Reproduction

Read the text and complete the sentences in your notebook.

a) Sexual reproduction involves the combining of...
b) The differences between male and female bodies are called
c) Sex characteristics develop during a life stage called...

Look at the pictures and answer the questions with a partner.

a) Does picture @ ,.pr.rent: puberty, birth or sex characteristics?
b) Which people are going through puberty? How do you know?

t 5Cl-F
)27;' Classify these secondary sex characteristics in a Venn
diagram: mole, femole or both. Then listen and check.
1,,i T
Birds, like humans,
facial hair pubic hair wider hips deeper voice reproduce by sexual
underarm hair wider shoulders breasts chest hair reproduction. However,
they don't have vaginas or
penises. lnstead, both male
Find out about human pregnancy. Does it always last the and female birds have an
same length of time? opening called a cloaca.
Humon pregnoncy usually løsts...

f h in k Think about this unit.

a) What do you already know about reproduction as a life process?

Make a mind map.
b) What do you want to learn about reproduction? Write three
questions.
c) ln what ways are you similar to your parents? Make a list.

Our bodies and health

What are reproductive cells like?
There are two types of human reproductive cells which are called
gametes: the female egg cell (ovum) and the male sperm cell
(spermatozoon). A female egg cell is round and much larger than
t SCI-F
The female
r {JT
reproductive cell
a sperm cell. A sperm cell has a small head and a long tail is the largest cell in the
which helps it to move around. human body. The male
reproductive cell is one
of the smallest!

How much do you remember about cells?

II
Match the parts to their functions.

nucleus This surrounds and protects the cell.

cytoplasm This controls everything that happens

inside the cell.

cell membrane This contains the organelles that carry

out life processes.

Female reproductive cells Male reproductive cells

The female reproductive system has two The male reproductive system has two testicles
ovaries. During puberty, a girl's ovaries start They produce sperm cells. During puberty,
to release eggs. Every 28 days, a mature egg a boy's body starts to produce sperm cells.
cell is released from one of the ovaries. This process doesn't stop at a specific age.
This process usually continues until a woman As a result, millions of sperm cells are produced
is between 45 and 55 years old. in the testicles throughout a man's lifetime.

Egg cell nucleus : Sperm cell

tail
cytoplasm
head

nucleus

membrane

Our bodies and health

What's sexual reproduction?
Reproduction is an important life
process because it ensures the survival
of each species. Reproduction can be
sexual or asexual. Human beings, like
many animals, reproduce by sexual
reproduction. ln sexual reproduction,
the male and female gametes that
combine to produce a fetus contains
DNA from each parent.
As a result, when people reproduce,
they pass their physical characteristics
on to their children.

Ð Correct the false statements in your notebook.

a) A female reproductive cell is larger than a male reproductive cell
b) Males stop producing gametes between the ages of 45 and 55.
c) ln sexual reproduction a male and a female gamete combine.
d) A female gamete is released from the ovaries every seven days,

Ð Ëð What's one function of the female cell membrane?

Listen and choose the correct answer.

a) To stop male gametes entering the female cell after fertilisation

b) To move the gamete along the fallopian tube to the uterus.

Ð @ Make a modelof a reproductive cell.

a) Choose a reproductive cell: male or female.

b) Use plasticine to make a model of the cell.
c) Label the parts of your cell model.

Ð f hink Why do you think we go through puberty? Discuss your ideas with a partner.

I thínk we go through puberty because...

Ð @ GEEI check your tearning.

GI
The female reproductive system produces female gametes
called egg cells. lt also has an organ called , the 't "il)f
S'C -Fl T
where a fertilised egg cell develops into a fetus. A woman ovulates
between 300 and 400
oo times in her lifetime.
However, a woman has,
ld
in average, two children.
us t*u
30 This means only two of
How are these words pronounced? Listen and repeat.
the 300-400 egg cells are
uterus ovaries gamete fallopian tubes cervix vagina ever fertilised.

The female reproductive system

The female reproductive system is formed by external sex organs

(genitals) and internal sex organs. The internal female sex organs
are located inside the pelvis. 7

j"""""""
i The uterus is a hollow organ
The ovaries are two almond i with muscular walls. This is
shaped organs that produce : where a fertilised egg cell
egg cells. There is one ovary i develops into a fetus.
on each side of the uterus.

\o tt
t

I
ì

I
i
i
The connect the ovary :,,.............,.
.....,,,,..,..]..

with the uterus. The egg cell travels i The cervix is the narrow part
along them.
', of the uterus that leads to
:
: the vagina.
"""""""'f"]"

tl I

ir
,1....1..

The vagina is a muscular canal that leads

from the vulva to the uterus.

( )tirt' [¡r¡rlic:,; ¿l¡tr]i t.tc¡alt,fil )

ffi.
What's the menstrual cycle?
Starting from puberty, a woman's ovaries and uterus perform a regular
series of processes every 28 days. All these processes together are called
the menstrual cycle.
r Day 1-4: Blood and tissue from the uterus pass out of the vagina. This is
called menstruation.
o Day 5-8: The lining of the uterus thickens to receive an egg f rom the ovaries.
o Day 9-13: An egg becomes mature in one of the ovaries.
o Day 14-28: One egg is released from an ovary. lt travels down a fallopian tube
to the uterus. lf the egg is not fertilised it leaves the body with blood and tissue
Then the cycle starts over again.

A TtvrTrEs
Ð Match to make sentences in your notebook.
a) The ovaries produce... 1. a fertilised egg cell develops into a fetus
b)The fallopian tubes... 2. female gametes or egg cells.
c) ln the uterus,.. 3. is 28 days long.
d) During menstruation... 4. connect the ovaries to the uterus.
e) The menstrual cycle... 5. blood and tissue pass out of the vagina.

ÐÐ Copy the diagram of the female reproductive system and label the parts.

Ð C¡hffiI, Pr.prr" a quiz. work in groups of three.

a) Write definitions for parts of the female reproductive system.

b) Use the information to write three multiple-choice questions. '¿
c) Ask another group your questions,
d)Answer the other group's questions.

Ð Find out how anorexiq nervoso affects the menstrual cycle. Use the Internet.
a) Do people with onorexio nervoso eat too much or too little?
b)What problems can it cause with the menstrualcycle?
Anorexio nenrcso con...

Ð fîù l!@l check your rearning.

c
What does the male reproductive system do?
The male reproductive system produces male gametes
SCI-F
called sperm cells. lt also transports the sperm cells
out of the man's body and into the woman's
I 1ffiT
Sperm cells make up
reproductive system. about 2% of semen. The
other 98% is seminalfluidl

Order the stages of the menstrual cycle from one to three.

Compare with a partner's .
a) lf the cell is not fertilised, it passes out of the uterus.
b)A female reproductive cell is released from an ovary. lt travels
down the fallopian tube to the uterus.
c) Blood and tissue from the uterus walls pass out of the vagina.

The male reproductive system

The male reproductive system is located in the lower abdomen

ç The prostate is a large gland that

The vas deferens is a tube which
sperm cells travelthrough from the produces a white liquid. This liquid
testicles to the seminal vesicles, makes up the semen.
the prostate and the urethra.

The penis is an elastic organ

with a cylindrical shape. The
end of the penis is called The seminalvesicles are two
the glans. small glands. They produce
a liquid that becomes part
of the semen.

The testicles are two oval The urethra is a tube that goes
organs that produce sperm from the bladder, through the
cells. They are suspended :...' prostate, and out the end of
inside a bag of skin called the penis. The urethra carries
the scrotum. both semen a,nd urine out
of the body.
i The foreskin is a fold of skin that
: covers the end of the penis.

Our bodies and health

 How does the male reproductive system work?
The male reproductive system matures during puberty. This is
when the testicles start to produce millions of sperm cells: i õ. Next, the sperm cells in I
i tne semen are transported i

1. First, sperm cells are

i through the prostate and :

produced in tiny tubes i ¡nto theurethra I

inside the testicles.

4. Finally, the semen travels

!. Then, each vas deferens through the urethra and
transports sperm cells out the end of the penis.
from one of the testicles This process is called
to one of the seminal ejaculation.
vesicles.

Ð Complete the definitions in your notebook.

a) The is a fold of skin that covers the penis. d) The is a tube that joins the
bladder, prostate and the penis.
b) The r produce the sperm cells.
e) The is a large gland that
c) The is a bag of skin that contains the testicles produces a white liquid.

Ð Ë) Listen and say true or fotse.

a) There are about 2OO sperm cells in a teaspoon of semen.

b) Sperm cells determine the sex of the fetus that is produced.

Ð f h in k Describe the journey of sperm cells from when they are produced to ejaculation
Order the sentences and make a flow chart.

a) They are transported through the vas deferens e) They travel to the prostate and mix with
b) They are expelled through the end of the penis. more liquid to make semen.

c) Sperm cells are produced in the testicles. f) They arrive in the seminal vesicles where
they mix with seminal liquid.
d)They travel to the penis through the urethra.

Ð -.{tît fIE) check your rearning

W
What's fertilisation?
When a sperm celljoins with an egg cell in the fallopian
tube, they form a new cell called a zygote. This process
{
fCl-FrçT
is called fertilisation. After fertilisation, the zygote During pregnancy,
develops into an embryo, and finally into a fetus. the uterus expands
to 500 times its normal
size!

Match the pictures to the

stages of development.
/\þÌ
zygohe embryo fetus
4"
{f

Fertilisation
ln order for fertilisation to take place, a man and a woman have sexual
intercourse. During intercourse, the man deposits his semen, which
contains millions of sperm cells, in the woman's vagina. The sperm cells
use their tails to swim into the uterus and up the fallopian tubes, where
one of them will fertilise the female egg cell. The zygote that results
from fertilisation goes into the uterus. As it travels, it divides many
times to form a group of cells called an embryo. After about six days,
the embryo becomes attached to the wall of the uterus.

Pregnancy

Pregnancy is the period of time between the fertilisation of an egg cell and_the birth of a baby.
During pregnancy, two special organs form inside the uterus: the placenta arì"d the amniotic sac.

The placenta provides the

fetus with oxygen and nutrients The amniotic sac is a thin
from the mother's blood. ,il* bag. lt contains a liquid
I '\ri

It also takes away carbon ..:

called amniotic fluid.
dioxide and waste that the This fluid supports the
dt'

fetus produces. The fetus fetus and protects it.

is connected to the placenta
by the umbilical cord,

Our bodies and health

What happens during birth?
During birth, several changes occur in the mother's body. First, the walls of the uterus start
to contract. Then, the cervix gets wider to enable the baby to come out of the uterus. Next,
the amniotic sac breaks and the contractions push the baby into the vaginal canal.

Little by little, the baby is expelled, head

first, through the vagina. Once the baby
is outside the mother's body, it starts
to breathe and the doctor cuts the umbilical
cord. Finally, the amniotic sac, the placenta
and the rest of the umbilical cord are
expelled.

Ð Complete the sentences in your notebook.

a) Fertilisation takes place when... d) During birth, the uterus ... and the cervix.
b) During pregnancy, two organs form:.,. e) Once the baby is expelled, the doctor,..
c) The placenta provides the fetus with... f) Finally, the ... are expelled.

Ð tr-l Listen and answer the question. What's a breech birth?

A breech bìrth occurs when the fetus's legs...

Ð Find out about twins. Use the lnternet to answer the questions.

a) What are identical twins? What are non-identical twins? .,u c

... ctre brothers ond/or sìsters thøt have/don't alwøys have simìlar physical charocterìstÍcs.
b)What happens during fertilisation to produce identical twins?
ldentìcal twìns ore produced when...
c) What happens during fertilisation to produce non-identical twins?
Non-identicol twìns ore produced when...

Ð ifi ls fertilisation possible without sexual intercourse? Why,/why not?

I thìnk iertilisøtíon is/Ísn't possible wìthout sexuøl ìntercourse becouse...

Ð fq @checkyour rearning.

d
How can medical advances help reproduction?
Medical advances can help people at specific stages of reproduction
For example, they can help the process of fertilisation. They can also
provide care for the mother and fetus during pregnancy and birth.

f hink What do you think this picture shows? Why?

a uterus a prostate gland a fetus

I thìnk thìs picture shows ... because...

I cøn see .../it looks lìke...

Fertilisation
: Sometimes, as a result of problems with the reproductive organs,
i people find it hard to have babies. ln-vitro fertilisation is a
i procedure that involves joining the male and female reproductive
i cells outside the woman's body, in a laboratory. lf fertilisation
i occurs, the zygote is placed inside the woman's uterus. There it can
en grow and develo p into a fetus

Birth
Occasionally problems can occur during
i Medicaladvances and
reproductive stages
birth. One of these problems is a breech
birth. ln these cases, doctors usually
perform a caesarean section. They
cut a small opening through the lower
abdomen and the wall of the uterus. ; Pregnancy
: The fetus is extracted through this ; Sometimes there are abnormalities in the fetus.
: opening, instead of through the ; Amniocentesis is a procedure that helps doctors
: mother's vagina. i to detect these problem'i.
ln this procedure, a small
amount of amniotic fluid
is removed from the
amniotic sac. The fluid is
then analysed to detect
these abnormalities.

Our bodies and health

Healthcare during pregnancy
During pregnancy, specialist doctors
and nurses check the mother and the
fetus regularly to make sure that both
are healthy. They analyse blood and
urine samples from the mother because
this helps to detect infections in the fetus.
At specific moments during the pregnancy,
an ultrasound scan is used to check
the development of the fetus. This scan
lets us see the developing organs and bones
of the fetus.
The scan can also measure the fetus to
check that it is growing well. A scan is not painful for the mother or the fetus

A TtvtrtEs
ø Match to make sentences in your notebook.
a) ln-vitrofertilisation... 1. often performed if there is a breech birth,
b)Amniocentesis is... 2. helps doctors to see and measure the fetus.
c) A caesarean section is... 3. a test that removes and analyses amniotic fluid
d) An ultrasound scan... 4. takes place outside the uterus.

Þ fAù Listen and answer the questions.

a) How long is a typical pregnancy,30 weeks or 40 weeks?
b) What word describes a baby born before it is fully developed, premature or þrenatal?
-'n ì'
c) What does an incubator do, protect the baby or strengthen it?

ø Find out about healthy eating in pregnancy. Use the Internet or reference books.

a) Name three foods that should be avoided.

b) Name three foods that should be eaten only occasionally.
c) Name three foods that should be eaten every day.
d) Name three foods that pregnant women sometimes want to eat.
e) Design a menu for pregnant women. Present your menu to the class.

Þ {t? flEl check your rearning.

@
D Complete the sentences in your notebook.
a) Male and female reproductive cells are also called e) Fertilisation takes place when
b) The reproductive cell is much bigger than the f) Primary sex characteristics include
reproductive cell. in men and in women.
c) The female reproductive system consists of g) Puberty usually takes place between
d) The male reproductive system consists of for females and in males

Ð F Find out about midwives at your locat health centre or hospital.

a) What's a midwife?
b) What do midwives do before the baby is born?
Before the baby Ís born, midwives... and...
c) How do midwives help new mothers after the baby is born?
Alter the baby Ís born, they help new mothers to ... by...

þ f h in k Think about reproduction as a life process. Answer the question.

Why is it important for living things to reproduce?
It's ì mportant because...

t@ Classify the parts of the male and female reproductive systems.

Make a chart.

fallopian tubes uterus vas deferens prostate ovaries cervix penis

vagina egg cell sperm cell urethra testicles scrotum seminalvesicle

þ Wr¡t" the parts of the male and female reproductive systems. Then, compare your answers
with a partner. a'

/É rt-

I think number ... is the ... Do you agree?

Our bodies and health

D
ffiW n"u¡r" the unit. Then copy and complete the mind map.

Male Female Male

Female :

Cells
: Organs

Reproduction

Pregnancy Medical advances

and birth and healthcare

ffi What have I learnt?

a) Look at the mind map and the questions you wrote at the beginning of the unit.
b) What questions can you answer now?
c) How can you find answers for the other questions?

38
ffi Check your learning.

Copy the sentences into your notebook. Then draw a smiley next to each one.

a) I can name the parts of the reproductive cells.

b) I can identify the parts of male and female reproductive organs
c) I can describe the process of fertilisation.
o No, not yet

d) I can describe the processes of pregnancy and birth. Yes, I can

e) I can give examples of medical advances in reproduction.

,a Yes, very well.
f) I can do research on family genes.

ffiffi