Harnessing the Power of Technology: Assignment 2
Title: Resonance in series RLC circuit – A concept from Basic Electrical Engineering
Links: I prefer the below two links are sufficient to understand the resonance concept
practically.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2BZvP7CZIc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWbCVRqSuYo
Objectives:
To study the behavior of series LC circuits at resonance.
To understand the resonance frequency, cut-off frequency, bandwidth and quality factor
of a resonance circuit.
To determine if a circuit is inductive or capacitive.
To understand the circuit behavior at resonance.
Equipment:
Breadboard
Function generator
Oscilloscope
Digital multimeter (DMM)
Introduction:
Resonant circuits form the basis for filters that have better performance than first order (RL,
RC) filters in passing desired signal or rejecting undesired signals that are relatively close in
frequency. The resonance frequency is defined as the frequency at which the impedance of
the circuit is purely real, that is, with zero reactance. For the reactance to be zero, impedance
of the inductor must equal that of the capacitor. At resonance, the impedance of a branch
with LC in series is equal to zero, which is equivalent to a short, and the admittance of a
branch with LC in parallel is equal to zero, which is equivalent to an open. As the frequency
increases, the magnitude of an inductive reactance increases, while the magnitude of a
capacitive reactance decreases. A circuit is said to be inductive if the total reactance is
positive, and a circuit is said to be capacitive if the total reactance is negative.
The bandwidth BW (or pass band bandwidth) is defined as the difference between the upper
and lower cutoff frequencies. In case of a low-pass filter or baseband signal, the bandwidth is
equal to its upper cutoff frequency.
Examples of the circuit and resonance frequency, cutoff frequencies and the bandwidth are
shown in Figure for a band pass and a band reject filter.
Figure: Circuit, Resonance frequency, cutoff frequency, and bandwidth
The quality factor or Q factor of the frequency response is described quantitatively in terms of
the ratio of the resonance frequency to the bandwidth. The Q factor is also defined as an energy
ratio.
Q = Pstored/Pdissipated = I2X/I2R Q = X/R where: X = Capacitive or Inductive reactance at
resonance R = Series resistance.
The steady-state response of a circuit will in general have maximum amplitude and phase angle
that is different from that of the source. In some cases, the magnitude of the voltage response
may exceed that of the voltage source.
Calculations: In Figure, use C = 0.1 uF, L = 100 mH.
1. At resonance frequency, calculate VC if:
1. R = 3 kΩ
2. R = 300 Ω
2. Find out whether the magnitude of VC is larger or smaller than Vin. Explain your result.
Simulation:
1. Use any simulation software such as MultiSim or Multisim Live to simulate the circuit in
Figure. Find the resonance frequency, half-power frequencies bandwidth and Q factor for
each circuit. Compare the result with that from PREPARATION.
To obtain accurate simulation results, perform the following steps.
Under “Simulation settings”, select AC Sweep.
Under “Sweep configuration”, set the sweeping type to “Decade”. Also, assign
reasonable values to “Start frequency”, “Stop frequency” and “Points per decade”
to obtain accurate results.
Under “Vertical scale”, select either “Linear” or “Decibel”. Observe the results
produced by the two scales.
2. Build and simulate the circuit (e) in Figure 7 – 2. Find the magnitude for V C for the
following cases.
1. R = 3 kΩ
2. R = 300 Ω
Compare the result with that from calculations.
Experimental Procedure:
1. On the breadboard, build circuit in Figure, Connect Ch1 to input and Ch2 to output so
that both the input and the output are displayed on the oscilloscope.
2. Set the input voltage to 3volts and frequency to the value calculated in calculations. For
circuit vary the frequency from the theoretical value to get a maximum output voltage.
The frequency at this maximum voltage Vmax is the resonance frequency. Vary the
frequency from the theoretical value to get a minimum output voltage. The frequency at
this minimum voltage Vmin is the resonance frequency.
3. Calculate the bandwidth by subtracting the 2 cut-off frequencies.
4. Calculate the Q factor using the equation from calculations.
5. Compare your result with that from Calculations and SIMULATION.
6. Build circuit in Figure Connect Ch1 to input and Ch2 to output so that both the input and
the output are displayed on the oscilloscope. Set the input voltage to 3volts and frequency
to the resonance frequency found in step 1 for circuit.
7. Find the magnitude for VC for the following cases.
1. R = 3 kΩ,
2. R = 300 Ω.
Compare the result with that from PREPARATION and SIMULATION.
Viva questions:
Explain what you observe in the experiment by answering the following:
1. Variations in the resonance frequency, cutoff frequencies, bandwidth and Q factor for the
circuit.
2. What is the phase relation between the total voltage and current is it leading or lagging
when the frequency is (i) below resonance, and (ii) above resonance? What is the nature
of the circuit in those two regions, ie, is it capacitive or inductive?
