Energy Audits and Planning

HVAC
Dr. Mohammad A. Irfan
Nov 2019

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 Outline: HVAC
• Basic Refrigeration Cycle
• Why to study HVAC
• Split, Window and RTUs
• Refrigerants
• Large Buildings, Chillers
• Temp control strategies
• Power and Energy in AC
• COP and EER
• Absorption Chillers and Gas operated chillers
• System Improvements
• ASHRAE

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 Why do we need to study HVAC?
• HVAC is huge part of energy bill in industries,
commercial and residential building.
• HVAC bill can be 60-70 % of energy bill in KSA
• Savings of 20-30% can be achieved by Energy
Efficiency measures
• Govt of SA has special initiative about Building EE
• www.seec.gov.sa

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Refrigeration Cycle

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Refrigeration Cycle

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 Refrigerants
• CH4
• CFC (Chlro Floro
Carbons) Production
stopped in 1996
• HFC eg. 134a
• Rwanda Agreement Oct
2016 to phase out HFC
• Others

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 Refrigerants

Gas Ozone Depleting Global Warming

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Refrigerants Boiling Point

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 Coefficient of Performance
COP = Cooling Output
Work Input

COP = QL (kW)
W In (KW)

Note: 1 kW = 3600 kJ/hr

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COP

COP = 4/1 = 4 heating

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 Large Buildings
• Additional Equipment
• Chillers
• Cooling Towers
• Air Handling Unit
• Ducting

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 Chillers
30 C after
condensor
18 C

6C
Refrigeration Unit
12 C
26 C

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16 C
HVAC System

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Variable Air Volume Video

Till here EMS

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 EER: Energy Efficiency Ratio

𝑘𝐽 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝐸𝑅 =
𝑊𝐻𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

Has units
Typically measured over time at fixed indoor and
outdoor conditions

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SEER: Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio

𝑘𝐽 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛

Has units
Typically measured over time at fixed indoor and
outdoor conditions

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 EER Vs. COP

𝐸𝐸𝑅
COP= 𝑘𝐽
3.6
𝑊ℎ

EER = COP x 3600 J/Wh

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 COP Numerical Problem
Example 6-2 (Capehart Turner and Kennedy)
A 300 kW chiller has a COP of 3.5. What is its
electricity Load?
𝑘𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝐾𝑊 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑘𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑘𝑊 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝐶𝑂𝑃
= 300/3.5
= 85.7 𝑘𝑊
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 EER Numerical Problem
Example 6-1
A 15 kW ac has an average electric load of 5 kW. What is its SEER?
𝑘𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝐾𝑊 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

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𝐶𝑂𝑃 = =3
5

𝐸𝐸𝑅
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
3.6 𝑘𝐽/𝑊ℎ

𝐸𝐸𝑅 = 𝐶𝑂𝑃 𝑥 3.6

𝑘𝐽
𝐸𝐸𝑅 = 10.8
𝑊ℎ 20
 COP EER and Practice Problem: CW
1. A 40 kW rooftop AC unit has an EER of 8, What
is the COP?
2. A 40 kW rooftop AC unit has an EER of 8, What
is its KW input load?
3. A 40 kW rooftop AC unit has an EER of 9, What
is its COP?
4. A 40 kW rooftop AC unit has an EER of 9, What
is its kW input load?
5. What is the advantage of buying an AC with a
higher EER rating?
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 Fan Laws Numerical Problem
Example 6-5 (CTK): ACE industries presently has
a 5 KW ventilating fan that draws warm air from
production area. The motor recently failed and
they think they can replace it with a smaller
motor. They have determined that they can
reduce the amount of ventilation by one third.
What is the new size of the motor needed?

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 Fan Laws Numerical Problem
3
𝑘𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑟𝑝𝑚𝑛𝑒𝑤
=
𝐾𝑊𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑟𝑝𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑

3
𝑘𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑤 2
=
5 3
𝑘𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 1.5 𝑘𝑊

end
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Power Savings with Motor Efficiency

𝐻 𝑘𝑊
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑘𝑊 =
𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

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 Ex 6-6
For the motors in Ex 6-5 the 5 kW motor has an
eff of 84% and the 1.5 kW motor has an eff of
85.2%. Find Power saving.

With different eff cannot use fan laws directly.

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Heat Pipe basics video

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 Home Work Problems

• Chapter 6 (V Ed)
• Chapter 8 (VIII Ed)
• Guide to Energy Management by Capehart,
Turner and Kennedy

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Thank you

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