CHAPTER 1

Background of the Study

Tardiness refers to the habit of being late. Because of their tardiness, some people almost
never arrive at work, school, or other places when they're expected.
Here in Saint Rose Academy some students come to school late. They all have their own
reasons; traffic, woke up late, location of their houses to school, or no personal vehicle going to
school . As a result, many teachers get disappointed, but up to now, these students are still
unaware of the consequences of their tardiness.
As years passes by, several researchers have proven that school tardiness has a negative
impact on learning outcomes. The researchers found that students who are frequently late to
school often miss out important opening announcements and academic activities.
However, despite of numerous studies about students’ tardiness had been published, the
number of on time students per class is still away from the ideal quantity. This is why this study
is once again conducted to determine the root cause of tardiness and the effects to their academic
performance. Moreover, this study will be proposing effective solutions to manage and eliminate
tardiness of students to help them more productive all throughout the day.

There have been some theories that pointed out that tardiness is caused by the personality
of a person. Santillano (2010) stated that psychological theorists considered some “personality
traits, including low self-esteem and anxiety” as triggering factors of tardiness (para 2). She also
mentioned that while some theorists considered tardiness as an “inborn quality” since our being
early or late is “partially biologically determined”, which she also agreed, other experts also
believed that some people are “chronically tardy” for the reason that they consciously and
unconsciously get good things from it (para 3).
The distance between the student’s home and school or solely the school’s location is also
considered by Nakpodia and Dafiaghor as a possible cause for tardiness. Not just because it
takes more time to get to school, but according to the authors, the student is susceptible to more
distractions and hindrances along the way. Parent’s untimely tasks and commands are also
reasons that students come late to school. Habitual tardiness can also be learned from other
members of the family, especially from the older ones. Lack of a firm and consistent policy on
punctuality also encourages students to come late to school since there are no consequences
attached to lateness or tardiness. These causes of tardiness will lead to serious effects.
In a recent article by Michele Novotni, she writes that people with ADHD are often running late
because of poor time management. They are often distracted and scrambling at the last minute to
find things like keys, cell phones, or finishing last second tasks. Students with this disorder may
be trying to desperately gather notebooks and things from their lockers during the passing period
without realizing that they are late.

Statement of the Problem

Tardiness is one of the common causes that affects the life of the high school students.
But, how can tardiness affect our lives as a student? Was it already considered a problem for
common teenagers who go to school?
This study aims to determine the “Causes and Effects of Tardiness of Junior High
School Students of Saint Rose Academy” .
Specifically, this research would like to answer the questions:

1. What are the profile of JHS students in terms of the following:

A. Age :
B. Gender :
2. What are the common factors of students’ tardiness?
3. What are the proposed solutions to lessen the tardiness of JHS of Saint Rose Academy?
 Name: ____________________________ Age :_______ Date: ________________
Grade Level: ________________ Gender: ________Track: ___________________

Directions: Read the following statement and put a check mark (✔) column that causes
your lateness to school.

Chec
Causes of Students’ Tardiness
k
box
1. Going late to bed because of surfing in the internet ( youtube,
Instagram, facebook, messenger, tiktok)
2. Going late to bed because of studying and doing school related projects
3. Going late to bed because of playing online games
4. Waking up late because of stress
5. Waking up late because tired from extra – curricular activities
6. No personal vehicle for transportation ( Taking Public Transportation
to school)
7. Disorganized person
8. The distance of household to school
9. Finishing their snacks/lunch/breakfast before going to school
10. Finishing assignment and school requirement before going to school
11. Going to bed late because of watching T.V.
12. Going to school late because of taking care of family
members (siblings, cousins, etc.)
13. Family problems
14. Traffic
15. Getting ready by himself/herself / no parents / guardian’s monitoring

_____________________________
Signature over printed name
CHAPTER 2
Adapted fromhttp://research.addu.edu.ph/its-about-time-to-be-on-time-a-study-on-students-tardiness-in-ateneo-de-davao-university-junior-high-school/

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

 Being always present in class and getting to school on time are two of the crucial
determining factors of a student’s success, not just as a student but as a person who will be
managing his/her own life in the future. Given the importance of being punctual, this study aims
to explore and find out the factors that affect the punctuality of SRA students.
In this chapter, we will be discussing some studies related to this. It includes facts about
tardiness, the different factors that causes it and its effect to the students as students and as bearer
of their own lives in the future.
First, we will give a definition of tardiness and present some theories and factsabout it.
Next, we will discuss he various factors that causes the students to come to school late, the
psychological theories, the observation of the teachers and the personal
reasons of the students. Lastly, the effects of tardiness to students, not just tohimself/herself but
also to his/her future and to other people, will be discussed.

Tardiness
As Sstudents, we are expected to perform well with excellence in everythingthat we do,
most especially in the academic aspect. One factor that dictates the quality of performance of a
student is his/her punctuality that is, getting to school on time or being tardy. As cited by
Nakpodia and Dafiaghor (2011), “lateness” can be defined as the “situation where an individual
arrives after the proper, scheduled or usual time (Oxford Advance Learners’ Dictionary, 5 th ed.,
1995, Lauby (2009) puts it as a term used to describe people not showing up on time and Breeze
et al (2010) contributed by saying that, lateness is synonymous with “tardiness”, which implies
being slow to actor slow to respond, thus not meeting up with proper or usual timing. Lastly,
Weade (2004) defined tardiness as 0being late for any measurable length of time past the
stated or scheduled start time for work or school. In most schools, a student is considered tardy
when he/she is not present when the school bell rings or when the first teacher starts to give
instructional materials for the first subject in the morning class.
One of the most recurring and the most “frustrating problem” that the schools are having
with their students nowadays is tardiness (Sprick and Daniels, 2007). It creates problems, not just
to the students but also to the teachers (Cowan Avenue Elementary
School Community2007, para1. (Cowan Crier), the official school Publication of CAESC,
also states that while having “occasional tardy” isn’t a big deal, unfailing tardiness is and
it gives students problems including being ill; prepared for the job market. According to the
results of the study of the U.7. Department of Education on “truancy”, which is related to
tardiness, being present and on time in going to school are big factors on the “success and
behavior” of the students (Zeiger, 2010 para1. Thus, it is a lot important to value time and
practice being on time while being a student.
According to CAESC (2007) and Zeiger (2010), the most essential learning time of the
day for the students lies in the morning, specifically between 8:00 to 9:30 It is because the
students are most mindful and observant at this time of the day. It is also the reason why the most
important lessons and subject matters are discussed during this time. So when students are late
or are not present during this time of the day, they in effect, miss out most of the important
lessons to be noted and learned.

Factors affecting Tardiness

Punctuality reasons for being late in class and other factors affecting the punctuality if a
student vary. There had been some theories that pointed out that tardiness is caused by the
personality of a person. Santillano (2010) stated that psychological theorists considered some
“personality traits, including low self-esteem and anxiety” as triggering factors of tardiness (para
1).
In the book cited by Santillano, “Never be late again: 7 cures for the punctually
challenged”, the author Diana DeLonzor suggested that some personality traits could most likely
lead to a person being often late. Some of the traits included were “struggling with self control”,
“feeling nervous or uncomfortable with social situations” and “getting distracted easily” (para 4).
Nakpodia and Dafiaghor attribute lateness or tardiness to a lot of factors or causes. Going
late to bed and waking up late next morning are the most common. The authors added film-
watching late at night as a cause for tardiness. The student may forget that he/she needs to be in
school the next day. The distance between the student’s home and school or solely the school’s
location is also considered by Nakpodia and Dafiaghor as a possible cause for tardiness. Not just
because it takes more time to get to school, but according to the authors, the student is
susceptible to more distractions and hindrances along the way. Parent’s untimely tasks and
commands are also reasons that students come late to school. Habitual tardiness can also be
learned from other members of the family, especially from the older ones. Lack of a firm and
consistent policy on punctuality also encourages students to come late at school since there are
no consequences attached to lateness or tardiness. These causes of tardiness will lead to serious
effects.
Another study was the one conducted by Enamiroro Oghuvbu in Nigeria. The objective
of the study was to determine the causes of the absenteeism and lateness among the secondary
students in Nigeria and to seek for solutions to the growing problem. According to Oghuvbu
(2008), female students are more likely to be late than male students because of “their
involvement in domestic activities by their parents” (para 7). Also, as cited by Oghuvbu,
“distance to school, school discipline, family background and school location” (Emore, 2005) are
some of the common causes for the tardiness of the secondary students.
Oghuvbu collected the data from a sample size of 17, 417 Nigerian respondents from
2005-2006. The sample was made up of 20 principals and 50 each from a set of teachers, parents
and students. The means of collecting data was through a thirty-item questionnaire answerable
by either strongly agree (SA), agreed (A), disagree (D), and strongly disagreed (SD). The
questionnaire had four questions, one of which was about the causes of lateness among the
secondary students of Nigeria.
The study revealed that the causes of lateness among the secondary students in Nigeria
were “going late to bed because of watching films and home movies, resulting into wake up late
in the morning, distance to school and keeping friends who are not students” (Oghuvbu, 2008).
These results went consistent with the results of Oghuvbu’s reference studies which proves that
tardiness among students have been a growing problem and that it is caused, not just because of
the students but also because of the lack of imposing discipline from the parents.

Effects of Tardiness
Tardiness among students has its own negative repercussions. Nakpodia and Dafiaghor
(2011) emphasized that lateness or tardiness is not just the problem of the late student but it
affects the surrounding people. A student coming late in class distracts the rest of the students
and disrupts the flow of the teacher’s discussion. It is even a burden to the student/s whom the
late students ask for what to catch up with. The rest of the effects given by Nakpodia and
Dafiaghor are about the welfare of the whole school, its productivity and revenue. Knowing the
possible effects of lateness or tardiness, it is necessary for solutions to be executed.
 Studies have revealed that those students with “perfect or near-perfect attendance” have
good grades compared to those students who misses classes often and late-comers (Cowan
Avenue Elementary School Community, 2007, para 3). Moreover, as mentioned by Zeiger
(2010), the results from the survey report conducted by teachers show that students with high
tardiness rates have “higher rates of suspension and other disciplinary measures” (National
Center for Education Statistics Indicators of School Crime and Safety [NCESISCS] (2007)). It
also causes the students to have behavioral problems and to drop out. Lastly, Zeiger (2010) stated
that “Students who are frequently tardy to school are also more apt to be fired from a job for
showing up late” (para 5).
A study conducted by Barbara Lee Weade on 2004 tried to "determine if school tardiness
is a predictor of work tardiness" (Weade, 2004). It provided a lot of literature that observes
correlations and factors affecting a student's tardiness. As cited by Weade, the 3rd most common
cause for the failure of a student is "excessive tardiness and unexcused absences" (Ligon and
Jackson, 1988). "Inconsistency of school rules" (Britt, 1988) and situations such as “crowded
halls, limited opportunities for social interaction, irrelevant course content, and teacher
indifference” (Damico et al., 1990) are also factors that affect a student's attendance and
punctuality. As mentioned by Weade, personal values, financial security and lack of parental
guidance (Payne, 2001) as well as family background (Featherstone et al., 1992) influence
tardiness and absences of students.

Due to the fact that tardiness has been giving negative effects on the students nowadays,
the most important thing to do is to develop a firm, consistent and functional policy that
addresses late students. There must be defined sanctions and penalties for late
students. Nakpodia and Dafiaghor (2011) stated that school administrators must lead by
example. They should be punctual in their own meetings and classes to avoid students to think
that being late is just alright since even the authoritative persons are doing it. They should as well
teach it and integrate it in every lesson. The effort on the remedy on lateness or tardiness does
not start and end with the school. It must begin with the parents of the students and the
government must take part as well. Transportation must be improved in order to avoid students
getting stuck in traffic or encountering other obstacles down the streets.
 To summarize, many studies have shown the reasons and factors that may contribute to
the tardiness of a student. One of the mentioned reasons of tardy students was waking up late in
the morning, which can also be attributed to late-night activities, such as social networking,
watching movies and television shows, as well as untimely academic and domestic errands. As
proven by several studies, sometimes, it’s not also the act of the student that leads to his/her
tardiness. The heavy traffic, the teachers, the school surroundings and policies may also serve as
influences to the tardiness of students.

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

This study is conducted to determine the tardiness among Grade 11 students at John B.
Lacson Colleges Foundation – Bacolod. This study aims to identify the reasons why students are
late to class and other factors that may cause tardiness among students. The researchers used the
Bandura`s Social Learning Theory which states that “people learn by observing others”.
Individuals that are observed are called models. In society, children are surrounded by many
influential models, such as parents within the family, characters on children’s TV, friends with in
their peer group and teachers at school. These models provide examples of behavior to observe
and imitate, e.g., masculine and feminine, pro and anti-social, etc. According to Nakpodia
andDafiaghor (2013), the student is susceptible to more distractions and hindrances along the
way.Parent’s untimely tasks and commands are also reasons that students come late to school.

Student’s Profile Causes and Effects Possible Solutions to

a. Age of avoid Tardiness in
school
B. Gender Tardiness
DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Tardiness – moving slowly; sluggish ,beyond the expected or proper time

2. Academic- a member of an institution of learning, a person who is academic in

background, outlook or methods

3. Absenteeism –a tendency to be away from work or school without a good reason; the

practice or habit of being absent from work or school

4. References-the act of mentioning something in speech in writing, the act of referring

to something or someone

5. Sequential –of, relating to or arranged in a particular order or sequence, happening in

a series

6. Remediation-the act or process of remedying

7. Deleterious –harmful often In a subtle or unexpected way

8. Empirical –originating in or based on observation or experience

9. Standardized-to change (things) so that they are similar and consistent and agree with

rules about what is proper and acceptable

10. Frequently – at frequent or short intervals

11. Perceive-to attain awareness or understanding of to regard as being such, to become

aware of through the senses especially

12. Alternative-offering or expressing a choice

13. Federal-of or relating to a form of government in which power is shared between a

central government and individual states provinces.

14. Attendance –the persons or number of persons attending

15. Attitudes- the way you think and feel about someone or something

16. Habits-the usual way of behaving, something that a person does often in a regular and

repeated way

17. Behaviour-the way a person or animal acts or behaves

18. Traits- a quality that makes one person or thing different from another

19. Personality-the set of emotional qualities, ways of behaving etc., that makes a person

different from other people

20. Thwarted –to prevent from doing something or to stop from happening

21. Anxiety-fear or nervousness about what might happen

22. Paradoxical sleep-rem sleep

23. E.E.G-(Electroencephalogram) the tracing of brain waves made by an

electroencephalograph

24. R.E.M-(Rapid Eye Movement) a stage of sleep during which you dream and your

eyes make a quick movements

25. Anxious –afraid or nervous especially about what may happen; feeling anxiety