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Introduction

The confabulation “General Cargo vessel was used for all types of vessel in around the late
1500s” when the international trade began to hit the global shipping market. All vessels at that time
were made with the same elemental concept, without considering the fact that different cargoes needed
different degree of care and attention as there was a little way of specialization. There are many
different types of ships, and the differences are mostly based upon the type of cargo the ship transports.
However, over time, the vessels started becoming more evolved. Another reason was also that the
increase in international demanded a high quality of the single commodity to be transported from one
place to another. As transporting cargoes with ships is much cheaper than any other transportations,
various types of vessels are used widely. This was the primary reason for the introduction of different
ship types.
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1. Cruise Ship

1.1 General Characteristics

Cruise ships aren’t just the transport to your holiday destination. They’ve got their special
facilities. Modern cruise ships are so luxurious that you won’t ever want to disembark. Cruise ships
are organized just like floating hotels. During on almost all cruise ships is included in the cruise price.
Cruises have a standard dining room and “upgrade” specialty restaurants that requires pre-booking and
cover changes. Traditionally, the ships’ restaurants organize two dinner service per day. Having two
dinner times allows the ship to have enough time and space to accommodate all of their guest.

1.2 Origin

The birth of leisure cruising began with the formation of the Peninsular & Oriental Steam
Navigation Company in 1822.

Fig: The Very First Cruise Ship

P&O first introduced passenger cruising services in 1844, advertising sea tours to destinations.
The company later introduced round trips to destinations. It underwent a period of rapid expansion in
the latter half of the 19th century, commissioning larger and more luxurious ships. Notable ships of
the era include the SS Ravenna built in 1880, which became the first ship to be built with a total steel
superstructure, and the SS Valetta built in 1889, which was the first ship to use electric lights.

In 1897, there were three luxury liners for transportation, for the Europe to North America trip.
These were European-owned. In 1906, the number had increased to seven.
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1.3 On-Board Facilities

Cruise ships require electrical power, normally provided by diesel generators. Ships must run
their generators continuously to power on-board facilities. Polluting emissions from the diesel engines
can be equivalent to 700 lorries running their engines. Some cruise ships already support the use of
shorepower, while others are being adapted to do so.

Modern cruise ships typically have some or all of the following facilities:

* Casino

* Shops

* Spa

* Fitness center

* Library

* Theatre with Broadway-style shows

* Cinema

* Indoor and/or outdoor swimming pool with water slides

* Hot tub

* Buffet restaurant

* Gym

* Clubs

* Basketball courts

* Tennis courts

* Pool tables

* Ping pong tables

* observation lounge

* karaoke
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Some ships have bowling alleys, ice skating rinks, rock climbing walls, sky-diving simulators,

miniature golf courses, video arcades, ziplines, ropes obstacle courses.

Fig: Outdoor Swimming Pool (H2Ozone) Fig: Buffet Restaurant

1.4 Safety, Security and Crime

As most of the passengers on a cruise are affluent and have considerable ransom potential, not
to mention a considerable amount of cash and jewelry on board (casino and shops), there have been
several high-profile pirate attacks on cruise ships. Passengers entering the cruise ship are screened by
metal detectors. Explosive detection machines used include X-ray machines and explosives trace-
detection portal machines to prevent weapons, drugs and others on board. Security has been
considerably tightened since September 11, 2001, such that these measures are similar to airport
security. In addition to security checkpoints, passengers are often given a ship-specific identification
card, which must be shown in order to get on or off the ship. This prevents people boarding who are
not entitled to do so, and also ensures the ship's crew are aware of who is on the ship. The Cruise Ship
ID cards are also used as the passenger's room key. CCTV cameras are mounted frequently throughout
the ship.
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2. Tanker

2.1 General Characteristics

A tanker (or tank ship or tankship) is a ship designed to transport or store liquids or gases in
bulk. Major types of tankship include the oil tanker, the chemical tanker, and gas carrier. Tankers also
carry commodities such as vegetable oils, molasses and wine. Tankers were first used by the oil
industry to transfer refined fuel in bulk from refineries to customers. This would then be stored in large
tanks ashore, and subdivided for delivery to individual locations. The use of tankers caught on because
other liquids were also cheaper to transport in bulk, store in dedicated terminals, then subdivide.

Fig: Oil Tanker Cargo Ship

2.2 Specific Tankers

Tankers used for liquid fuels are classified according to their capacity.

• 10,000–24,999 DWT: Small tanker

• 25,000–34,999 DWT: Intermediate tanker

• 35,000–44,999 DWT: Medium Range 1 (MR1)

• 45,000–54,999 DWT: Medium Range 2 (MR2)

• 55,000–79,999 DWT: Large Range 1 (LR1)

• 80,000–159,999 DWT: Large Range 2 (LR2)

• 160,000–319,999 DWT: Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC)

• 320,000–549,999 DWT: Ultra Large Crude Carrier (ULCC) (DWT means deadweight
tonnage)
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2.3 Occupation

Largest fleets Greece, Japan, and the United States are the top three owners of tankers
(including those owned but registered to other nations), with 733, 394, and 311 vessels respectively.
These three nations account for 1,438 vessels or over 36% of the world's fleet. Builders Asian
companies dominate the construction of tankers. Of the world's 4,024 tankers, 2,822 (over 70%) were
built in South Korea, Japan and China.

Fig: Commercial Crude Oil Supertanker

Conclusion

From the preliminary design of a vessel due for construction, the following information can be
obtained: Dimensions, Displacement, Stability, Propulsive characteristics and hull form, Preliminary
general arrangement, Principal structural details. The type of ship plays an important role in deciding
the above mentioned parameters. Furthermore, we can make the distinction between seagoing vessels
and vessels for coastal trade and or inland waterways. So we must keep making ships’ developments
as they take part in very important places like travelling, transportation and cruise ships for luxuries.
Technology is keep increasing in the world. New types of ships or some special facilities for shipping
should also be developed soon. We all have to learn more about ships’ particular functions. Therefore
ships greatly take part in world’s economic field.
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References

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