CESTODES (TAPEWORMS/FLATWORMS)

PARASITE Taenia saginata Taenia solium Hymenolepis nana Hymenolepis

diminuta
A.K.A -BEEF TAPEWORM -PORK TAPEWORM -DWARF TAPEWORM -RAT TAPEWORM
NOTE -Man can be both definitive -Smallest tapeworm
and intermediate host -Can complete life cycle in a
single host
MODE OF -Ingestion of raw or Definitive Direct -Accidental ingestion of
TRANSMISSIO undercooked infected beef -Ingestion of raw or -Ingestion of egg infected arthropod (fleas,
undercooked infected pork Indirect beetles, cockroaches,
N Intermediate -Accidental ingestion of mealworms and earwigs)
-Ingestion of egg or gravid infected arthropod (fleas,
proglottids from rice beetle or flour beetle)
contaminated food or drink
INFECTIVE -Cysticerci Definitive -Cysticercoid larvae -Cysticercoid larvae
STAGE - Cysticerci
Intermediate
-Egg
-Gravid proglottids
DIAGNOSTIC -Gravid proglottids (15-20 Definitive -Eggs -Eggs
STAGE lateral branches) -Gravid proglottids (7-15 Sample: -Whole worm
-Eggs lateral branches) -Stool -Scolex
-Scolex -Eggs Sample:
Sample: -Scolex -Stool
-Stool Sample:
-Perianal swabs -Stool
-Perianal swabs
Intermediate
-Cysticerci (seen in different
organs)
METHOD USED -Proglottids injected with -CAT (Computed axial NOT SPECIFIED NOT SPECIFIED
IN DIAGNOSIS India ink tomography)
-Formalin-Ether -MRI (Magnetic resonance
Concentration Technique imaging)
(FECT) -Ophthalmoscopy
-Serologic tests

DISEASE/ -Taeniasis Ingestion of pork -Hymenolepiasis -Hymenolepiasis

PATHOGENESIS -Taeniasis -Enteritis (if infection is
Ingestion of egg heavy)
-Cysticercosis
-Neurocysticercosis (brain)

TREATMENT -Praziquantel -Praziquantel (Intestinal) -Praziquantel -Praziquantel

-Praziquantel and
Albendazole or surgrical
removal of cyst
(Cysticercosis)
-Surgical removal (Ocular
cysticercosis)

PREVENTION -Sanitary disposal of human -Sanitary disposal of human -Personal hygiene and -Rodent control
AND CONTROL feces. feces. environmental sanitation -Elimination of insect
-Thorough cooking of meat -Thorough cooking of meat -Treatment of infected intermediate host
-Freezing -20°C for 10 days -Freezing -20°C for 10 days cases -Protection of food from
-Sanitary meat inspection -Sanitary meat inspection -Rodent control insects
-Proper storage of food -Sanitary disposal of human
-Protection of food from waste
insects (grain beetles) -Treatment of human cases
 PARASITE Dipylidium Raillietina Diphyllobothriu Echinococcus Spirometra
-Spirometra mansoni
caninum garrisoni m latum sp. - Spirometra erinacei
-Echinococcus granulosus - Spirometra ranarum
-Echinococcus
multilocularis
A.K.A -DOG AND CAT -MADAGASCAR -BROAD/FISH NONE NONE
TAPEWORM TAPEWORM TAPEWORM
NOTE -Intermediate host -Common tapeworm -Dogs and other
are fleas of rats canines are the most
-Intermediate host is common definitive
flour beetle host (carnivores or
omnivores)
-Human is
intermediate host
-E. multilocularis is
less common since
its life cycle is
sylvatic

MODE OF -Accidental ingestion -Accidental ingestion -Ingestion of raw or -Accidental ingestion -Ingestion of
TRANSMISSIO of infected flea of infected insect poorly cooked infected of embyronated egg infected water,
(flour beetle) fish infected frogs, toads
N or snakes or infected
flesh of wild pigs
-Applying of infected
flesh of frogs and
snakes as poultices
-Skin-penetration
into subcutaneous
tissues
INFECTIVE -cysticercoid larvae -cysticercoid larvae -Plerocercoid larvae -Embyronated egg -Plerocercoid larvae
STAGE
DIAGNOSTIC -Gravid proglottids -Gravid segments -operculated -Hydatid sand -White larvae (seen
STAGE -Egg capsules (rarely -Proglottids eggs/unembryonated Sample: in lesion-opaque,
recovered, not -Eggs egg -Fluid from hydatid glistening white)
recommended) Sample: -Proglottids (occasional, cyst
Sample: -Stool may be vomitted)
-Stool Sample:
-Perianal hairs -Stool

METHOD USED NOT SPECIFIED NOT SPECIFIED -Kato Technique -Surgical removal -Multi-Dot ELISA
IN DIAGNOSIS -ELISA-based Technique (CSF)
serology
-MRI, CT scan, Xray,
Ultrasound
DISEASE/ -Dipylidiasis NOT SPECIFIED -Diphyllobothriasis -Echinococcosis -Sparganosis
PATHOGENESIS -Mucosal irritation -Anaphylaxis
(diarrhea, nausea,
intestinal cramps)
-Hyperchromic,
megaloblastic anemia
with thrombocytopenia
and leukopenia
-Adult D. latum absorbs
high levels of IF
-Decreased RBC
production and anemia
TREATMENT -Praziquantel -Praziquantel -Praziquantel -Albendazole
-Cyclosporin A
-Surgical resection
PREVENTION -Periodic deworming -Elimination of -Freshwater fishes -Drinking boiled or
AND CONTROL of dogs and cats rodents from should be thoroughly filtered water
-Insecticide dusting households cooked -Cooking of food
of dogs and cats -Proper storage of -Freezing(-18°C)for 24-48 thoroughly
against fleas grain products hours -Avoiding the
-Health education -Sanitary waste -Proper disposal of practice of applying
(danger in playing disposal sewage of flesh of frogs to
with pets) -Sanitary fish marketing inflamed areas