The purpose of observation is to gather facts and provide information for a specific intent. The elements of observation are— © Awareness, Awareness means consciously tuning into a specifie act. It is attained by staying aware of the surroundings. © Understanding. Understanding comes from education, training, practice, and experience, © Recording, Recording is the process of capturing data or translating information to a recording format, The sniper can use the following forms to record combat information that they observe within their target area = Observation log. = Range card, = Military sketch, T December 2017 Tosz2.10 oaChapter 6 Responding. Response isthe sniper team’s action toward information, It may be as simple as recording events in a sniper data book, making a communications call, or firing a well-aimed shot 6-3. There are seven components of visual perception, why objects are seen. They Shape (line, edge, and outline) Contrast or value Color. Texture Light (reflection, sunlight, shadow), Movement, Rhythm and flow. 6-4, There are five components of visual deception, why objects are unseen. They Perceptual limitations of the eye (distance, light), Context and relevanee. Masking. Distractions (boredom, fatigue). Negative space. 6-5. In visual perception, change blindness is a phenomenon of the brain. Snipers should consider the following when encountering change blindness: 6-6. When someone is visually or mentally focused on a specific item, The brain does not have a precise representation of the world but an incomplete one, made up of partial details Change blindness does not affect the eyes, but the brain, The brain estimates the importance and usefulness of information prior to deciding whether to store the information, ‘hanges in that item can be missed, and the observer may not notice changes. The sniper team can ‘combat this by developing mental file folders of people, places, and things. The sniper should use resources such as recognition of combatants, or request other recognition ‘material from the Recognition of Combatants website via email to build mental file folders to aid them in observation, Base INE AND ANOMAI ES 6-7. Snipers collectively measure knowns and unknowns against the baseline to determine the anomalies. Context and relevance defines a baseline as described below: 62 Context. This is the background, environment, framework, setting, or situation surrounding an event, Relevance. This is the relation of anomaly tothe context. Tos22.10 7 December 2017Observing and Reporting 6-8. When three anomalies are detected, a decision must be made. Decisions must be legal, moral, and ethical. Choices are to— © Kill engage) © Capture (record), © Contact (report. SNIPER OBSERVATION LOG 6.9, The sniper log book isa written, chronological record of ll activities and events taking place in a sniper team’s area. The sniper team records the information on DA Form 7639 (Sniper's Observation Log) (se figure 6-1, page 6-4). T December 2017 Tosz2.10 63SNPER'S OBSERVATION LOG Lindon Chey 2 T i ames 0si5 cll ro on ‘OR FORM 7630, DEC: 0330 oneness) Zola a4 LRU | Sure Sue [Lins sor0 ws ree zo Sein Goraah Tat < cl oT 840 551 z clo a 6. Tey ont Guise Cu wd a7 REA EOTEN SCHEELE wecr_| or _| sem CL ins stag ad, het Ga wh of oF ude By 4 | cil ld “ute ate Figure 6-1. Completed DA Form 7639, example Tos22.10 7 December 2017Observing and Reporting 6-10, When filling out an observation log, the sniper must remember to include ‘observations on the categories of information listed below: © Size, activity, location, unit and uniform, time, and equipment. ‘© Observation and fields of fire, avenues of approach, key terrain, obstacles, and cover and concealment (known as OAKOC), © Terrain, vegetation, structures, and tactical importance categories below: = Terrain. Describe the general layout of the terrain. Include terrain features, bodies of water, and composition of the soil = Vegetation. Describe the composition ofthe local vegetation. Include if itis groomed grass, whether the trees are hard or soft wood, or leafy or pine, average height of the grass and the trees. Structures. Describe the general layout of the structures that pertain t0 the objective. Add the dimensions, composition of the buildings, deseribe how many floors, windows, doots, stairways Tactical importance. Add possible infiltration and exfiltration routes, last cover and concealed positions, breach points, possible landing zones, or anything else that the sniper may feel is important to the 6-11. When reporting on human activity use size, activity, location, unituniform, time ‘and equipment. When reporting on terrain, use observation and fields of fire, avenues of approach, key terrain, obstacles, and cover and concealment. Use terrain, vegetation, structures, and tactical importance in conjunction with the target sketch. SNIPER RANGE CARD 6-12, There are two types of sniper range cards, an unprepared range card which can bbe drawn or sketched on anything ora prepared range card as seen in the example given ‘on DA Form 7637, Sniper's Range Card, (figure 6-2, page 6-6), which is preformatted and printed. The range card shows the target area from above, with annotated distances to various locations. Range rings printed on the form give the sniper team a quick range reference and a means to record target locations, The team can draw dashed lines to indicate sectors of fire. If constructing an unprepared range card, the sniper must include all pertinent information, 6-13, ‘The range card allows the teams to refer to target locations on the sectors, such as “the intersection in sector A." The team draws their own positions and distances to prominent objects and terrain features. They determine the maximum range for the range card, so they can add indirect fire targets to it. On DA Form 7637, the team must record the following— © Method of obtaining range. Left and right limits of engaging area, Major terrain features, roads, and structures. Range, elevation, and windage settings needed at various distances. Distances throughout the area, T December 2017 Tosz2.10 65Chapter 6 (© Temperature and wind. ‘© Target reference points (azimuth, distance, and description) T = 20 | gem [oat |aso— Aono tAnueh~ | Berane Rone Dateeech me Tegend im meter TEMP temperature MPH miles per hour TRE target reference point S__ south Figure 6-2, Completed DA Form 7637, example MILITARY SKETCH 6 6-14, The sniper records supplemental information about a general area, its terrain features, and its man-made structures on DA Form 7638, Military Sketch, Panoramic and Topographic Views (figure 6-3, page 6-8). Military sketches give intelligence sections a detailed, on the ground view of an area or object. 6-15, These sketches let the viewer see the area from a different perspective, include objects missing from the maps, allow for examination of areas shown in too litle detail ‘on the maps, and provide detail such as types of fences and number of telephone wires ‘TC 3-25.26 describes tree types of military sketches: road, area, and field Tos22.10 7 December 2017Observing and Reporting PANORAMIC SKETCH 6-16, A panoramic sketch shows a scaled area or object from the sniper team's perspective. The sketch shows details about a specific area or a man-made structure. T December 2017 Tosz2.10 orChapter 6 PANORANNC AND TOPOGRAPHIC EWS fete Fy tn Pets $0 er Lonel poone. wt papas er rete outs i96 HAVE ReRING AER Gans on THEM. is teow rete a ORs eee sere ‘hep mag oticy io ose eae ‘atm |ectied [amg —pene WEAVER [etnk Jo" 99° | eae Tar” [omemett 2 as = Figure 6-3. Completed DA Form 7638, example 68 Tos22.10 7 December 2017Contents 61, Observing and Reporting Snipers should use the acronym OAKOC to remember what details need to be included on the panoramic sketch, which are— 6-18, © Any natural or man-made terrain feature stopping, impeding, slowing, or diverting movement, (Identifying and reinforcing obstacles and hindering. terrain (Slow go‘no go) that affects mobility, to include the shot) Observation and fields of fire, Observation. The ability to see over a particular area to acquire targets Fields of fire, The area a weapon can cover effectively from a given point ‘The analysis provides the commander with eyes on the objective and the finalization of their plan, The sketch allows the commander to identify potential ‘engagement areas, defensible terrain, and weapon systems positions. The sketch also identifies where maneuvering forces are most vulnerable to observation and fires. 6-19, ‘An avenue of approach is an air or ground route of an attacking force ofa given size leading to its objective or to key terrain in its path (IP 2-013). The sniper should {question how these avenues can sustain movement or the enemies’ movement. What are the likely enemy counterattack routes? 6-20, Panoramic sketches include— © Remarks sections (two), © Sketch name, © Grid coordinates ofthe sniper team’s position. © Weather. © Magnetic azimuth through the center of sketch, © Sketch number and scale of sketch or photo number. © Sector area (width and depth. © Date and time, © Name and rank of originator. © Buildings in panoramic sketches should appear to have a three-dimensional view. © Description ofthe size and composition of buildings in a panoramic drawing, Measurements should be three dimensional with units of measure and composition to the best of the sniper's ability. Key Terrain 6-21, Decisive terrain (natural or man-made) if held or controlled, has an extraordinary impact on the mission. Decisive terrain is often selected for uses as battle positions or “objectives and may be controlled wit either fires or maneuver. T December 2017 Tosz2.10 68Chapter 6 Obstacles and Movement 6-22, The sniper first identifies existing and reinforcing obstacles in their area of ‘operation, limiting mobility with regards to the mission. The sniper identifies the following ‘© Ravines, gaps, and ditches over 3 meters or 10 feet wide, ‘© Tree stumps and large rocks over 18 inches high. ‘© Forests with trees 8 inches or more in diameter with less than 4 meters or 13 feet between trees © Man-made existing obstacles (for example, buildings, or power and telephone lines) Reinforcing obstacles. Minefields (conventional and situational) Antitank ditches. Wire obstacles. Note. The sniper must identify if the obstacle hinders the movement of soldiers on foot, in vehicles, or by air. IFpossible, the sniper should give their "boots on ground” opinion to the commander to remedy the situation. TOPOGRAPHIC SKETCH 6-23, A topographic sketch shows scaled topography (such as terrain features to include clevation and terrain types such as forests and swamps). On a topographic sketch, the sniper team can describe large areas such as road systems, streams, and rivers, and natural and man-made obstacles, Sketches can show accurate distances and azimuths between major features. ‘The team can use topographic sketches as overlays on range cards Contents 6-24, A topographic sketch includes (figure 6~4, page 6+12)— Sketch name, number, and scale. Date and time Grid coordinates of the sniper team’s position, Remarks, Weather. Magnetic azimuth, Key Terrain 6-25. Decisive terrain (natural or man-made) if held or controlled has an extraordinary impact on the mission. Snipers may select decisive terrain for use as battle position or objectives, which may be controlled through either fires or maneuver. 10 Tos22.10 7 December 2017Observing and Reporting Obstacles and Movement 6-26, The sniper first identifies existing and reinforcing obstacles in their area of ‘operation that could limit mobility with regards to the mission. Existing Obstacles 6-27, The following isa list of existing obstacles: Ravines, zaps, and ditches over 3 meters or 10 feet wide. Tree stumps and large rocks over 18 inches high. Forests with trees 8 inches or more in diameter with less than 4 meters or 13 feet between trees, Man-made existing obstacles (for example, buildings, or power and telephone lines). Reinforcing obstacles. Minefields (conventional and situational). Antitank ditches. Wire obstacles. T December 2017 Tosz2.10 ettChapter 6 [WAS lene Geapstiad) i 2" lee Teo [overt SE Tegend Bide biking 8 fect Cont continued Hs hous ord. coordinate No number FP Fabventet SGY___ sergeant Figure 6-4. Completed DA Form 7638, example e12 Tos22.10 7 December 2017Observing and Reporting REPORTING 6-28, Reporting is an account or statement describing in detail an event or situation as the result of observation, 6-29, Upon successful infiltration into the objective area, the sniper team initiates voice communication transmission with a grid location, during the first stop, look, listen, ‘and smell security halt. The following reports are due after the successful infiltration: ‘© Situation report to include current location, initial orientation to the target, in position deficiencies, and next planned action, © Grid overhead sector sketch, © Grid structure sketch. 6-30, Miscellaneous enhancements or follow-on reports can be— © Size, activity, location, unituniform, time and equipment reports. ‘© Reports ofall personnel (enemy or friendly) on the objective. Send a report to the TOC upon each unique sighting. INFORMATION REPORTS 6-31, There is a balance between brevity and the need to give as much information as possible to avoid confusion in the sniper TOC. The use of a message log becomes a necessity at this point. 6-32. The significance of targets or activity, regardless of whether the target is engaged ‘can be determined only by considering the overall intelligence picture. Available ‘communication methods vary between missions. The sniper team should coordinate ‘with the intelligence cell to determine the best method of reporting information to be utilized in intelligence production. UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS REPORTING 6-33, The modem operational environment consists of an enemy who employs UAS systems as part of a broader target acquisition cycle. Near peer enemies have perfected ‘a deadly target acquisition cycle that includes enemy snipers, UAS systems, and indirect fire, The sniper team must be aware of these emerging threats and must report enemy UASs to higher command in a timely manner. 6-34, Reporting is a crucial step in defeating enemy UAS systems and building an accurate enemy situation template. The sniper team must take the time to understand the key features of enemy systems and their capabilites to allow for effective reporting and intelligence preparation of the environment. 6-35. UAS reporting procedures should include © Team call sign and frequency. © Team location. © Date and time of observation © Estimated time on site T December 2017 Tosz2.10 613Chapter 6 © Flight characteristies (direction of travel, pattern of travel) ‘© Estimated size, elevation, and physical description. INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOGRAPHY 6-36, Not all sniper missions terminate in taking a shot with a rifle, but all sniper missions terminate with reporting information. The skillful use of digital single-lens reflex cameras enables the sniper to provide much needed information to higher in 2 lear, concise manner in near realtime 6-37, Surveillance equipment requires periodic training to remain proficient and to be able to work the equipment under austere conditions, Surveillance equipment must also ‘be precombat inspected prior to every mission. Not having something as small as a cable, memory card, recharged batteries, lens adapters, and so forth can make a piece of ‘equipment useless. This could lead to mission failure 6-38, One of the primary tasks for the sniper team is to gather and report battlefield intelligence to the battalion TOC, where the information can be disseminated to the appropriate company’ 6-39, The sniper employment officer can submit a memorandum for an operational needs statement for the tactical support equipment Media Kit 1000 and Media Kit 625 for sniper sections. PROCUREMENT OBJECTIVE EXAMPLE Receive the Media Kit 1000 and the Media Kit 625 that enables the battalion sniper teams the ability to effectively conduct all aspects of reconnaissance and surveillance. Due to the current operating and operations tempo, the 3rd Brigade Combat Team requires fielding of the above listed equipment in 1® Quarter FY18. This gives the sniper teams enough time to train on the systems and utilize them during mission readiness exercises in 1* Quarter FY18 and 2” Quarter FY18, 6-40, Point and shoot cameras are easy to use digital cameras, Point and shoot cameras require very little camera knowledge and photography skill to produce a decent, usable picture. Snipers can mount NVDs for night photography without the flash Note. Refer to the camera's manual for step-by-step guidance on how to properly setup and employ the camera TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 6-41, Some tactical considerations that the sniper team needs to review before using the camera are proper light discipline. The sniper needs to be aware of several camera features to evade detection. ot4 Tos22.10 7 December 2017Observing and Reporting Disable the Flash 6-42. Prior to departure, the sniper must disable the flash on all cameras to prevent accidental use. Liquid Crystal Display Screen 6-43, The sniper needs to adjust the illumination emitted from the liquid crystal display {Commonly known as LCD) screen by adjusting the color scheme through the camera’s settings. Lens Reflection 6-44, The sniper team must take the appropriate measures to mask their lens from reflecting back outwards toward the enemy, Refer to chapter 3, for ways (0 prevent ‘unwanted shine from the lens, Camera Support 6-45, The sniper team needs to have a strong understanding of how to properly hold and support the camera with various tools, such as a tripod. Tripods provide the sniper team with the ability to move or pan the camera in all directions and under control 6-46, The sniper team can also use a shutter remote to ad in taking still images without inducing any movement. ‘or a more in-depth analysis of camera employment, sniper teams should contact their public affairs office at their unit and seck out the advice from cameramen employed in those positions or they can seek additional assistance by contacting the 55th Signal Company (Combat Camera) located at Fort Meade, MD. T December 2017 Tosz2.10 otsThis page intentionally left blankChapter 7 Direct Fire Engagement Process This chapter describes the engagement process for all direct fire sniper weapon systems. The engagement process has five distinct steps that the sniper team executes: detect, identify, decide, engage, and assess. These steps are part of a constant eycle in which snipers execute decisive action tasks with direct fire to defeat threats, climinate the potential for fratricide, and reduce collateral damage. The sniper team uses the detect, identity, decide, engage, and assess process and the techniques described in Appendix C to control the battlefield. OVERVIEW 7-1. The goal of the direct fire engagement process is to provide a standardized ‘method of engagement for sniper Weapons on the battlefield, The method allows snipers and leaders to maximize the effects of lethal fires against the enemy while at the same time reducing or eliminating the effects of fires on friendly or neutral personnel, ‘equipment, of facilites 7-2. ‘The sniper's ability to acquire targets rapidly under any condition is critical to survivability and mission success, This skill is vital to maintain overmatch against any adversary. It starts with the sniper's ability to quickly detect the threat and posture themselves to defeat it with the appropriate amount of force based on the mission, ROE, and the operations order. 7-3, Effective target detection requires a series of skills that snipers master. Detection, is an active process during combat operations, with or without a clear or known threat presence. All direct fire engagements are enabled by the sniper's detection skills. These skills are built upon four core fundamentals described below: © Scan and search, A rapid sequence of various techniques to identify potential threats © Scanning skills. Skills to determine potential areas where threats are most likely to appear © Acquire. A refinement of the initial scan and search based on irregularities in the environment. © Locate, The ability to determine the general location of a threat to engage with accuracy T December 2017 To 322.10 tChapter 7 SCAN AND SEARCH 7-4, Scan is the act of observing designated areas in the assigned sector, while search isa thorough, deliberate method of observation of a refined area, Sectors of observation for target acquisition are assigned by the senior sniper or as outlined in the team SOP to ‘each team member. 7-5. ‘The goal of the scan and search is deliberate detection of potential threats based ‘on irregularities inthe surrounding environment. This includes irregular shapes, colors, heat sources, movement, or actions the sniper views as being “out of place,” as compared to the surrounding area. Search techniques provide a general area where a potential threat might be and the sniper focuses efforts to acquire that threat (see paragraphs 7-20 to 7-31). When conducting their scan, the sniper asks, “Where would I be if | were the threat 7-6. When operating as a team, snipers apply various scan techniques in an overlapping manner, termed the sector search. This ensures the least amount of dead space tothe team, and maximizes the use of the snipers’ optics and thermals to increase the overall ability ofthe sniper team to detect threats as rapidly as possible 7-7. Guidelines for the team are— © The sniper scans different locations. Initial scanning can be done without optics © The target acquisition is continuous, Any possible target missed on the first or second sean may be seen on the third or fourth sean, ‘© The sniper should look for targets and target locations using proper scanning ‘methods within their assigned sectors ‘© The sector discipline is vital forthe sniper to ensure constant coverage ofthe assigned sectors. ‘© The sector discipline is vital for the sniper and team members to ensure constant coverage of the assigned sectors ‘© The sniper should sean in areas where targets are most likely to appear, such as avenues of approach, wood lines, and reverse-slope firing positions, ‘© The sniper should not use digital zoom functions or high magnification when using rapid scan to detect targets. 7-8. Snipers can use the thermal optics, infrared NVDs, sniper weapon system optics, naked eye, and binoculars for scanning during good and limited visibility conditions. Snipers must train to use all available optics and sensors and become extremely proficient, switching between types of optics or sensors, particularly during limited Visibility operations. INDIVIDUAL SCAN AND SEARCH METHODS. 7-9. There are five detection methods to determine potential threat locations: rapid, slow, horizontal, vertical, and detailed. The sniper team can simultaneously employ varied multiple scan or search methods to maximize the potential of acquiring threats, 72 Tos22.10 7 December 2017Snipers should ensure ground reference points are always within thei field of view to ‘maintain directional control and situational awareness while scanning. Rapid Sean 7-10, ‘The rapid-sean method is used to detect obvious signs of enemy activity quickly (igure 7-1, page 7-4). The rapid-scan method is usually the first method used. The sequence of the rapid-scanis as follows: ‘© The sniper starts scanning in the center ofthe sector and rapidly scans from the nearest to the farthest point © The sniper then orients left or right and conducts @ rapid scan, near-to-far This sweep overlaps the center ofthe previously scanned sector. © Once one side of the center is completed, the remaining side is seanned in the same manner. ‘© When more than one sniper is scanning, the firer should always scan from near to far while the spotter scans from far to near. T December 2017 Tosz2.10 1Individual Sniper ‘Muttiple Sniper Members ‘a Start center sector and conduct a Start center sector. One sniper member ‘rapid scan from nearest to farthest Conducts rapid scan from nearest to sector farthest while the other sniper member Conducts rapid scan from farthest to bs. Orient to either laf or right sector, enrest ‘conduct rapid scan from nearest to farthest sector. Ensure the rapid scan b. One sniper member orients to the left ‘overiaps center of previously scanned sector while the other sniper member ‘soctor ‘orients tothe right sector. Conduct rapid scan from nearest to farthest sector. Ensure the rapid scan overlaps Center of previously scanned sector. Figure 7-1. Rapid scan Slow Sean 7-11. Ifo targets are detected in the rapid sean, snipers conduct a more deliberate sean of the terrain by using optics (day or thermal mode) or hand-held vision enhancers (igure 7-2) as follows: ‘© The sniper pauses at short intervals to give their eyes time to focus and searches a strip ofthe target area 50 t0 100 meters deep from right to left. ‘© The sniper then scans a strip farther out from left o right, overlapping the first area scanned. ‘© When another sniper is scanning, that sniper uses the same technique starting from the opposite side. m4 Tos22.10 7 December 2017Figure 7-2. Slow scan Horizontal Sean 7-12. The sniper scans up to 20 degrees above the horizon by moving their eyes in short ‘movements across the sky, working them up and across, 7-13, For scanning larger buildings in an urban environment, snipers should use the horizontal scan for open and urban or restricted terrain (figures 7-3 and 7-4, page 7-6). T December 2017 Tosz2.10 18Chapter 7 Figure 7-4. Horizontal scan, urban or restricted terrain 6 Tos22.10 7 December 2017Direct Fire Engagement Process Vertical Sean 7-14, Snipers sean the sky using the horizon as a starting point and prominent terrain features as points of reference (figures 7-5 and 7-6). Figure 7-6. Vertical scan, urban or restricted terrain T December 2017 Te 322.10 edDetailed Search 8 7-15. Ino targets are detected using other scanning methods, snipers should use the available optics (day and night) to make a careful, deliberate search (figure 7-7). Snipers use this method to search small areas or suspected avenues of approach in detail as follows: ‘Concentrate on one specific arca or location and study that arca intensely. ‘Look for ditect or indirect target signatures (discussed later in this chapter) ina clockwise manner around the focal point area. When using more than ‘one optic, one sniper scans clockwise and the other scans counterclockwise. Magnify optics as needed to cover detailed sean areas, Inaivdual Sniper Multiple Sripor (Detaled Searen) (Detaled Seareh) iper Mutupte Sripers (Detailed Search) (Detailed Search) 8. Concentrate on one spectfic area or ‘a. Concentrate on one specific area or location and study itintensely location and study it intensely. 'b. Focusing on that area or location, 'b. Focusing on that area or location, search for threat activity in @ search for threat activity with one ‘icular-clockwise manner, sniper searching in a clockwise ‘manner and the other in a counter- clockwise manner Figure 7-7. Detailed search Tos22.10 7 December 2017COLLECTIVE SEARCH TECHNIQUES 7-16, ‘The sector search provides sniper teams with techniques to apply their individual scan methods in a collective manner, The primary goal is to eliminate possible dead space and unobserved areas to maximize the team's threat detection capabilities. 7-17, Three basic techniques are used to search as collective team. Each team member is assigned a specific sector (area) to apply their scan methods. The combined sectors ‘may overlap, be divided, or specify a distance from the friendly force to focus their cfforts. Teams may combine all three techniques into their threat detection routines. Overlapping Sectors 7-18, Snipers ensure the sectors they scan overlap those that have already been seanned or overlap those of other snipers that are scanning. This includes overlapping scanning or search efforts of adjacent teams. Divided Sector 7-19, The sniper team divides the sector between them. One sniper scans one half of the sector and another scans the other half, ensuring the entire sector area is overlapped atthe center of the sector (Figure 7-8). wT ae Figure 7-8. Divided sector AQUIRE 7-20, Target acquisition is the discovery of any object in the operational environment such as personnel, vehicles, equipment, or objects of potential military significance. T December 2017 Te 322.10 19Chapter 7 ‘Target acquisition occurs during target search as a direct result of observation and the detection process. 7-21, To accurately and effectively acquire targets, snipers are efficient and effective in recognizing the various target signatures and adapting to the detection challenges of the environment, equipment, and other factors. Note. Snipers are required to be well-trained in identifying potential threats such as surface- or subsurface-laid mines, obstacles, booby traps, unexploded. ordnances, and improvised explosive devices. This requires attention to detail and identifying threats beyond the obvious or known enemy systems. TARGET SIGNATURES 7-22, Target signatures are indicators or clues that aid an observer in detecting potential targets. Most threats (personnel, weapons, and vehicles) have identifiable signatures. These signatures may be the result of their design or the environment where the ‘equipment is operating, 7-23, Target signatures are categorized by threat type to deseribe their key characteristics using sight, sound, and smell (table 7-1). The target signature categories are personnel, obstacles or mines, vehicles, antitank, artillery, and aircraft (known as POVA3). The following table shows the general characteristics of each type to target, signature group and common factors that assist snipers in identifying potential threats ‘The most common factors are listed by the observer's senses; sight, sound, and smell, 710 Tos22.10 7 December 2017‘Target signatures Sight Sound Smet Hasyelierte ring | Ves Fre posters. Noses associated wih | Cooking Broken venta, moveret reali” | Tomes Peeters {etn rer sonnet) 00 wate ee trons Personal caupmont ‘Audio of video recording | Mentilable phrases. ecipment Loose or disturbed dina Provaunexpiosve rela atorn Sovie ise Aesroyes or disabled Burned vehicles or Obstacles | Cul tt appears rite bial have struck a mine. Densanimacareasses, Pies of dit or wash Vehicle | Dust sinatve Engine rac (atclose | Engine exhaust Smoke fom engine | distance). Fue opis omens Weapon dacharye. | Running engine (at Tracks maison tern, | Track ose lose donee} “Thermal ot po Menower samage Fash fom maze Roca of iss Fastmoving hot potwih | Sharp crack of he 2 Naper tal anon guides missie tong tines rom | inn red Anitank | prevouny tre antlank | soo unen “wiht Sided estos sound Recently desvoyed Snore vee. Aery | Graystone smoke Sous Rushing rie ever! Briar crange fash and | Seconds beter round Diack sek tom impacts srburs Arcrat | Refectonstomarcrat_| Aref enine nie ‘Vapor trals from engine ‘exhaust and fred missiles, Dust and movement from foliage trom hovering icra 7-24, Potential areas with threat personnel may be identified by fi ns with 18 pos disturbed earth, small arms spent brass, ripped or tom clothing, trash from food items, T December 2017 Tosz2.10 m1Chapter 7 ‘or footprints in soft or muddy soil, Personnel threats in groups of civilians ean be identified by extended interest in friendly forces or action, digital recording equipment, ‘or personnel writing or sketching while casually observing friendly forces. Dismounted threats using civilians for concealment may have bulky or bulging clothing, excessive clothing for the environment, or darker colored clothing. These may be indicative of threat personnel attempting to conceal weapons or explosive devices. 7.25. Obstacles, mines, and improvised explosive devices can be identified by disturbed earth, discolored ground in small shapes, small dirt piles, and stacked or piled garbage. Some explosives may be hidden in the carcass of larger animals common to the region. Single or twin large craters, craters with broken track blocks or wheels, nearby, or craters with remaining electrical wires or explosive residue may identify ‘mines or improvised explosive devices that have been detonated, 7-26. Vehicles can be wheeled or tracked with varying identifying signatures. Wheeled ‘or tracked vehicle signatures are likely to be detected in open areas and rolling terrain, Key signatures include an imprint of the whee! or track in soft, muddy, or loose terrain; exhaust smoke plumes; diesel engine sounds; and sharp angles in their profile. When using thermal opties, heat on the wheels or tracks, engine compartment, and any vehicle ‘occupants assist in defining the shape and size of the vehicle. Note. In general, when considering the size and shape of a vehicle, straight lines or right angles are not consistent in nature. Varying angles and distinct straight lines are indicative of a man-made object, whether camouflaged, masked, or hidden. 7-27, Threat antitank positions visually cover primary avenues of approach where tanks, and personnel carriers are likely to be used. They typically use the surrounding ‘environment to mask or conceal their position. Optics for their guidance systems may provide reflections from the sun during daytime operations. 7-28, Artillery signatures are specific (© previous indirect fires in a specific area (Sclf:propelled and towed artillery pieces are covered in the vehicle group.) Recent indirect fires signatures include craters, white lingering smoke, acidic smells, and buming vehicles or man-made objects. Indirect missile strikes may have fragmented iissile bodies or component assemblies, and create a linear-type crater. DETECTION CHALLENGES 7-29. Some threats are more difficult to detect than others. Snipers are required to be ‘well-trained to detect and locate targets including a comprehensive understanding of the detection challenges they're facing and how to avercome them. Some examples of these ‘more difficult targets and challenges are— © Peripheral targets (targets on the edge of the field of view). © Targets that are camouflaged, masked, appear innocuous, or blend in to the environment, © Targets that ean be heard but not seen. 72 Tos22.10 7 December 2017© Targets under less than ideal inditect fire illumination. Snipers must know the following:— ‘Ifthe illumination isin front of the target, the resulting shadow is darker than the target. ‘= Ifthe illumination is behind the target (and not in position to “wash out” the team’s optics), the target should stand out distinctly from the background. = During illumination search, snipers always keep one eye closed and never look directly into the illumination source to retain their own night ‘© Mirage effects caused by high temperatures and heat waves near the ground heat shimmers present in the line of sigh) ‘© Small single targets such as lone dismount threats, antitank guided missile or rocket propelled grenade (RPG) firing positions. © Small targets in complex detection environments (such as urban or jungle environments). Natural and man-made obscurants or surroundings. Behavioral or physical deficiencies of the observer (fatigue and eye reaction to gun flashes). 7-30. ‘These detection challenges can be overcome but slows the target detection process, regardless of the level of training, It is critical snipers understand why the challenges occur as much as hhow to overcome them. Limrrep Viste y 7-31. Its important that snipers are extremely familiar with their assigned optics and Which stimulant they can detect. This includes their ability to manipulate the optic's controls, switching between wide field of view and narrow field of view, and transitioning between thermal and image intensifier optics. This builds sniper proficiency in employing multiple sensors or optics to detect threats efficiently within their sector as rapidly and accurately as possible. Our current optics, thermals, sensors, and illuminators may compound threat detection challenges by how they function, Note. For this section, the term optics applies to all. glass, thermal, illuminator, sensor, and NVDs. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 7-32, The electromagnetic spectrum contains various frequencies and wavelengths of energy (radiation) including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet light, x-rays, and gamma rays. For detection challenges, infrared and visible light found, within the electromagnetic spectrum are crucial for understanding how to employ various types of optics best. T December 2017 Tosz2.10 73Chapter 7 7-33, Bach wavelength of energy is assigned a place in the spectrum according to its frequency, from lowest to highest. As the frequency changes, the characteristies change. To best understand those changes, the types of energy are bundled into groups of frequencies, or bands, which have similar characteristics. 7-34, A major concem for the planning and use of thermal and other optics to aid in the detection process is understanding how they function, and what they can see. Each device develops a digital representation of the scene or view it is focused on based on the frequencies or wavelengths it can detect within the electromagnetic spectrum, 7-35, Thermal optics operates in the far to middle area of the infrared band, which is the farthest of the infrared wavelengths from visible light. Thermal optics cannot translate (see) visible light. 7-36. Thermal optics cannot see infrared equipment such as infrared strabe lights or ‘chemical lights, illuminators, or laser pointers. Thermal opties can only identify emitted radiation in the form of heat. 7-37. Image intensifiers, such as NVDs, use the near area of the infrared spectrum, closest tothe frequencies of visible light, as well as visible light to create a digital picture ‘ofthe scene, These systems cannot see or detect heat or heat sources, For example, they ‘cannot detect the heat caused by a fire; however, they can detect the flames (light) from it 7-38, Figure 7-9 dopicts the areas of the electromagnetic spectrum. The figure details the infrared and visible light wavelengths within the spectrum and provides the various, ‘optics and equipment and their specific operating range 74 Tos22.10 7 December 2017‘SHORTWAVE LONG-WAVE FREQUENCY FREQUENCY BW. eS sweesers | [0001 pm 001mm 10mm 400 am Foamuarays]| —xRavs | ULTRAWOCET | VSBLELIGNT] WFRARED [wiCROWAVES | RADIO WAVES. mer wosve Lone-wave Human Eye 18 Resran Stnhe cos es at =a] lint Tape ‘ANIPSO-20 ‘ANIPEO-2 ANIPEQ-15 series ‘ANIPS0.23 ‘ANIPSO-20 i | mua | “ANAS awe wa ao FUR wera ‘era LEGEND km Klometer km —$000m TIP thormol entiation panel m omer fm 1000.m ik hnrared fmm — milter mm 1000 um 12 mage rtensiter Th Monster um" 1000 am Fun (ened oon nord tm nanometer nm 1000 pm Vv" bie beam bm __peometer___CIP” comet enticaton pane! Figure 7-9, Electromagnetic spectrum T December 2017 Te 322.10 78Chapter 7 ‘Thermal Opties 7-39, Thermal opties can detect some camouflaged targets that are difficult for day ‘optics to detect. Thermal optics operate within the 3 to 30-micrometer frequency of the infrared range. Emitted radiation (heat) is translated into a digital image that replicates, the scene with gradient colors defining those specific temperatures. These optics cannot discern reverse polarity paper; infrared beacons, strobes, or chemical lights; or other ‘equipment that operates ouside the 3- to 30-mierometer range. Image Intensifier Optics 7-40. Typically, an image intensfier-based sensor is an Army/Navy Portable Visual Search (known as AN/PVS)-7B or AN/PVS-14 type equipment. These systems operate Within the 400- to 920-nanometer frequeney of infrared range. The image intensifier ‘optics are limited to shorter ranges, require ambient light to amplify or intensify for ‘operation, and cannot discer thermal signatures 7-41. Snipers should keep image intensifier optic usage to a minimum due tothe effects fon the wearer's night vision versus gain, Snipers must consider proper adjustment, brightness, and utilization on their nondominant eye. Note. When equipped, Soldiers should use thermal optics to acquire targets during all visibility conditions, When actively detecting threats, Soldiers switch between other optics and sensors (day, thermal, and image intensifier) ensuring most ofthe visible and infrared ranges are observed. Hybrid and Enhanced Opties 7-42. ‘These optics combine the capabilities of the thermal (infrared) and image intensifier systems into a single sensor. These systems, such as the AN/PSQ-20 enhanced night vision goggle, provide a wider view of the spectrum of light and a digitally enhanced replication of the scene that includes thermal and intensified signatures within the 30 mierometer to 400-nanometer range, Note. Depending on the equipment, the maximum observable distance may bee significantly less than the maximum effective range of the weapon or system the Soldier is using, Soldiers ean manage or mitigate this capability gap between the optic and weapon using multiple opties and sensors, as appropriate DETECTION BEST PRACTICES 7-43, Threat detection is a critical skill that requires thoughtful application of the sensors, optics, and systems at the sniper’s disposal. Finding potential threats as quickly and effectively as possible provides the maximum amount of time fr friendly forces to