ADDITIVE DRAG
ADDITIVE DRAG
The propulsion system contains:
(i) An engine
(ii) Housing about the engine (nacelle or duct)
Several different aircraft systems may use the same
engine submerged in different-shaped nacelles.
Thus one propulsion system may use engine X in
a pod installation hanging from a wing while, in
another system, engine X may be surrounded by
a nacelle which is, in fact, the airplane’s fuselage.
The thrust of a propulsion system will depend
upon (i) Its engine (ii) Its nacelle.
ADDITIVE DRAG
• As a result, it is conventional
to speak of uninstalled engine
thrust and installed engine
thrust. The uninstalled engine
thrust should depend on the
engine alone and hence must
be independent of the nacelle.
The installed engine thrust is
thrust produced by both the
engine and nacelle. Installed
engine thrust T is defined as
the shear force in the reaction
strut of the figure shown on
opposite . This thrust is
available to the pilot for flight.
ADDITIVE DRAG
Uninstalled engine thrust T
Fext
F is defined as the force a 1 6
Fint acting on the F’ext
internal surface of the F’int
Fint
propulsion system from 0
1 to 6 plus the force
acting F’intacting on the
internal surface of the
stream tube 0 to 1
which contain the air
flowing into the engine.
ADDITIVE DRAG
to evaluate the uninstalled engine thrust ,
defined as Fint +F’int, we apply the momentum
equation to the control surface of figure of
previous slide. The control volume to be
considered is as:
Fint control surface
F’int (p6-pa) A6
(pa – pa)Aa
mua mu6
ADDITIVE DRAG
• Referring to figure of previous slide and equating
forces to the change in momentum flux, we get
F’int +Fint + (pa- pa) Aa-(p6- pa) A6 = m6u6 – maua
F + 0 - (p6- pa) A6 = m6u6 – maua
Uninstalled engine thrust F = m6u6 – maua + (p6- pa) A6
To obtain the installed engine thrust, we must subtract from
the uninstalled thrust the drag forces F’ext and Fext . The
first F’ext is equal in magnitude to F’int and adjusts the
engine thrust for force F’int , which is credited to the
uninstalled engine thrust but does not contribute to the
installed engine thrust. The second Fext is the drag force
acting on the external surface of the nacelle.
ADDITIVE DRAG
Thus
F’ext= Pressure force on external stream tube surface
from a to 1 which is called Additive Drag or pre-entry
drag Dadd
And Fext = pressure force on nacelle’s external surface and
is known as nacelle’s drag Dnac
The engine installed thrust T= F-D
Where D= Dadd + Dnac
The Dnac is measured in wind tunnel while Dadd is
calculated knowing the pressure distribution on the
stream tube ahead of the engine.
ADDITIVE DRAG
Calculation of Additive
drag:
The additive drag is the
pressure drag on stream Dadd (p1-pa)A
tube bounding the (pa-pa )Aa
internal flow between mua mu1
stations a and 1. 0 1
Dadd=∫01 (p-pa)dAy
Application of momentum
Equation to stream tube shown in figure
between stations a and 1 gives
∫01 (p-pa)dAy- ∫1 (p-pa)dAy =∫1(ρu2)dAy
- ∫0 (ρu2)dAy
Thus Dadd= ∫1 (p+ρu2)dAy - ∫0 (ρu2)dAy- paA1 or
Dadd= ∫1 (p+ρu2)dAy - ∫0 (p +ρu2)dAy- pa (A1-Aa)
ADDITIVE DRAG
The term in (p + ρu2) within integrals is called
the total momentum flux, and for perfect gas
(p + ρu2)= p(1+γM2)
Then
Dadd =p1A1(1+ γM21)-paAa(1+γM2a) – pa(A1-Aa) or
Dadd =p1A1(1+ γM21)-paAa(γ M2a)-paA1
