Paper No.

: 02 KO & Processing: Classification

Module : 02 Purpose, functions and limitations of Bibliographic classification

Development Team
Principal Investigator
& Dr. Jagdish Arora, Director
Subject Coordinator INFLIBNET Centre, Gandhinagar

Paper Coordinator Dr. MP Satija

Professor, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar

Content Writer Dr. MP Satija

Professor, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar

Prof R S R Varalakshmi
Content Reviewer Retd Professor and UGC Emeritus Fellow, Department of
Library & Information Science, Andhra University

Library and KO & Processing : Classification

Information Science Purpose, functions and limitations of Bibliographic classification
 Description of Module
Subject Name Library and Information Science

Paper Name 02 KO & Processing : Classification

Module Name/Title Purpose, functions and limitations of Bibliographic classification

Module Id LIS/KOP-C/02

Pre-requisites Understanding of the basics of grouping. Purpose of libraries

Objectives To propose library classification as foundation study of librarianship; to expose some

limitations and problems of library classification.
Keywords Bibliographic classification, Classification, Classificationist, Classifier, Knowledge

classification, Library classification, Special classifications.

Library and KO & Processing : Classification

Information Science Purpose, functions and limitations of Bibliographic classification
 Structure:
1. Classification and Purpose of Libraries
1.1 Classification of the documents in the library
1.2 Fixed and relative location systems
1.3 Modern Library Classification
2. Definition
2.1 Importance of library classification
3. Classification systems
3.1 Types of Library Classification Systems
3.1.1 General classifications
3.1.2 Special classification systems
3.2 Kinds of Special Systems
3.2.1 By Form of Literature
4. Uses of classification in a library
4.1 Uses in Electronic Environment
4.2 Classification is Indispensable
5. Limitations of classification
6. Summary
7. Glossary
8. Further Readings
9. Test Questions

1. Classification and Purpose of Libraries

Library and KO & Processing : Classification

Information Science Purpose, functions and limitations of Bibliographic classification
 Libraries are established to acquire, house, preserve and make available to users
books and other documentary heritage of mankind. After selective acquisition the
documents have to be organized for retrieval whenever required. Classification is a
tool of organization. Books and other information sources are knowledge objects which
can be classified and arranged like other physical objects. Since antiquity librarians
have ‘classified’ books to form convenient groupings, and to facilitate their location at
the time of need. An unarranged collection is a heap of books, not a library by
definition. To find a book from such a library will be like locating a needle from a huge
heap of hay. Hence a library is always organized. In earlier times books were grouped
and arranged on the basis of their language, size, colour of binding, authorship or
broad subject categories. Those methods were perfectly useful in those times as the
main aim of libraries was to store and preserve documents rather them to serve them
to the scholars. Access to knowledge was the preserve of the privileged few.
1.1 Classification of the documents in the library:
As said earlier, classification of documents and other reading materials is
indispensable for any library. Various standard and local methods for arranging library
materials, ranging from clay tablets, papyrus rolls, monographs and other print
documents, AVs, CDs, Multimedia and now Web sources, have been employed from
time to time by librarians to organize their collections. Their classification has varied
from home-made or ad hoc systems to somewhat adapted from some universal
knowledge classification systems. Since the late nineteenth century librarians have
developed many standard classification systems pioneered by the Dewey Decimal
Classification in 1876.
1.2 Fixed and relative location systems
Library classification systems of thepre-Dewey era assigned a fixed place to a
book on the shelves. The "call number" indicated the shelf ground on which the book
was stacked. For example, a call number, say, 2.4.6.25 meant that it was the 25th book
on the 6th shelf of 4thAlmirah in the 2nd room of the library. Thus a book could be
located even by a blind person. Its another advantage was saving of shelf space, as
such systems require vacant place only at the end of the shelf or almirah. (Present day
systems called Relative Location systems require space for intercalation of new books
at every point on the shelves.) In fixed location maintenance of subject grouping was
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Information Science Purpose, functions and limitations of Bibliographic classification
 difficult. New books could be accommodated at the end of the shelf. Whenever the
books had to be shifted to another place to make room for the new books, their call
number had also to be changed. That involved lot of labour and wastage of time and
money. Melvil Dewey (1876-1931) while working in the library of Amherst College
(Massachusetts) could not tolerate this wasteful task of reclassification, too often. He
invented a relative classification system to solve this problem. His question was : "How
to give permanent call numbers to books in a library?"
1.3 Modern Library Classification
Dewey’s invention was a social need and product of its time. In the then
emerging industrial society and burgeoning democracy of the late nineteenth century
there was an attitudinal shift in the values of education.Libraries were recognised as
instrument of self learning, and treated as People’s universities. Importance of literacy
was recognized for aware and responsible citizens in a democratic society. Access to
education was democratized and opened to all. “Education for all” became the
objectives of the welfare state. To meet the needs of the society not only many new
libraries were established by law, the doors of libraries were opened to all and sundry -
- scholars, students, neo-literates, poor, children, housewives, old and handicaps,
ethnical minorities and other marginalized sections of the society without any
discrimination. Further to maximize their use books were placed in open stacks and
users were allowed open and direct access to the books. That open access policy
required a novel and systematic arrangement of books for the browsers. Then Melvil
Dewey (1851-1931) designed his decimal classification which divided knowledge by
academic disciplines of study in higher education. He used decimal notation to denote
subjects. Latter provided almost infinite capacity for expansion and easy insertion of
new subjects at proper places. Since then the books are being classified predominantly
on the basis of their subject content, that is knowledge divided into disciplines and
subjects. Thus library classification is knowledge classification as applied in libraries. In
other words library classification is applied knowledge classification.
But library classification is lot more than knowledge classification as it has also to
take into account the physical aspects of the documents, the way knowledge has been
formatted and presented in them, as well as the viewpoint of the author. It includes

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Information Science Purpose, functions and limitations of Bibliographic classification
 other documentary aspects such as language, media, form, format, viewpoint and
many more such inherent features of books and other reading material.
2. Definition:
Formally and traditionally, library classification has been defined as the
arrangement of books and other reading material on the shelves or entries in a
classified catalogue in a way that is helpful to the majority of users. It is a “rational
sequence of maximum utility” (Maltby, 1975). Today’s libraries are mostly arranged by
disciplines divided into subject though different types of collections are arranged in
different ways. For example, government documents, patents or standards are
arranged by their own official codes. Current periodicals are arranged alphabetically by
title. Maps, CDs, pamphlets, photographs indeed require different and separate
arrangements. Making of library classification systems is also classification. Designer of
a classification scheme is known as classificationist. Operating a classification system to
assign class numbers to documents in a library is also classification ; such a person is
called a classifier. Ranganathan has given five meanings of the term classification
(Prolegomena, pp. 55-60).
2.1 Importance of library classification
Classification is vital to library services. In fact systematic classification is implied
in definition of a service library. In supports all library services. Classification is to a
library as skeleton is to human body on which all the body organs rest. Classification of
a library collection is its content map. In a library, classification serves all the function,
namely a tool of management, brings aesthetics and helps knowledge creation. It also
helps in collection development. All the Five Laws of Library Science (1931, 1957)
formulated by Ranganathan support library classification and have specific implications
to design effective classification systems to serve the users. Without classification a
library is an unorganized dump of books. Therefore, without it the full value of a library
collection cannot be obtained.
3. Classification systems
Earlier classifications to be applied in libraries were home made. It is no more
possible now keeping in view the complex needs of the library users and expectation
from the classification systems. Moreover, making a workable classification is a
daunting task both in terms of intellectual labour and skills and high financial cost. It is
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 no more the necessity even in view of the easily availability of many standard and
universal library classification systems since the publication of the DDC in 1876.
3.1 Types of Library Classification Systems
Alibrary classification may be general, that is, covering the entire gamut of
human knowledge. Such systems are suited to cater to the needs of general libraries
both big and small – from national library to village library. Academic libraries also use
such systems. On the other hand there are institutions which require in-depth or
minute classification to organise micro literature. These are special and research
libraries of institutes like the rubber research institutes or petroleum research and
development centers, or say the library of a defense research center or even the library
of a mathematics department.
3.1.1 General classifications
Since Melvil Dewey, many general classification systems have been developed
either to improve upon the defects of the DDC or to provide an alternative to it.
Nevertheless the DDC has proved to be the enduring mother of all modern
classification systems. Some of the universally known general classification systems
are:
Dewey Decimal Classification/ Melvil Dewey (1876) now in 23rd edition (2011)
1.
2.
Expansive Classification/ C.A. Cutter (1893)
3.
Universal Decimal Classification/ FID/ UDCC (1896) now in various editions.
4.
Library of Congress Classifications/ Library of Congress USA (1904+)
5.
Subject Classification/ J.D. Brown (1906)
Colon Classification/ S.R. Ranganathan (1933) 7th edition 1987.
6.
Bibliographic Classification/ H.E. Bliss (1940-1953) 2nd edition since 1970 revised
7.
J. Mills. (1918-2010)
8. Rider’s International Classification/ Fremont A. Rider (1961)
9. Library Bibliographical Classification (BBK in Russian 1960-1968)/VINITI
Of these the DDC, UDC and BBK have their abridged versions to cater to small public
and school libraries while LCC’s outline is equally useful for this purpose. Among these
DDC, UDC and LoC are considered among the big three classifications, while the EC, SC,
RIC are dead classification systems. In fact, RIC never lived any life in the bibliographic

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Information Science Purpose, functions and limitations of Bibliographic classification
 world. The future of the BBK is not known after the breakup of the USSR.The BC-2
though very systematic, scientific and up-to-date classification system is not fully
revised and its use in libraries is negligible. The CC of India is struggling to keep its head
above waters and survives on the patriotism of the Indians for teaching it fully in Indian
library schools.
3.1.2 Special classification systems
A classification for specific area of knowledge, for example, Economics, even
Banking, Occupational safety, Diamond technology, Women studies, Indology, etc is
knows as a special classification. Some real examples are:
Uniclass: Unified Classification for the Construction Industry (London: RIBA, 1997)
ACM Computing Classification (1998)
London Education Classification, University of London, 1974.
London Classification of Business Studies, (LondonBusinessSchool, 2000)
Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms (Washington: American Psychological
Association)
Moys Classification and Thesaurus for Legal Material/ Elizabeth M Moys, 1968.4th ed.
2001.Munchen: Bauker- Saur
Special Classifications inevitably are depth classifications used for classifying and
indexing micro literature in the form of journal articles, research reports, theses, etc.
These are eminently useful for information retrieval in special libraries and information
centers. Ranganathan calls them depth classifications.
3.2 Kinds of Special Systems
Special classifications usually do not exist alone. Every special library has
documents on its special area and also on related subjects. Evan a nuclear science
library may have books on fiction, sociology, management, etc. A special classification
such as classification of business studies may require another general classification for
classifying documents in other areas such as political science, sociology, psychology,
mathematics. For classifying in related and other areas usually a standard system is
adopted. On the other hand a special classification may be a mere extension or
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Information Science Purpose, functions and limitations of Bibliographic classification
 detailing of a certain class of a general classification system. For example, in India many
local made detailed extensions exist of the DDC class numbers like 954 Indian History,
294 Indic religions, 181.4 Indian philosophy to adequately classify such subjects in
Indian libraries.
3.2.1 By Form of Literature
Apart from subject specialization special forms of documents such as, official
reports, patents, standards, Maps, CDs and Videos are arranged by different methods.
Some official documents such as reports, patents and standards bear some special
code number. These are arranged by that official number. Pamphlets are usually
arranged by title. Popular fiction is mostly arranged alphabetically by author. There is
also user oriented systemtermed as Reader’s Interest Classification. There are local
even ad hoc arrangements to place together all books at one place likely to be required
by a single group of users. J. Mills has listed the following sections or form of
documents which may require a different type of arrangement in a library:
1. Age and grade of the library user.
2. Government documents, Patents, Standards, Reports.
3. Data tables.
4. Current and reserve stock.
5. Size of documents.
6. Media of the document, i.e. Films, Cassettes, CDs , Web documents etc.
7. Fiction
8. Documents for abnormal readers, such as the visually and physically challenged
9. Value of documents, like manuscripts rare materials, special editions, etc.
10. Form of presentation, like bound periodicals etc.
11. Date of printing, incunabula
4. Uses of classification in a library:
Classification is indispensable for libraries. However, its specific uses can be broadly
listed as :
 It brings together books on the same subject. Thus a patron gets all the books at
one place which is much more convenient to the users.
 It facilitates the browsing function of a library. Browsing is to look at library
collections without any specific purpose – a sort of window shopping. Browsing
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 is a habit and past time with the scholars. It is only possible fruitfully in a library
organized by subjects. Browsing always leads to incidental discovery of (long
needed and) valuable information. This accidental discovery is known as
serendipity.
 It shows hierarchical and associative relations, which are essential for retrieval of
specific and related subjects available in a library.
 General to specific order of arrangement with some notational maneuvering has
been turned into pedagogical order in schemes like the CC. Ranganathan calls it
APUPA pattern on the shelves. It is quite helpful for the self-learners. Thus
systematic arrangement of books in open access libraries is helpful in self
learning.
 It is a location tool; without classification the library catalogue will not be able to
function properly. It is also used for preparing shelflists.
 It helps to replace the books at their correct places when the books are returned
to the stacks after the home or inside use.
 Classification is the basis of all information retrieval systems and methods both
in manual and electronic systems.
 It has been claimed that a library classification has three functions, namely,
cognitive, information retrieval and shelf arrangement. Cognitive function is to
represent the structure of knowledge and intra-relation of subjects. That is to
draw a map of knowledge. Classification is a map of knowledge. It easily reveals
inter-subject and intra-subject relations. Many library classifications, e.g.,
Ranganathan’s CC, Bliss’ BC and BSO have emphasized this function.
 Many bibliographies, catalogues etc. are systematically classified for better use.
UDC was designed to arrange entries in a universal bibliography. This is
bibliographic function which helps in information retrieval. This is to arrange and
retrieve micro subjects and documents.
 Being cognitive map of knowledge, classification is at the root of all indexing
systems such as thesauri, subject heading lists, taxonomies and anthologies.
Thesauro-facet, an efficient tool in knowledge organization and retrieval is based
on facet classification methods (more of it has been discussed in Module ID:
LIS/KOP-C/16).

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  Third of course is shelf arrangement for which schemes like the DDC were
originally designed, now all the library classification perform this basic function.
 It has been found useful in reference service for facet-analysis of user’s
questions in reference interviews.
 It is useful for arrangement of circulation record.
 It helps in building a balanced collection of documents in a library by revealing
gaps and redundancy in collection.
 It helps in editing and weeding the collection to keep it fit for service.
4.1 Uses in Electronic Environment
Traditional classifications can be easily used to arrange and retrieve records in
electronic databases. Online Public Access Catalogues (OPACs) function far better
when class numbers are provided as another access point. In fact, in the electronic
information era it has found so many new uses that it is rightly said that we are
witnessing the second golden age of classification. Conventional classification systems
such as the DDC, UDC, LCC have been used to organize and search information on the
world wide web (WWW) search engines. Search engines like Yahoo, Google, AltaVista
use broader classification methods for organizing their information.
Eccellio(http://science.eccellio.com) is a search engine which uses faceted classification
which returns precise information. It uses Google database but adds an extra level of
classification to refine search. It is termed as Google++. In the web environment at least
seven functions of classification have been identified by Professor Lois Mai Chan. These
are location, browsing, hierarchical searching, retrieval, identification, sub-grouping
(partitioning) and profiling. It has aptly been called mathematics of librarianship. (More
of it has been discussed in Module ID: KO:LIS/KOP-C/17).
4.2 Classification is Indispensable:
There are many day to day routine uses of classification in a library so much so that
it will be impossible for a library to function properly and achieve its objectives without
a sound classification. There are many opponents of classification, too, who project it
as a weak and defective instrument, and a costly process in more than one ways.
Alternatives they suggest are much more costlier and cumbersome. These alternative
experiments prove that there is no substitute to library classification. It has aptly been

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 said that a book is the foundation of a library but classification is foundation of
librarianship. Indeed there is no escape from nor any substitute to it in libraries, or life.
5. Limitations of classification
Classification was described as mathematics of librarianship, yet like the value of
π(pi) it is never exact. Classification, especially the library classification has many
limitations and problems. Classifications are social, not natural. These do not satisfy
the needs of all the library users. Only majority are served while some users with
specialized needs may require different arrangement. It is a costly process and
subjective, too. Despite lengthy class numbers,no classification can comprehensively
represent the total subjects dealt in a book. Even a monograph may deal with more
than one subject at a time. In classification only the dominant subject is represented. A
textbook on algebra and geometry is either placed at algebra, or geometry, not both.
Further, let us say a textbook in cataloguing may have a very valuable chapter on
history of cataloguing or on the life of C A Cutter. These buried topics will not be
represented by the class number, and may remain hidden from needy users.
Classification by discipline also scatters subjects. For example, a books on “Family life”
may be placed in different main classes such as Ethics, Sociology, Anthropology, Social
Welfare, and Medicine. Hence the scattering.Systematic arrangement in itself is very
difficult to use even by the trained librarians or subject experts. Therefore a
classification system invariably needs an alphabetical index to work as a key to the
classified arrangement. In libraries it may be difficult to locate books without a subject
catalogue. Hence a classified arrangement is not sufficient alone to serve the users. It is
not incorrect to say that classification suppresses and scatters more than it reveals and
collocates. Many information retrieval experiments have proved that no classification
is able to retrieve more than 60% of the material available on a topic in a library. A
classification may not satisfy all the users as they have individual needs. Classifications
are not based on the survey of the needs of library users. An inherent defect in all
library classification systems is that these are biased towards the culture and time of
their origin. No classification is really universal, neutral or value free. The DDC is
notorious for its WASPish bias. As a result it lacks in non-western non-American
subjects. It is a known fact that the DDC has to be extended, modified and adapted in
countries of Asia and Africa. Such extensions and adaptations have their own problems
– their treatment may be worse than the disease.Knowledge is growing and changing
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Information Science Purpose, functions and limitations of Bibliographic classification
 its structure. Thus, classification systems have to be revised from time to time.
Applying revised classification is costly and cumbersome. Librarians are always scared
of reclassifying their collections. Designing a scientific and qualitative classification is
one thing. Applying it correctly and as intended by the designers is another. Often the
same system is applied differently by different classifiers or in different libraries. Two
classifiers may genuinely differ widely on the correct classification of a given book, and
both may be correct. Not only this a classifier may class a given book differently at
different times. These differences may be due to different perceptions on the subject
of the document or due to different interpretations of a class in the classification
system. This is known as inter-indexer inconsistency. To reduce this general schemes
like the DDC have issued separate policy manuals for correct interpretations of the
schedules. Keeping all this in view a nineteenth century English philosopher W.S.
Jevons (1835-1882) had criticized library classification as a logical absurdity.But there is
no better substitute to it. We have to work with imperfect tools till we create better
ones?
6. Summary
Classification can be made of all entities under the sun. Philosophers, scientists,
librarians, shopkeepers, postmen, housewives all do classification for different
purposes. The four broader uses of classification are organization, economy, aesthetics
and productivity. Many philosophers right from Aristotle have done classification of the
entire universe of knowledge. Scientists have produced taxonomies of plants, animals
and chemical substances. In libraries we apply knowledge classification to organize our
books, databases and other reading material both in print and electronic form to serve
our users. In fact in computerized databases and network information searches
classification has found new but powerful uses. Classification is so much the basis of all
library services that it has been described as foundation study of librarianship. Yet
classification has its own many problems, difficulties and limitations. At best it is an
imperfect tool of organization and retrieval. Using classification in libraries may be
costly, but it is much less so in using unorganised libraries. “… despite the difficulties,
classification is a good servant” writes Maltby (1976)
7. Glossary

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 Browsing: Browsing is to look at library collections without any specific purpose – a
sort of window shopping. Browsing results in incidental discoveries in the library
stacks.
Class: A set of entities having at least one characteristic in common; a group of like
entities, or having at least one similarity in common. All the 1.2 billion Indians are a
class. The only one similarity among them is “Indianness”.
Classifier : A person who classifies books in a library by operating a classification
system.
Classificationist:A person who designs a classification system.
Classification:It is a process of grouping entities on the basis of their likeness or some
underlying relation or separating dissimilar entities from the group. Ultimately,
classification is organization and co-relation. It is grouping, selecting, sorting, ordering,
indexing,tabulating, ranking, co-relating, mapping, preparing classification schedules
and operating classification systems.
Dichotomy: Dividing entities into two groups at every step, e.g. all the entities in the
world are divided into two groups of living and non-living.
Genus and Species: Genus is any original universe to be divided into species by adding
some characteristic to the genus. These are relative terms. A father is a genus for the
children; when children become father/mother they will be genus for their own
children. In the trio Grandfather (G)-Father(F)-Children(C) F is species for G but Genus
for C.
Jevons, W.S.: W.S. Jevons (1835-1882) was a British economic thinker, philosopher and
logician. In economics, he is known for his Law of Marginal Utility. He did much
investigations on the “Laws of Thought”. His textbooks on logic were widely used. Of
his works on logic and scientific methods, the most important is his Principles of
Science (1874).
Knowledge Classification:The process of outlining, structuring and mapping the entire
knowledge in abstract or some part of it. It helps to study the nature and growth of
knowledge. It is also the basis of modern library classification.

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 Library Classification :Systematic arrangement of books and other reading material of
a library or entries in a catalogue in a way useful to the users. Modern library
classification is knowledge classification as applied to books and other packages of
information.
Micro documents: Compared to macro documents such as books, monographs, micro
documents are small packages of information and knowledge such as journal articles,
conference papers, or brief research reports. Micro subjects have more intension and
less extension. They require depth classification for their organisation and retrieval.
Porphyry Tree: Dichotomous method of classification invented by the Greek
philosopher Porphyry (232-304AD). It divides the universe into two antithetical groups
at every step of division, e.g., Male, Female; Metals, Non-metals; Organic, Inorganic.
WASPish bias: Western, Anglo-Saxon Protestant bias in the DDC and other western
library classifications.
8. Further Readings
Buchannan, Brian.1979.Theory of Library Classification. London: Bingley, pp.a-15.
Chan, Lois Mai .2007. Cataloguing and Classification : An Introduction. 3rd ed. Lanham,
MD: The Scarecrow Press, 309-312.
Comaromi, John and Satija, M.P. 1985 “History of Indianisation of the DDC” Libri35(I) :
1-20.
Hunter, Eric J.2009.Classifcation Made Simple,3rd ed. Burlington,
VT:AshgatePublishing,1-8,127-142.
Krishan Kumar. 2004. The Theory of Classification. New Delhi: Vikas, pp. 1-13.
Maltby, Arthur. 1975.Sayers Manual of Classification for Librarians, 5th ed. London:
Andre Deutsch, pp. 15-28.
Maltby, Arthur. 1976. Classification in the 1970s, Rev ed. London: Clive Bingley, pp. 9-
24.
Mills, J. 1962, AModern Outline of Library Classification. Bombay: Asia, pp. 1-6

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 Palmer, B. I.1962. Itself an Education: Six Lectures on Classification. London: The Library
Association (now CILIP) ,pp1-15
Parkhi, R.S. 1972. Library Classification: Evolution of a Dynamic Theory. Delhi: Vikas,
pp. 52-101
Philip, H.W.1961 A Primer of Book Classification, 5th ed. London: AAL, pp. 9-20
Ranganathan, S.R. 1967.Prolegomena to Library Classification, 3rd ed. Bombay, Asia,
pp. 543-549.
Ranganathan, S.R. 1989 Elements of Library Classification, 2nd ed. Ed by B.I. Palmer.
New Delhi: UBSPD, pp. 1-10.
Satija M.P. 1998. “Classification: some Fundamentals some Myths” Knowledge Org 25
(1-2) : 32-35
Satija, M.P. 2000. Classification: An essay in Terminology Knowledge Org 27(4): 221-
229.
Satija, M.P. 2004.A Dictionary of Knowledge Organization.Amritsar : Guru Nanak Dev
University, 248 p.
Satija, M.P. 2009. “Users interest classification: Guest editorial”. SRELS Jl. of Inf. Mgmt.
46 (4): 353-354.

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