Occidental Mindoro National High School

Mamburao, Occidental Mindoro

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
MAKING A CHALK (Calcium
Sulfate) OUT OF CHICKEN
EGGSHELLS (Calcium Carbonate)

Adora, Maxine Waileia D.

Pangan, Precious Isabel
Reyes, Karla Andrea C.

Researchers

Razon, Merly A.

Research Adviser

Occidental Mindoro National High School

Mamburao, Occidental Mindoro

 Occidental Mindoro National High School
Mamburao, Occidental Mindoro

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter includes the introduction, theoretical framework, statement of the problem,
hypothesis, scope and limitation, conceptual framework, significance of the study and the
definition of terms used.

Introduction

The researcher conduct this study due to economics crisis nowadays. It's aim to create a
product of chalkwhich is cheaper and could give the same quality which the commercial one
could give through eggshells. Chalk is usually made from calcium sulfate or mined calcium
carbonate, the newly developed chalk is made from eggshells, composed naturally of calcium
carbonate. This makes the product harmless to the human body, and its powder can be used
directly as a soil conditioner for school vegetable and flower gardens.

Background of the Study

As of now, our country is facing a great crisis in economy. The researcher found out that in
school, they required using of chalk (commercial) to use it on the board. So, the researcher
decided to make a chalk which is very affordable and can give an equal quality as the
commercial can. The researcher can make chalk cheaper and no egg shell would go to waste.
Teachers and student can use this. This is not different from the other kinds of except we
recycle the egg shell to another thing that can be useful.

Eggshells are the hard outer coverings of eggs and are usually thrown away after getting rid
of the yolk and the white. Because of the similarities on the composition of a commercial chalk
and an eggshell, eggshell can be a substitute in making chalk.

Statement of the Problem

This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of making a chalk out of chicken eggshells.

a) Are there any similarities between the composition of an eggshell and a chalk?
b) Are eggshells effective ingredients in making chalk?
c) How can chalk helps us from our daily life?
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Hypothesis

1.) There is a significant difference between the eggshell chalk and the commercial chalk.

2.) There is a significant difference between experimental chalk from eggshells and commercial
one in terms of quality and durability.

Conceptual Framework

Significance of the Study

The importance of this study is, it can give benefits, especially to the poor ones or those who
can’t afford to manufacture chalk. The poor ones could also have their own manufacture chalk.
They could also have their own business by simply following the instructions in making
“eggshell chalk” and to save money.

This study opens another way for us people to be able to save and make chalks that is much
durable with long-lasting use that will take part in our study. The study was conducted as a
remedy for the common problem of spending much in. And it also helps us to gain money when
you make this as your business affair. We can also make some raw materials that we thought to
be useless, transformed into a much useful and improved thing.
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The purpose of this study is to try and discover other methods on how to make and provide
cheaper chalk for the needs of people especially the teachers, who highly use commercial
chalks to write on the boards for their lectures in schools.

It is also beneficial for the indigent, mountain people,public schools, and ordinary people
because when they ran out of chalk, they can apply their knowledge in making chalk using the
easy-to-find, cheap, and recyclable materials.

Scope and Limitations

This study is only limited for the investigation of Eggshsells (Gallus Domesticus) used as
alternative source for chalk making. The researcher chose this study for further investigation if
the eggshells can be an effective source for chalk.

Definition of Terms

1. Chalk - is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock, a form of limestone composed
of the mineral calcite.

2. Eggshell - the brittle protective covering of the egg

3.Flour – a powder made by grinding the edible parts of cereal.

4. Calcium Carbonate – a white crystalline solid that is one of thethemost common natural
substances found in chalk,most common natural substances found in
chalk,limestones,limestones,marble, eggshells, and bones.marble, eggshells, and bones.
 Occidental Mindoro National High School
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Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and in-depth
search done by the researchers. This will also present the synthesis of the art, theoretical and
conceptual framework to fully understand the research to be done and lastly the definition of
terms for better comprehension of the study.

Related Literature

According to the researchers, commercial chalk is composed mostly of calcium carbonate

with minor amounts of silt and clay. It is normally formed underwater, commonly on the
seabed, then consolidated and compresses during diagenesis into the form commonly seen
today.

As scientist Joe Regenstein has studied, the cell of a chicken egg is made up of about 94%
calcium carbonate, 1% calcium phosphate, and about 4% organic matter, mainly protein. The
eggshell has pores through which air, moisture, and even ca pass. The shell represents about
11% of the weight of an egg. The shell is made up of three parts – the mammillaryor an egg. The
shell is made up of three parts – the mammillaryor inner layer is adjacent to the shell
membranes and has a “knob” like appearance. The middle layer, the bulk of the shell is made
up of small calcite crystals, mostly randomly arranged with the pores running through it. The
cuticle or top layer is thin film of protein that covers the egg when it is laid, but which dries up
and flakes over time.

Related Studies

Three researchers found articles from foreign and local scientists that may help with the
research; these are :

Very early in the study of the shell, chemical analyses showed that it is composed of about 97%
calcium carbonate (Burley and Vadehra, 1989)
Beginning on the surface of the albumen, the shell membranes, of which there are two, provide
the foundation of the shell. On the surface of the outer membrane, mamillary knobs form as
the first stage of shell formation, and from these, the main layer of the shell, called the palisade
layer, develops. A thin outer layer, called the cuticle, completes the shell. (Nys, 2002)
 Occidental Mindoro National High School
Mamburao, Occidental Mindoro

Eggshell is made almost entirely of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystals. It is a semipermeable

membrane, which means that air and moisture can pass through its pores. (Exploratorium,
2017)
Chalk made from eggshells is now being marketed by the Q.P. Corporation, the largest producer
of mayonaise in Japan. They used 100% of the eggshells left over from eggs used in the
processes of manufacturing mayonaise and other products. The company has expanded
eggshell use to school supplies, supplying them as a raw material for blackboard chalk. Theirs
was the first attempt to produce chalk using completely natural ingredients. Japan FS
Organization (2004)
CALCIUM CARBONATE is a white, odorless powder or colorless crystals. Practically insoluble in
water. Occurs extensive in rocks world-wide. Ground calcium carbonate (CAS: 1317-65-3)
results directly from the mining of limestone. The extraction process keeps the carbonate very
close to its original state of purity and delivers a finely ground product either in dry or slurry
form. Precipitated calcium carbonate (CAS: 471-34-1) is produced industrially by the
decomposition of limestone to calcium oxide followed by subsequent recarbonization or as a
by-product of the Solvay process (which is used to make sodium carbonate). Precipitated
calcium carbonate is purer than ground calcium carbonate and has different (and tailorable)
handling properties.
Calcium Carbonate is the carbonic salt of calcium (CaCO3). Calcium carbonate is used
therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis, as an antacid in gastric hyperacidity for
temporary relief of indigestion and heartburn, and as a calcium supplement for preventing and
treating osteoporosis. (NCI04) (Pharmacology from NCIt)
Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in
nature. CALCIUM CARBONATE is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis
patients and as a calcium supplement. (MeSH)
The superficial structure of the shell has been known for over 100 years. The shell consists of
97% calcium carbonate, and this is provided to the hen in the diet. However, the chemical must
be broken down in the digestive system and then re-synthesized in the shell gland to form the
shell. This results in a turnover of blood Ca of ~ 100 times each 24 hours. (P. Hunton-2005)
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Chapter 3
Methodology