CT1 Financial Mathematics Solutions
CT1 Financial Mathematics Solutions
November 2011 Examinations
INDICATIVE SOLUTIONS
Page 1 of 14
IAI CT1 1111
Note
1. Markers are instructed to follow the guidelines as closely as possible while giving step
marks
2. No step marks need to be given for answers lacking fundamental understanding of the
concepts
3. Any alternative solution should be given full credit provided it is logical
4. Any incorrect solution should not be penalized more than once
Sol. 1)
a)
9
The amount initially lent was 50,000(1 − * 0.18) = 43,250
12
b)
δ
i. (1 + i) = e = 1.0618
v = 0.9418
d
(12 )
= 12(1 − v (1 / 12) ) = 5.98%
4
⎛ d ( 4) ⎞
ii. v = 1 − d = ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ = 0.9413
⎝ 4 ⎠
−1
i = v − 1 = 6.24%
⎛ 1
⎞
i (12 )
= 12⎜⎜ (1 + i ) 12 − 1⎟⎟ = 6.07%
⎝ ⎠
c)
The order is determined based on when the interest is paid, so, for example d corresponds to
interest paid immediately which requires a smaller payment amount. Similarly, i corresponds to
interest paid at the end of time and δ corresponds to payment throughout
d <δ <i (4)
< i
d) With 1 unit of initial capital, d is the interest payable at the beginning of the year. Similarly, with
the same capital, i is the interest payable at the end of the year. So d must be equal to the
present value at the beginning of the year of the payment i payable at the end of the year. i.e. d
= iv
[10]
Page 2 of 14
IAI CT1 1111
Sol. 2)
a)
i (12 ) = 6% , thus monthly effective i is given by
i (12 )
i = = 0.5%
12
Accumulation factor for two years (working in months) = (1 + 0.5%)24 = 1.1272
Accumulated amount after two years = 7945.63
Accumulation factor for next 2.5 years (working in quarters) = (1 + 10*1.5%) = 1.15
Accumulated amount after four and a half years = 9137.48
12
⎛ d (12 ) ⎞
v = 1 − d = ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ = 0.94162
⎝ 12 ⎠
i = v − 1 − 1 = 6 .2 %
1.5
Accumulation factor for next 1.5 years (working in years) = (1 + 6.2%) =1.0944
Accumulated amount after 6 years = 7,049*1.1272*1.15*1.0944 = 10,000
b)
Present variable of variable annuity PV is given by
PV = 12 + 22v + 32v2 + 42v3 + …+n2v(n‐1)
=> PV = 1 + 4v + 9v2 + 16v3 + … + n2v(n‐1)
=> vPV = v + 4v2 + 9v3 + 16v4 + …+(n‐1)2v(n‐1) + n2vn (multiplying both sides by v)
subtracting,
2
(1‐v)PV = 1+ 3v + 5v + 7v + … + (2n‐1)v 3 (n‐1) 2 n 2 2
+ n v (since n – (n‐1) = (n+n‐1)*(n‐n+1) = 2n‐1)
=> (1‐v)PV = 2{1+ 2v + 3v2 + 4v3 + … + nv(n‐1) } – {1 + v + v2 + v3 + … + v(n‐1)} + n2vn
•• ••
2( I a n ) − a n − n v 2 n
PV =
1− v
[8]
Page 3 of 14
IAI CT1 1111
Sol.3)
a)
The first two conditions of Redington’s theory of immunization
• present value of assets and liabilities should be equal
• volatility of assets and liabilities should be equal
The risk free rate of return (i) is 6% per annum effective.
Present value of liabilities ( V L (i ) )
x *1.06 −1 + 2 x *1.06 −2 + 3.5 x *1.06 −3 + 4.5 x *1.06 −4 + 5 x *1.06 −5 + 100 *1.06 −6
= 12.9628 x + 70.4961
Present value of assets ( V A (i ) )
−1 −2 −5 −6 −8
10 *1.06 + 10 *1.06 + 20 *1.06 + 30 *1.06 + y *1.06
= 54.4279 + 0.6274 y
As per Redington’s first condition
Present value of liabilities = Present value of assets
⇒ 12.9628 x + 70.4961 = 54.4279 + 0.6274 y
⇒ x = 0.0484 y − 1.2396
Volatility of liabilities is − V ' L (i ) / V L (i ) , where − V ' L (i ) is
x *1.06 −2 + 2 * 2 x *1.06 −3 + 3 * 3.5 x *1.06 −4 + 4 * 4.5 x *1.06 −5
+ 5 * 5 x * 1.06 −6 + 6 * 100 * 1.06 −7
= 43.6401x + 399.0343
Volatility of assets is − V ' A (i ) / V A (i ) , where − V ' A (i ) is
10 *1.06 −2 + 2 *10 *1.06 −3 + 5 * 20 *1.06 −6 + 6 * 30 *1.06 −7 + 8 * y *1.06 −9
= 215.8987 + 4.7352 y
As per Redington’s second condition
Volatility of liabilities = Volatility of assets
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IAI CT1 1111
⇒ 43.6401x + 399.0343 = 215.8987 + 4.7352 y , since V L (i ) = V A (i ) as per first condition
⇒ 43.6401 * (0.0484 y − 1.2396) + 399.0343 = 215.8987 + 4.7352 y
129.041
⇒y=
2.623
⇒ y = 49.1967
Hence
x = 0.0484 * 49.1946 − 1.2396 = 1.1416
(The second condition can also be taken as equality of DMTs and solved.)
Convexity of liabilities is V ' ' L (i ) / V L (i) , where V ' ' L (i ) is
2 *1.1416 * 1.06 −3 + 2 * 3 * 2 * 1.1416 * 1.06 −4 + 3 * 4 * 3.5 *1.1416 *1.06 −5
+ 4 * 5 * 4.5 * 1.1416 * 1.06 −6 + 5 * 6 * 5 * 1.1416 * 1.06 −7 + 6 * 7 * 100 * 1.06 −8
b)
= 2,870.047
V L (i ) = V A (i ) = 12.9628 * 1.1416 + 70.4961 = 85.294
Hence, convexity of liabilities = 2,870.047 / 85.294 = 33.649
= 3,231.819
[12]
Page 5 of 14
IAI CT1 1111
Sol. 4)
a)
Effective rate of return, i =(1 – d)‐1 ‐ 1 = 6.383%
The purchase price of the house P is given by,
P = 5,000 * 12 * a
&&1(12) (1 + 1.052v + 1.052 2 v 2 + 1.052 3 v 3 + ....)
− 2,000(1 + 1.02v + 1.02 2 v 2 + 1.02 3 v 3 + ....)
1 − 1.06383 −1
&&1(12 ) = 12 *1.06383(1 / 12 ) *
Where, 12 * a = 11.66631
12 * (1.06383(1 / 12 ) − 1)
j k
= 5,000 * 11.66631 * a ∞ − 2,000 * a ∞
1.06383 1.06383
Where j = − 1 = 0.011245 and k = − 1 = 0.042970
1.052 1.02
1+ j 1+ k
= 5,000 * 11.66631 * − 2,000 *
j k
= 51,97,101
The monthly rent of the house on 1st April, 2011 will be
b)
= 5,000 *1.052 = 5,533.52
2
The maintenance cost of the house on 1st April, 2011 will be
= 2,000 *1.02 2 = 2,080.80
st
The sale price S of the house as on 1 April, 2011 is given by,
S = 5,533.52 * 12 * a
&&1(12 ) (1 + 1.053v + 1.053 2 v 2 + 1.0533 v 3 + ....)
− 2,080.80(1 + 1.02v + 1.02 2 v 2 + 1.02 3 v 3 + ....)
j k
= 5,533.52 * 11.66631 * a ∞ − 2,080.80 * a ∞
1.06383 1.06383
Where j = − 1 = 0.0102847 and k = − 1 = 0.042970
1.053 1.02
1+ j 1+ k
= 5,533.52 * 11.66631 * − 2,080.80 *
j k
Page 6 of 14
IAI CT1 1111
= 62,90,927
Calculation for capital gain tax
Purchase price of property after inflation allowance
106
= 51,97,101 * = 55,64,573
99
Capital gain tax = 10% * (62,90,927 − 55,64,573) = 72,635
Amount received on sale of property after capital gain tax
= 62,90,927 − 72,635 = 62,18,292
[10]
Sol. 5)
(i)
Merits and Demerits of Index‐linked government bond:
+ Government bonds are more secured.
+ Marketability of the security is good.
‐ The underlying Whole Price Index may not match with index followed by the liability.
‐ Indexation lag of 6 months means that index linked liability is not matched completely with the asset.
(ii) Merits and Demerits of interest rate swap offered by investment bank:
+ The asset will match the liability more closely than index‐linked government bond. There may not be
any indexation lag.
‐ There is a credit risk associated with the issuer bank. Issuer bank may default.
‐ The market condition may change in future making the swap contract unviable to the customer.
‐ The swap may be designed only for a particular customer. Hence, the marketability of the security is
poor.
‐ The cost of such swap may be more as it is specially designed for the customer. Also the issuer will
keep allowance for profit margin in the contract.
[5]
Sol.6)
Par yield:
Page 7 of 14
IAI CT1 1111
a) The n‐year par yield represents the coupon per `1 nominal that would be payable on a bond with term n
years, which would give the bond a current price under the current term structure of `1 per `1 nominal,
assuming the bond is redeemed at par.
b) To find out par coupons of a four year bond issued at time t, we need to determine 1‐year, 2‐year, 3‐year
and 4‐year discounting factors at time point t=2
Hence, the par coupon c of a bond with redemption amount `100, is given by
⎛ 1.055 2
1.055 2
1.055 2
1.055 2
⎞ 1.055 2
100 = c⎜⎜ + + + ⎟⎟ + 100
⎝ 1.06
3
1.07 4
1.08 5
1.085 6 ⎠ 1.085 6
= c(0.9345 + 0.8491 + 0.7575 + 0.6822) + 100 * 0.6822
(0.5 marks for correct method of discounting and 0.5 marks for correct calculation of each of the five
discounting factors)
100 − 68.22 [6]
⇒c= = 9.86
0.9345 + 0.8491 + 0.7575 + 0.6822
Page 8 of 14
IAI CT1 1111
Sol.7)
a) Arbitrage is a risk free trading profit. Arbitrage free contract is a contract where no arbitrage
opportunities exist.
An arbitrage opportunity exists if either:
(a) an investor can make a deal that would give her or him an immediate
profit, with no risk of future loss, or
(b) an investor can make a deal that has zero initial cost, no risk of future
loss, and a non‐zero probability of a future profit.
b) i.
Total number of convertible units to be issued after 3 months = 500 * 1,000 = 5,00,000
The cost of the underlying stocks to be issued to employees on the date of issuance i.e. at 3
month’s time, S = 5,00,000 * 15 = ` 75,00,000
The amount of dividend due on the stocks before the employees can convert them
Time (t) of dividend payment (from now) Amount of dividend payment (in `)
1 year and 3 months from now 0.25 * 5,00,000 =1,25,000
2 years and 3 months from now 0.25 * 5,00,000 * 1.02 =1,27,500
3 years and 3 months from now 0.25 * 5,00,000 * 1.022 =1,30,050
On date of issuance of convertible stocks, the present value of all the dividends to be paid over
next 3 years
I = 1,25,000 *1.06 −1 + 1,27,500 *1.06 −2 + 1,30,050 *1.06 −3 = 3,40,591.56
Hence forward price of the hedging forward contract
= ( S − I ) *1.06 = (75,00,000 − 3,40,591.56) *1.06 = 85,26,970
3 3
b) ii.
The amount the company need now to enter into the contract
= 85,26,970 *1.06 −3.25 = 70,55,872
[7]
Page 9 of 14
IAI CT1 1111
Sol. 8) Note that the period of investigation is 3 years
Also, the cashflows received on 1 April 2008 and 1 June 2009 are not new money and are
generated by the fund itself
Thus, TWRR i is given by
(1+i)3 =
⎛ 11,00,000 ⎞ ⎛ 11,00,000 ⎞ ⎛ 7,30,000 ⎞ ⎛ 15,00,000 ⎞
⎜ ⎟*⎜ ⎟*⎜ ⎟*⎜ ⎟
⎝ 10,00,000 + 0 ⎠ ⎝ 11,00,000 + 3,00,000 ⎠ ⎝ 11,00,0000 − 2,00,000 ⎠ ⎝ 7,30,000 + 300,000 ⎠
= 1.1*0.7857*0.811*1.4563 = 1.02092
TWRR = 1.02092(1/3) ‐1= 0.69%
[4]
Sol. 9)
a) The discounted payback period of an investment project is the first time at which the net present
value of the cash flows from the project is positive.
b) Considering the NPV at 8% per annum effective and working in ` Lacs
Present value of cash outflows is given by
( )
__ @ 8% ••
(12 ) @ 8%
25.5 a 4 + 2v a 10
4
+ 10v 1 + 1.06v + (1.06v) + ... + (1.06v)
4 2 9
i = 8% => δ = log e (1 + i ) = 7.696% and i = 8% => d (12) = 12(1 − v (1 / 12) ) = 7.6714%
__ @ 8%
1− v4 ••
(12 ) @ 8% 1 − v10
a4 = = 3.442913 , a 10 = = 6.997433
∂ d (12 )
1 − v'10
&&10@ i '% =
let, v’ = 1.06v; thus i' = v’^‐1 – 1 = 1.8868% and a = 9.206514
d'
Thus, PV of outflows = 25.5*3.442913 + 2*0.73503*6.997433 + 10*0.73503*9.206514
= 87.7943 + 10.2866 + 67.67063 = 165.7515
Present value of cash inflows is given by
⎛ __ @ 8% __ @ 8% __ @ 8% ⎞
v 4 ⎜⎜12 a 2 + 17v 2 a 3 + 31v 5 a 5 + 120v10 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
= 0.73503* (12*1.8537 + 17* 0.85734*2.6789 + 31* 0.68058*4.1504 + 120*0.46319)
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IAI CT1 1111
= 0.73503 *(22.2444 + 39.0444 + 87.5651 + 55.5828) = 150.2671
Hence, NPV of the project @8% = 150.2671– 165.7515 = ‐15.4844 lacs
Since NPV is negative, this means IRR is less than 8% per annum effective.
Hence, the decision criteria is not fulfilled.
[9]
Sol.10)
We will first find the accumulation factors at time t = 3 and t = 6
3
3 3 t2 t3
∫ δ ( t ) dt ∫ ( at +bt −1) dt
2 a +b −t 9
2 3 ( a + 9 b −3 )
A(0,3) = e
0
=e 0
=e 0
=e 2
6,000 9 9 9
Ln( ) = a + 9b − 3 = > 0.182322 = a + 9b − 3 = > a + 9b = 3.182322 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐(1)
5,000 2 2 2
Similarly,
6
6 6 t2 t3
∫ δ ( t ) dt ∫ ( at +bt −1) dt
2 a +b −t
= e (18 a+72b−6 )
2 3
A(0,6) = e
0
= e0 =e 0
10,000
Ln( ) = 18a + 72b − 6 = > 0.693147 = 18a + 72b − 6 => = 18a + 72b = 6.693147 ‐‐‐‐(2)
5,000
Multiplying equation (1) by 8 and subtracting from 2, we get
18a – 36a = ‐18.76543 = > a = 1.042524
Using the above value of a in equation 1, we have
b = ‐0.16767
[6]
Page 11 of 14
IAI CT1 1111
Sol.11)
a) Monthly repayment is given by
13% * 4 * 5,00,000 + 5,00,000
= 15,833.33
12 * 4
b) Effective rate of interest per month i’ is given by
@ i'
15,833.33 a 48 = 5,00,000
@ i'
a 48 = 31.57895
Since effective rate per annum is roughly double of flat rate (around 26% per annum
taking guess,
@ i'
i’ = 2% => a 48 = 30.67312
@ i'
i’ = 1.9% => a 48 = 31.30675
Using interpolation
i '−1.9% 31.57895 − 31.30675
= => i ' = 1.857%
2% − 1.9% 30.67312 − 31.30675
Effective rate of interest per annum = (1+1.857%)^12 – 1 = 24.71%
[5]
Sol.12) Working in months
a)
The monthly installment X1 is given by
@ 1%
X 1 a 120 = 10,00,000
=> X 1 = 14,347.1
Total amount paid in 5th year = 1,72,165.2
@ 1%
b) Capital outstanding at the end of 5th year for loan = 14347.1 a 60 = 6,44,974.43
Page 12 of 14
IAI CT1 1111
@ 1%
Capital outstanding at the end of 4th year for loan = 14347.1 a 72 = 7,33,859.78
th
Thus, total capital repaid during the 5 year
= 7,33,859.78 – 6,44,974.43
= 88,885.35
Total interest paid during 5th year = 1,72,165.2– 88,885.35= 83,279.85
[8]
Sol. 13)
(i)
The accumulated amount, S is given by
S = 5,000(1 + i1 )(1 + i2 )(1 + i3 ).....(1 + i10 ) + 10,000(1 + i2 )(1 + i3 ).....(1 + i10 )
⇒ S = 5,000(1 + i2 )(1 + i3 ).....(1 + i10 )(1 + i1 + 2)
⇒ S = 5,000(3 + i1 )(1 + i2 )(1 + i3 ).....(1 + i10 )
Hence the mean of accumulated amount is given by
E ( S ) = 5,000(3 + j )(1 + j )(1 + j ).....(1 + j )
Where j = E (it ) = 7% for any
= 5,000 * (3 + j )(1 + j )
9
= 28,220
Again mean of S 2 is given by
( ) ∏ (1 + i )
10
E ( S 2 ) = 5,000 2 E 9 + 6i1 + i12 E
2
t
t =2
2
(
= 5,000 9 + 6 j + j + s 2 2
)(1 + 2 j + j 2
+s )
2 9
Where, s 2 = Var (it ) = (2.5% ) for any
2
( )
⇒ E it2 = (E (it )) + Var (it ) = j 2 + s 2
2
Hence the variance of the accumulated amount
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IAI CT1 1111
Var ( S ) = 5,000 2 (9 + 6 j + j 2 + s 2 )(1 + 2 j + j 2 + s 2 9
) − (28,220)
2
= 39,74,355
SD( S ) = 1,994
(ii)
With the fixed interest rate the accumulated value of the investment
= 5,000(1 + 7.5% ) + 10,000(1 + 7.5% )
10 9
= 29,478
As per the question,
S ~ N (28,220, 1,9942)
Hence the required probability
⎛ 29,478 − 28,220 ⎞
P ( S > 29,478) = P⎜ Z > ⎟
⎝ 1,994 ⎠
= 1 − 0.73586
= 0.26414 [10]
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