U FORMULAS & PRINCIPLES with tlustrations I. Rules in Algebra a. Properties of Real Numbers = ‘© Commutative Property of Addition: ar bebea © Commutative Property of Multiplication axb =bxe © Associative Property of Addition a+O+d= @rDec @ Associative Property of Multiplicaton abo=(an) & © Lett Distributive Property a(b+2) = ab +2 © Right Distributive Property G@rb)em act be @ Additive Identity Property 240-2 © Mutipicative identity Property a) =2 © Additive Inverse Property a+ (a) =0 ‘® Multiplicative Inverse property ST I)ALGEBRA, 3 11, Laws of Exponents: Lote ym 7.821 (x20) Prehe o ese x” m aot yte (xy) 2 Oe" ; zy 10. Yk =x = i fa =x saa Aa 5x ea. ae ee 6. ype ‘= Note : In al cases anison by zero Is excluded, TIL, Laws of Radicals : 1.9K =x 4. alk +b¥k =(a+b) IK 2. Yy=ieyy 5. avk-bvk=(e-by vk £ 4 4 Engineering Mathematics Formulas IV. Special Products : La(xty)= ac tay 2.0 y Oty 3.(xtax+b A (ax+b ord +(atb)x+ab aods(betadyx+ bd S.(xty)*=x + 2xy ty? 6.(x-y)? =x dey + DAUxty)? =x + 3xy + dey t B.(x-y) =x -3xy + dxy’-y? 9.(x + )O8 eee 10. (x-y)OE + xy + 7) = x- |. Multiplication by Grouping : Octytzew)?= [Ocry)+(2+w)P = (xtyyF+ 2Gcry)(2+w)+(z40)? a xyz twit Day Dext Det 2yz+ 2p 2ew VIL Factoring : < La(xty)=ax+ay Sry ay2 ALGEBRA 6.x24(atbx+ab= (xtaXx+b) T.ace+(be+ad)xt bd = (axtb)(c+d) Pe ae Cs pea - += (x+y )be—9y + 10.8-y! =(x-y) xy ty) Ait yFe (xvi 08+) 12+ % Tee oy 1328-8 = (ey) atney eyo sy’) 14.x8— ae ee eh? vy) eens Fw 16x! + 4y" = OE Dy+2V6 VIE. Common Factor : ‘A common factor of two or more counting numbers is a counting number which is a factor of each of the given number. The set ‘of common factors of the two numbers is the intersection of these two sets. (Common Factors Find the common factors of 12 and 20. Solution: Factors of 12, Fiz = {1,2,3,4, 612) Factors of 20, Fix = { 1, 2, 4,5, 10, 20} Thus; the common factors of 12 and 20: w Fa nFm = {1,24} 6 Engineering Mathematics Formulas & VIII. Greatest Common Factor : ‘The Greatest Common Factor or GCF of two ‘or more counting numbers is the largest Counting number which is a factor of each of the given number [EEEIMIGERL (Greatest Common Factor-GCF) Find the Greatest Common Factor (GCF) of 108 Prime factors of the numbers in canonical form. 108 = 2x3? 60 = 2 x3x5 The GCF is the product of the smallest factor ‘common, to both : thus; GO = 2x3 = 12 TX.Multiple of a Number : “The multiple of a number is the product that the number gives when multiplied by a counting or natural number.the | then 20. Solution: | Multiples of 2 Multiples of 3,ALGEBRA 15 it(n=n) Permutation of n objects some are alike : ‘The permutation of n objects in which q are alike, rare ‘ alike and so on, is: jon of n objects alike How many. permutations can be made from the ‘word MISSISSIPPT, Solution: neil ,415,45',2Ps ut aratar Ao Ring or Cyclic Permutations: [ESD ( Cyclic Permutation ) How many ways can 5 people be seated on a round table? Solution : P=(5-1)) P= 24 ways 16 Engineering Mathematics Formulas * Combination: ‘Combination is a grouping arrangement of all or of any elements of a set regardless of the order. The number of combinations of taken r at a time: = 8 ee ner te: SRS Ee ro Combination ) ix people are on a sinking are 4 life jackets. How many — combinations of| survivors are_ there? Solution : Cc (6,4)= (8.49) aya > The number of combination of n objects taken 1,23,... mata time. Oia mn 6!ALGEBRA. 2 XVII. Theory of Set: 1. Definition: Set is any well defined lists, collections or lass of objects. 2.Basic Set Operations : ‘2, Union ~ the union of sets A and B is the set of all elements which belong to A or to B or to both. [Example: Qua) A=(ha.m)} B={man} ten; AUB ={ jem, n> Drintersection — the Intersection of sets A-and & Is the set of elements which belongs to A and also belongs to B. ‘Intersection. cae 3m} B={man} then; ANB ={a,m} c. Difference- the difference of two sets A and B Is the set of elements which belong to A but -which do not belong to B. Difference A=Ga,m} B={m,an} 18 Engineering Mathematics Formulas then; A=B={]} and; B-A={n} d. Complement ~ the complement of a set A is the set of elements which do not belong to A, that is; the difference between universal set and A. [EEMMIGA_( Complement ) A ={2,4,6,8,..) then; A°={1,3,5,7,. 3.Nenn = Euler Diagram: a. AunionB: (AUB) hd b. Aintersection B: (ANB)ALGEBRA, 39 ©. Adifference 8: (A-B) Jenn Diagram - EE Board, Oct. 1993) Ta class of 40 students , 27 like calculus ,and 25 like chemistry . How many like both Calculus) and Chemistry ? a (Qe) ery Let : x =o, of students who tke both Calculus and Chemisty . (27-x) + x + (25-x) = 40 wx =12 students In @ survey concerning the number of ‘students enrolled in Mathematics Subject, it was found out that 30 enrolled in Algebra, Calculus and Trigonometry; 40 in Algebra and Trigonometry ,45 in Trigonometry and Calculus, 50 in Algebra and Calculus, 80 in Algebra and 70 in Calculus . If there are 130 students in all, how many students were enrolled in Trigonometry only 2 Solution : ALGEBRA (\ 5 \cacuws xP ey ‘TRIGONOMETRY x45 +20 +104 15+20 +30 = 130 = x = 30 studentsroots are real and unequal roots are imaginaty or complex 4. Sum of Roots: 5, Product of Roots: Let; dscrminant(B2S7QU#RE DIED at ot a ano 3st two are equal )unequal ) 1f [BESO (one rots real and two earn enn 4. Solutions if D < 0. 1. Solution to quartic equation : Reduce the general quartic equation to cubic jon then; use. Cardan’s Method . eae‘ALGEBRA, Tf the degree "Ws greater than’ 4) no rook of 0) = 0 can be expressed, by an Algebraic formula in terms ofthe coeffidents of f(x). This was proved. by the Brilant — Nonwegian Mathematician, NEILS HENRICK ABEL (1802- 1828), who left 3 tremendous record of Achievement inspite of his early death. XXT. Theory of Equations : 4. Factor Theorem : i Toate) Factor Theorem: rind the value of Ktor which X* 45a factor of_x¢ +2? — 7x +k. Solution + tad fo) = 0 (42 + 2(4F - 70-4) +k=0 Engineering Mathematics Formulas * (Remainder Theorem ) Find the remainder when x* ~ 10x? - 9x ~ 20 Is_divided by x=4 Solution : 1(4) = (4)*= 104) -9 (4) - 20 Remainder = 40 +3.Synthetic Division ; ie Division Find the quotient and the remainder IF + 3 -4x-13 is divided by x-2 using synthetic division Solution : Toe we Bic ae eis cea Seer 3 Sear ddl alS: the quotient is; 32+ 9x +14 and the remainder is; 15 Oar, Systems of Equations : ‘4, Solutions of Linear equations : 1. Elmination by substitution 2. Elimination by comparison 3. Elimination by addition or subtraction 4 By Determinants or Cramer's RuleALGEBRA 27 (Note : In eiminaion by edalton or sublractn, to soe fer the values ofthe unknowns ffom the ghen enustions, the folowing tecniques ae recommended {For three equations three unknowns : Paso att) eters 8 ant einen one of We “eres pansy Be tabby he soe cout (nk UBD 8 ‘nue roves arent eta Beco of erable ‘eTenoas cunon1 ana 2 remus ese oY (Sim, EE Board Apr. 1997) ‘Solve for the values of x, y and z for the given ‘equations: -y +32 =-3 +0 XK+3¥-2 = 10 90 x-ytz =-4 50 28, Engineering Mathematics Formulas * ‘Solution + Pair eqns @ & @ and eliminate y : (addition) 6&x-3y +9 =-9 0x3 K+ -2 = 10 30 % + &= 1 > eqna Pair eqns @ & @ and eliminate y : (addition) K+ -2.= 10 > 3x=3y +32 2-12 > 9x3 6x2 =-2 > egn.B Q Pair eqs A&B and eliminate 2: +. > a= Hl b. Homogeneous System: If the variable terms have the same degrée ; then Homog ve ie values of x and y= ¥+y = 8230 950 Solution : Let: y= vx 2 +vid = 82i a ae 82 e- oe x(x) =9 wee so by: comparison ; cautions 9.8.0: if XXIII. Proportion : ae eereeren et ay band are means ‘and dare extremes 30. Engineering Mathematics Formulas Proportions = The product of the extremes equals theALGEBRA 31 vo Rae 1. ys directly proportional to x 2 y's proportional to x 3.y varies directly as x 4. y varies as x 1.y Is inversely proportional to x 2.y varies inversely as x XX Inequalities : a. Theorems on Inequalities : a>b, ifa-b>0 ab,then atc>b+c If a>b ,then a-c>b-c If a>b , then ac > befor c > 0 If a>b , then ac< before <0 ab Ha>b,then 252 for c>0 Ifa>b, then 222 forc eentry or tert Hint; 1's better to assume the present age to be the reference and just use postive /plus (+) i the ‘age referred by the problem Is. future and rminus/negative (-) ; IF the age referred to i past. [UE Board , Apr. 97) ‘sum of Kim's ins ages 15 18. Tn years , Kim will be twice as old as Kevin. What are their ages now? Solution : Let : x. Kim’s Age ( now ) x4 3» Kins Age (in 3 years) y > Kevin's Age ( now) +3 —> Kevin's Age (in 3 years ) x+y = 18> eqn. subst. eqn. @ to! 2y+3+y= 18 thenjy=5 and j from @ 26) +3=13 e srthus; Kevin's Age = 5 & Kim's Age = 13 34. Engineering Mathematics Formulas Ow Ne : IRAE Total manchr to complete work ‘= Sum of unit man-hr Example: 1750 man-hr to bulld a Rouse =1,100 man- bir eh works » G50 man-hr electrical and mechanical work. 6386092: Sum of unit work = total unit of work . a where: th teyty, ty >the time that worker 1,2, 3 ‘atch can do the jab alone > the total tme that worker can finish the b_IFal of them work together. + ‘Work (Unit work) Time of work done where : % Isthe time where; 1, 2,83 work together te is the time where ; x, ¥, 82 work together (Work Problem EE Board, Apr. 1996 ‘Aand B can do the a piece of work in 42 days, Band C in 31 days andC and Ain 20 days.es ‘werk together. Solution : ‘= thus; time for them to work together is 19 days: Mixture Problems : where: A,B &C are numbers of quantties by volume or weight. X, Y&z are the unit cost or fractional parts 36. Engineerin (Mixture Problem - EE Board Oct. ‘97 Ten liters of 25% salt solution and 15 liters of 35% salt solution are poured into 2 drum originally containing 30 liters of 10% salt solution. What isthe percent concentration in the mixture? Solution : sees 0.25 (10) + 0.35 (15) + 0.10 (30) = 55x wr thus: x= 19,55 % A clock Problems Basis of Analysss Xn, of ‘minute spaces the minute hand wil rotate around the dock.For every x travel of minute hand : ‘ther modifiers ofthe poston of hands of the dock: SO mite sates -> hands omnes ech tir (ERED ( Clock Problem - Ce Board, 1995 ) In how many minutes after 7:00 o'clock will the hands of the clock be-directly opposite to each other for the first time? 38. neering Mathematics Formulas = Rate Problem - EE Board ‘A teain an r starting mi a accident which detains it an hour, after which it proceeds at 3/5 of its former rate and arrives three hours after_ time; but had_ the accident happened 50 miles farther in the fine it would hhave arrive one and one-half hour sooner, find ‘the length ofthe journey.ALGEBRA, 39 ‘Solution : Staring point. Point of Accident Destination ‘Sree a! Bi r CASE T : Accident Happened an hour after its Departure. SG + leans = fame +S 50, Dy 3 Pe ease BeBe 2 Wise 7 A 3y 2y where :D; = D -(D; +50) Vs tonnes ~ (Wits + 50) = 4V,-V,- 50 Ds = 3V; - 50 then; $0 34-50 7 v 2 200z an oF ths, D = Wma) = 222 (4) = SO mies cost and Investments: where: Profit = % of Captal Discount = % of Seling Price {investment Prob. EE Board, Apr. 195 is company per copy. What will be the selling price Ifa discount of 20% and a profit of 30% is to be made ? Solution : Capital + Profit = Selling Price — Discount 200 + 0.30 ( 200) = x~ 0.20 (x) w thus; x = P325 Digit Problem : For ; 2 digit number ‘tout = reversed number For : 3 digit number a2. ase Mathematics Formulas ¥ where: U is the unt cigt t isthe ten’s digit hi isthe hundred’s digit ETI (Dit Proiem- ce Board Problem ) re difference of the squares of the digits of ‘a two digit positive number is 27. Ifthe digits are reversed in order and the resuiting number subtracted from the original number, the difference is also 27. What is the original number. Solutior Let: 10t + u = original number 10u+t = reversed number P-u=27 50 (10t+u)- (du +t) = 27+ t-u=3 t=3+u5 0 subst."t" in eq. @ to "t" in eqn. ©: (34uy ® Subtract eqn. @ from eqn. @ : 49x + 29y = 900 x= 200-257 9 ty; y = 4 docks 300-29(4) ee x= x = 16 radios and, 2 = 100-x-y z= 100-16-4 2 = 80 flashlights = thus; the number of radios = 16