COMMERCIAL USE OF TVA'S HIGH-PRESSURE PIPE-CROSS REACTOR FOR PRODUCING AMMONIUM PHOSPHATES JOINT PROJECT ROYSTER COMPANY AND TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY for presentation at Central Florida section of American Institute of Chemical Engineers Clearwater, Florida May 23, 1987 by Frank P. Achorn, Chief Chemical Engineer Office of Agricultural and Chemical Development National Fertilizer Development Center and W. H. Paulson, Royster Company, Mulberry, Florida TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY Muscle Shoals, AlabamaCOMMERCIAL USE OF TVA'S HIGH-PRESSURE PIPE-CROSS REACTOR FOR PRODUCING AMMONIUM PHOSPHATES JOINT PROJECT ROYSTER COMPANY AND TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY This paper discusses TVA's latest technology for producing ammonium phosphates. This technology uses a pipe-type reactor made of common pipe fittings and containing a pipe-cross. It is the result of cooperative work between TVA's National Fertilizer Development Center and the Royster Fertilizer Conpany. Ammonium phosphate fertilizer is the most popular phosphate fertilizer in the United States and in most other countries. Figure 1 is a sketch of annual production of ammonium phosphate produced in the United states. Although the most popular anmonium phosphate is diammonium phosphate (DAP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP) is gaining in popularity. The pipe-cross reactor (PCR) provides a process whereby a plant can be designed to easily produce either DAP or MAP with a minimum of down time required to change grades. two goals of TVA's ammonium phosphate development program are: Conserve energy, reduce losses, and increase production rate. This work has resulted in new developments that include the PCR, increased airflow through the granulator, and determination of optimum operating conditions in MAP and DAP plants at which the chemical heat is used efficiently and losses are kept to a minimum. These improvements usually cause a lowering of the recycle rate which results in an increased production rate. Several producers have reported problems with product quality such as deficiencies in plant nutrient content, dustiness, storage, and size. The TVA-PCR process helps solve some of these problems. Review of Old TVA-DAP Process In the early 1960s, TVA developed a process which is now being used by most of the fertilizer industry to produce granular DAP. TVA received a patent for this process in October 1964 (1). Figure 2 is a flow diagran of the process. It uses a proneutralizer tank, granulator, scrubber, éryer, cooler, and product screens. The phosphoric acid feed is split, with part going to scrubbers and part going directly to the preneutralizer. The acid to the scrubbers has a low P20s concentration (typical, 28% Pa0s and 55% H20), while the acid addedto the preneutralizer is concentrated (typical, 54% P20s and 16% 20). «The preneutralizer tank is usually made of 316L stainless steel. Some preneutralizers, however, are made of mild steel and lined with acid-resistant brick. The granulator in this process is a typical Tarotary ammoniator-granulator (4). In operating the plant, partially ammoniated acid from the scrubber is fed to the preneutralizer along with concentrated acid and anhydrous ammonia (usually gaseous NH). Enough ammonia is added to the slurry to maintain an N:P mole ratio of about 1,45:1.55. The slurry's specific gravity is 1.5 to 1.6 and its temperature is 2300F to 2550F. The slurry is pumped and sprayed onto the bed of material in the grenulator, where additional ammonia is added to increase the N:P mole ratio in the product in the granulator to about 1.9. The product from the granulator is dried and then screened for product size removal. The oversize is crushed and recirculated, along with the fines from the screens, to the granulator. Product from the sereens is cooled in either a rotary or fluid-bed cooler. Sometimes some of the product is also recirculated to the granulator to control recycle rate. Typical operating data from the conventional plant are tabulated below. Serubber W:P mole ratio 0.5 to 0.7 Sp Gr 1.3 to 1.35 Temperature,°F (slurry) 150 to 200 Preneutralizer :P mole ratio 1.4 to 1.5 sp Gr 1.45 to 1.55 Temperature, OF 240 to 250 Slurry moisture, % 15 to 20 Granulator product W:P mole ratio 1.9 to 2.0 Temperature, OF 190 ~ 215 Moisture, % 3to4 Dryer, product temperature °F 170 to 200 Gooler, product temperature OF 115 to 145 Retrofitting Conventional Plant with New PCR Figure 3 is a sketch of TVA's PCR. The pipe-cross are used for adding phosphoric acid and ammonium phosphate arms on the side of the slurry. The direction of their flows oppose each other. This causes thorough mixing of these fluids before they are ammoniated. Anhydrous ammonia is added through a third arm of the cross and through an ammonia sparger. This sparger extends about 8 feet into the reactor tube and past the acid and slurry inlets. The fourth arm of the cross delivers these materials to the reaction chamber. Because of the pipe-cross and because the reactor operates at pressures higher than other reactors, it has been named TVA's high-pressure POR (2) (3).Pilot-plant tests and some tests in regional granulation plants showed ‘the following advantages in using the PCR to produce either DAP or MAP: 1, Slurry of low moisture content (lower than preneutralizer) can be sprayed directly from the PCR onto the bed of material in the granulator, This eliminates problems in pumping low-moisture thick slurries. 2, Estimated recycle rates are usually lower when the PGR instead of the tank preneutralizer is used. 3. ‘The PCR can be operated under pressure so that the slurry has a high energy content and temperature before it is sprayed into the granulator. Therefore, larger quantities of water can be removed from the slurry before it enters the bed of material in the granulator. This reduces the total addition of moisture to the bed. Pilot-plant tests show this allows the recycle rate to decrease. No drying of the product is required. Royster Fertilizer Company has used no fuel to dry the product during over a year of operation. 4. The product has less tendency to cause dustiness during handling and there is less dust within the plant. 5. Shifting from DAP to MAP production and vice versa is easy. 6. The product has excellent hardness (15 Ibs, size ~6+8) as compared with 10 lbs for DAP made by the conventional process. There is usually less nitrogen loss from the PCR and granulator than ‘there was from the preneutralizer and granulator of the old process. This means less stress on the scrubbing system when the PCR is used. Some plants that have high retention times in the preneutralizer have problems with unacceptably high CI P20s in the products. Because the PCR has a very low retention time, it will holp alleviate this problen. Because of these advantages, Royster decided to retrofit its plant with a POR. Figure 4 is a sketch of the Royster plant. A two-stage scrubber as well as a high-pressure PCR was used. This was easily accomplished by using the old preneutralizer and its exhaust system as an impingement-type, first-stage scrubber. Spray nozzles have been installed in the ductwork. Partially ammoniated slurry is recirculated through these nozzles. The second-stage scrubber is the original scrubber of the old plant. It has a common sump (seal tank) with the dryer scrubber. Weak acid (28-32% P20s) is fed to this seal tank. Scrubber liquor from the second-stage scrubber is pumped to the first-stage scrubber. Medium strength acid (38 to 42% P20s) and concentrated acid (50 to 54% P20s) are fed to the PCR along with ammonia and partially amnoniated slurry from the first-stage scrubber.The design of this PCR is different from the type used in more than 20 regional granulation plants producing granular homogenous mixtures. Although they work well for producing MAP and ammonium phosphate sulfate, they do not have sufficient length for producing DAP. Figure 5 is a pictorial sketch of the reactor used by Royster. Its anmoniation volume (in3/1b ammonia/hr) is about twice that of the low-pressure PCR used to produce NPK mixtures. It has about one percent of the volume of a standard conventional preneutralizer. Pilot-plant tests and some commercial tests were made in similar reactors to produce DAP. The design criteria were established in these tests. Royster's reactor is made of a 10-in standard stainless steel pipe (type 316L). It has an overall length of 47 ft and a slope of 10 degrees. The reaction is completed in this section. The distribution section is positioned to discharge melt from the reactor ento the rolling bed of material in the granulator. There is usually an air space of two to three feet between the discharge slot of the reactor and the surface of material in the granulator. This provides space for moisture to leave the melt. The reactor in figure 5 is mounted on the side of the center sparger support beam to the anmoniator-granulator. However, Royster recently installed the PCR inside the granulator’s center support beam. A slot, cut in the center support beam, is much wider than the one in the PCR so that melt from the PCR slot passes through the slot in the center support beam. This design provides more air space between the discharge of the melt and the top of the bed of material in the granulator. The PCR discharge slot is equipped with a flange section (figures 3 and 5). Plates with different size slots are attached to this flange. Royster has also installed a lip, about 3-in long, on the end of the slot to reduce splattering of the melt. The operating pressure of the reactor is controlled by slot size and production rate. Both pilot-plant and commercial plant tests show that the PCR designed for producing DAP should have a pipe size (main body of the reactor) so the maximum heat flux will not exceed 600,000 Btu/hr/in?, To maintain @ pressure of 35 to 50 psig, the heat flux at the discharge slot should be about 1.4 x 10° Btu/hr/in? (slot 24 in?). In our original pilot-plant tests, single-stage scrubbing of the exit gases from the granulator was used. However, based on the good results received at the Royster plant, TVA is installing two-stage scrubbing. With two-stage scrubbing, the quantity of dilute phosphoric acid required by the scrubbing system is less than that required by single-stage scrubbing This is because the first-stage scrubber is operated at an N:P mole ratio of about 1.4 and the second stage is operated at an U:P mole ratio of 0.5. Therefore, the average mole ratio in the system is about 0.95. This is about twice as high as the mole ratio normally maintained when single-stage scrubbing is used. Slurries in the scrubbers are kept at mole ratios of 0.5 and 1.4 to take advantage of the high solubility of ammonium phosphate at these degrees of ammoniation. Fluorine loss is nilWhen the second-stage scrubber is operating at this N:P mole ratio of 0.5 because most of the acid is added to the PCR and its exhaust gases pass through the first-stage scrubber which is operating at an N:P mole ratio of 1.4. Previous data from other plants show this fluorine loss is dependent upon pH of the slurry. The higher the pH, the lower the fluorine loss. The Royster plant has operated very well for more than a year, producing DAP at rates of 55 to 60 tons/hr. The POR has not been the limiting equipment for higher production rates. This plant was originally designed to produce about 30 tons/hr with the old TVA process. The capacity of the 10- x 20-ft ammoniator-granulator has not been exceeded. The conveying and cooling equipment causes the production rate to be limited. One way to help solve the cooling problem is to use liquid ammonia in the granulator. Another is to install an ammonia vaporizer in the inlet air duct to the cooler. Tables 1 and 2 show some of the operating data collected when the plant was operated at a production rate of 55 tons/hr. The plant is operating well at 60 tons/hr. During most of the operations, it was estimated that 25 percent of the ammonia was added in the granulator. About 35 percent of the total P20s was added as weak acid (30% Pa0s) in the second-stage scrubber. Calculations show that about 25 Percent and 40 percent of the total P20s were fed as medium and concentrated acids to the PCR. A small amount of P20s as pond water was also added to the scrubbers. These and other data show that by using two-stage scrubbing, larger quantities of concentrated acid can be used in the PCR. The equivalent concentration of all phosphoric acid added to the process is about 40 percent P20s, which is about the strength of the acid used in a tank preneutralizer. High-strength acid and high pressures in the PCR result in higher slucry temperatures and slurry P20s concentrations in the PCR. Previous data show the slurry temperature and moisture when the preneutralizer is used are usually 245°F and 15-20 percent respectively. Results in table 1 show when the PCR is used, the average temperature of the slurry in the PCR is about 290°F and moisture of the slurry discharge from the reactor is 10-13 percent H20. Because of its higher temperature, the slurry from the PCR contains more energy than the slurry from the preneutralizer, At the higher temperature the melt will release its moisture more readily into the exit gas of the granulator than will slurry from the preneutralizer, Therefore, significantly less moisture from the melt should impinge on the bed of material in the granulator than from the comparable slurry from the prencutralizer. with the lower moisture content of the granulator product, no fuel is required for drying. The lower moisture content is also favorable to lower recycle rates and higher production rates. If the dryer is used as a cooler, the ammonia loss from it should be low. In TVA's pilot plant we hope to show that use of the new PCR will make it feasible to replace the troublesome wet-serubbing systens used for dryers with bag filters. This should further improve the water balance of the process which, in turn, should decrease the recycle rate and increase the production rate. The totalcapital investment in a new plant should be much less because no dryer and dryer scrubbing is required. Also, smaller equipment can be used because of the lower reeycle rate, Plant operators report there is less dust in the plant and warehouses when the PCR is used instead of the preneutralizer. By using a high-pressure slurry spray of small particles from the PCR, a more uniform coverage of the recycle may be received. This results in well-shaped, hard granules that resist degradation. Here is a summary of the advantages in using the PCR as compared to the preneutralizer: 1. Pilot-plant data indicate lower nitrogen loss and less problem with nitrogen deficiency. 2. Generally, there is less dust during handling and in production. 3. Wo érying is required. 4, Probably less recycle per ton of product is required which results in increased production rate. Product quality is improved. 6. Changing from DAP to MAP and vice versa is easier. era! 1 Problems with PCR The main problem in the use of the PCR has been with buildup on top of the center support beam. Chunks of caked material break off the beam and clog the chute between the granulator and dryer cooler. Although thie is troublesome, actual operating time recently has been about 95 percent of the planned operating time. A minor problem has occurred because of the low retention time in the POR. Because the response time to changes is much shorter than when the tank reactor is used, the board operator must be more alert. This does, however, force the plant to operate at optimum conditions which generally ean result in higher production rates. Some pilot-plant tests indicate there is lower nitrogen loss in operations with the PCR than with a preneutralizer operated at comparable slurry temperatures. Probably, one of the reasons for the lower nitrogen loss is that the PCR is operated at elevated pressures. The data shown in figure 6 is the partial pressure of ammonia above saturate solutions of Mis-HeP0<-H20. ‘This data show that at the usual granulator product temperature of 20007, the partial pressure of ammonia in the teesaturated solution in the granule is 400 mmHg. At this partial pressure there would be a significant loss of annonia from the product. Although this ammonia is recovered in the scrubber, the product may be deficient in nitrogen. ‘There is no ammonia added to the product after the granulator. Some companies compensate for this loss by adding urea, anmoniun nitrate, or ammonium sulfate. Frequently, sulfuric acid and ammonia are added to supply extra nitrogen. These materials can cause problems with caking; they also act as diluents. This in tura requires a cleaner acid to be used, which may cause problens with sludge disposal. VA's pilot-plant tests during the past 25 years have shown that the optimum granulator discharge temperature for good granulation efficiency and low ammonia loss is about 180°F. operators of the conventional plants (with preneutralizer) report that when this is done, larger quantities of fuel are required to dry the product and the production rate is decreased. Perhaps lower granulator product temperatures can be used without adversely affecting production rate or fuel requirements if more of the reaction is shifted from the granulator to the prereactor (PCR or preneutralizer). The following bench-scale tests show the effect of degree of ammoniation on physical characteristics of an ammonium phosphate slurry made from a wet-process phosphoric acid (Central Florida phosphate rock) containing 40 percent P20s and ammonia and a slurry temperature of 245°R, Physical Characteristics of an Ammonium Phosphate Slurcy® at Different Degrees of Anmoniation and 245°F uP Solidification Mole Viscosity ‘Temperature 2H Ratio epib op 6.2 Ls 135 170 6.6 1.63 500 186 6.8 1.65 1200 190 7.0 1.78 3464 200 a, Produced from wet-process phosphoric acid, 4.0% P20s, (Florida rock) and anmonia. b. Brookfield viscometer, Wo. 3 spindle. At a mole ratio of 1.65, pumping a thick slurry of this type may be difficult, if not impossible. Also, there would be danger of plugging the transfer lines (solidification temperature 190°F). TVA tests have shown that the POR can be operated quite well at W:P mole ratios of 1.65 if the temperature of the slurry is kept >280°P. With these conditions and high pressures, the slurry is fluid enough to be sprayed onto the bed of material in the granulator as very small particles of spray. This type of operation will release more heat in the vapor space of the granulator. This heat needs to be removed by increased airflow through the granulator. geTests have shown that because the slurry from the PCR has a low moisture content, no drying is required. Perhaps the granulator discharge temperature can be lowered without causing the need to dry the product. At these lower temperatures there should be less problem with nitrogen deficiencies in the product. We plan to conduct pilot-plant tests with the PCR to investigate the advantages of shifting more of the reaction to the POR. PCR for MAP and Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) Some phosphate producers report their main objective is to produce products high in P20s. They are interested in selling P20s. Nitrogen is added to convert the P20s into a usable form, and these producers would prefer to ship 52 units of P20s as MAP instead of 46 units of P20s as DAP. Perhaps these are some of the reasons for MAP's increased popularity. The PCR has been used effectively to produce DAP, MAP, and APP in the same granulation facility. In changing from the production of DAP to MAP, the recycle load is lowered and the N:P mole ratio in the POR is lowered to 1.0. This can be done in minutes instead of the hours it takes to change the N:P mole ratio of the slurry in a tank preneutralizer (from N:P mole ratio of 1.45 to 0.6). Those who have attempted to make that change know how difficult it is. The solubility curves in figure 7 explain one of the reasons. To decrease the W:P mole ratio to 0.6, the operator must pass from a solubility of about 400 1bs of salt per 100 lbs of water at an W:P mole ratio of 1.45 and a temperature of about 250°F, to about 200 lbs of salt per 100 lbs of water at this same temperature and an N:P mole ratio of 1,0. Therefore, the slurry becomes viscous and sonetimes solidifies, since only acid is added during this adjustment. To avoid this problem, the operator usually adds water to the preneutralizer which causes Problems with water balance in the plant. This is not a problem with the PoR because there is very littie hold-up of material in it and the change can be made rapidly. Therefore, changing from the production of DAP to MAP with the PCR process is a rathor simple procedure. Royster has produced a significant amount of MAP in its DAP plant that has been converted to the PCR process. The mole ratio of the recirculating solid load must be changed. We recommend the following procedure: 1. Lower or empty the DAP recycle load from the plant. 2. Recharge the recycle system with geanular MAP. 3. Restart the plant with MAP recycle and slurry. Only single-stage scrubbing is required for producing MAP. Pond water can be used as a scrubbing medium. Ammonia losses from the POR and granulator are so low that at times some fluorine has been lost from the scrubber. This problem probably can be eliminated by adding a smallamount of anmonia to the scrubber liquor to keep its pH near neutral. No fuel is required to dry the product if the phosphoric acid concentration is as high as 46 percent P20s and vaporized anmonia is used. Another advantage in using the PCR for MAP is that all of the ammonia can be added in the PCR. Because the melt is sprayed directly into the granulator and does not need to be pumped, the PCR can be operated at an W:P mole ratio of 1.0 and a low moisture content. The need for the troublesome ammonia spargers in the granulator is eliminated. This allows the granulator operators to keep these spargers free of caked material. Producing granular APP is quite similar to that of MAP except all of the phosphoric acid is added as merchant-grade (0-54-0 grade) (5). This acid is preheated by steam to 2500F before it is pumped to the PCR. The maximum temperature of the melt in the reactor is between 450° and 480°F, At this temperature the melt is anhydrous and contains some pyrophosphate (polyphosphate). The product produced by Royster contained from 8 to 15 percent polyphosphate and had very good storage characteristics and quality. Grades that have been produced are 12-52-0 and 11-56-0, The product has worked well for producing both fluid and dry blends of fertilizers. Its cost of production is about the same as MAP if there is no charge for steam. It does, however, have a wider market potential because it can be used to produce suspensions or dry mixed fertilizers. High-quality acid is necessary to make 11-56-0 and sludge acid mst be used to produce other products. This may cause the cost of production of the 11-56-0 grade of APP to be higher than the other ammonium phosphates. Summary The new TVA pressure-type PCR is suited for producing several types of Sranular ammonium phosphate products. Perhaps the companies that use the PCR may discover advantages in marketing some ammonium phosphate other than DAP. Emerging phosphate companies may find it advantageous to offer more than one conmodity-type product such as DAP. TVA's HPPCR process appears to provide the phosphate producer a way to easily produce several amoniun phosphate products in a single plant. There are advantages in using the PCR to produce either DAP or other ammonium phosphates. The cost of the reactor is considerably less than a tank preneutralizer system. TVA is also developing a program plan to improve operations of DAP plants using either the conventional or PCR process. IVA is prepared to help engineering and producing companies design and operate plants that can use this or other processes.References F. P, Achorn. “Process for Production of Granular Diammoniun Phosphates.” U. S. Patent 3,153,574, Tennessee Valley Authority. October 20, 1964. D. G. Salladay and F. P. Achorn, “Pressure Reactor for Producing Dianmonium Phosphate," U. S. Patent 4,619,684, Tennessee Valley Authority. March 24, 1986. F. P. Achorn and J. S. Lewis. "Granular Anmonium Phosphate Sulfate and Monoanmonium Phosphate Using Common Pipe-Cross-Type Reactor." U. S, Patent 3,954,942, Tennessee Valley Authority, April 24, 1975. F. T. Nielson, “Apparatus for Anmoniation of Granular Dianmonium Phosphates." U. S. Patent 3,153,574, Tennessee Valley Authority. October 20, 1964. B. R. Parker, M. M. orton and T. R. Stumpe. “Pilot-Plant Studies of ‘the Pipe- and Pipe-Cross Reactors in Production of Granular Polyphosphate Fertilizers," presented at Fertilizer Industry Round Table, Atlanta, Georgia. October 26-28, 1982. 3345kTable 1 Operating Data - 10 Inch PcR® - Royster Fertilizer Company Production, rate tons/hr. 38. Length of test, hrs. 24 Feed rates to PcR, Ibs per ton product Slucry from scrubbers (29% P20s) 1085.4 Medium acid (38.5% P20s) 584.5 Strong acid (54.0) 703.9 Gaseous anhydrous ammonia Zn scrubber liquor 104.7 To PCR 223.3 Armonia fed to granulator, lbs per ton product 109.4 Pressure in PCR (average) psig a3 P20s distribution of acids fed, % of total Weak acid (30% P20s) to scrubbers 34.2 Medium acid (40% P20s) to PCR 24.5 Strong acid (54% P203) to PoR 41.3 Average acid strength fed to process 38.5 Pressure in POR, psig? 47.3 Tenperature in PCR, OF Maximum 308 Minizum 280 Average 290 Moisture of melt in PCR, percent 10-15 First-stage scrubber slurry to PCR pH 6.5 Specific gravity 1.4 Temperature, OF 203 N:P mole ratio 1a Second-stage scrubber slurry PH 1.9 Specific gravity 1.35 Granulator Product temperature (average), °F 223 WP mole ratio 1.95 Recycle temperature, °F 181 Moisture in product, percent® 23 Estimated recycle ratio, tons/ton product 45 Dryer Condition Product temperature, OF 190 Fuel rate, gem ° Air velocity, ft/min® 450-550 Cooler product temperature, °F 144 Across section main pipe of PCR 78.5 in?, area of slot 24 in?, Size of granulator 10-x 20-ft. Size of dryer 10-x-60 ft. Poptained before discharge of pipe From similar production run dgstimated by observing fullness of buckets in elevator at the discharge end of dryer From stack gas samples taken in another testTable 2 Chemical And Physical Characteristics Of Product Produced Using PCR Production rate, tons/hr 55 Chemical analysis, % Total nitrogen Total P20s G.I P20 < Moisture ane Screen analysis +6 +14 9 “14 200 Product hardness, pounds (-6+8 mesh)# u ° @yost commercial DAP made using tank preneutralizer averages about 10 pounds.se6l 1 + aundia eee! - 1961 6261 —1 —_ 1 SaLViS G3LINN NOILONGOYd SWHdSOHd WAINOWWY WRBLVW JO SNOL LYOHS NOITIWALVHdSOHd WNINOWWVIG YO WNINOWNVONOW yy INNVYO AO NOILONGOYd HO4 SS39D0Nd TWNOLLNSANOO 40 LASHS MOT4 @ auNndls wowminanyas SOLYINONAY oh ‘YOdvA 2G 8 YINOWINY ‘ONINIVINGO -ASAVHXS ‘BLVHdSOHd WAINOWRVIG MaZITWALN Naud vINONWY — oH waeanuos (80% ts 01 08) YOdVA UBLYM: Glow DOHASOHAvawors ' 2810 “ANVEINOD WBZITILUSS HSLEAOH ANVId dva-dvim uos HoLOVaY SUNSSaud VAL © aunold “a orov owen aay Hoven 20 Ssh3MQ-GDVO-VAL dVG 40 SYNLOVANNVW HOd HOLOVAN SSOUD-Adid 3UNSSaud-HOIH % oanbi4 DNIdaIHS 40 uagenuos iat OVS 8L oxmno09 tonaous ‘4 anna ONINSSHOS: r ‘ uo4 o1 auumas ke Ot dog aunssaue HOM uaganuos waganuos BOVAS PUZ ywviavas | UEAHG uBLVM ONOd i aioy xvaM waganuos: u3Aua Hod waMOTE [Link] ‘Ti 404 YaMOTS { i iy < usgenuos ay vo asnvaxa asnvaxa u3aEnuos svO Wabeibaenbd ANV1d TWWIOU3WWOD dvd-dvW 40 HOLVINNVUD HO4 HOLOVaY SSOUD-Hdld SUNSSAUd-HOIH VAL 9 aunola waAud oO vavua did TOLe BdAL. ‘1aaL8 SSTTNIVIS GUVGNVIS .OF od sunssaud-HOM (ays of 10%) ‘a-a AaiA aa wi giv "Sond pNIasnuos BOVIS YL OL309 [ParTiaL PRESSURE OF NH; ABOVE SATURATED 700] G00 [SOLUTIONS OF NHy-HzPO,-H,0 FOR GRANULATOR s00,- N:P MOLE RATIO 2.0 4 4oof 1 300 2 7 200 1 ae E100 7 eaek 3 70 ge 3 50 5 40] 2 £ 30) 3 3 # 20} a [ PARTIAL PRESSURE = NH BY KRUGLOV'S Ey APPROXIMATION SE InP+42,562x-74,728 +30,412— ar Pe partial pressure of anmenia 7 vero soktion of mature of st ‘mmenium phosphates, mm #9 7 Xs the molar rtio of ammonia, 4 Aha posphors i inthe solution 4 Tis omperatar in Kevin 1 3| 2 tol 50 68 86 104 122 140 158 I76 194 212 230 248 266 284 302 ‘TEMPERATURE °F FIGURE 6(W318A8 auNd) O2H-TOd*H-PHN WaLSAS ALIIGNIOS 2 aunota olava 270M *oatH:tHN, ost set ozs sot oso suo ono of 807 oot sits sa T T 7 (40% £)900 . ; eh pee | Jon (4ot2)9082 e (4ez01)908 on ¥ Jove osz (4eesz)00924 lose © aNy 2 ‘L szauno Woud viva oNisa GSLVIOdVHLXS ¥ BAUND t3LON—]OTF love