Dayalbagh Educational

Institute
(Deemed University)
Dayalbagh, Agra-05

Department Of Civil Engineering

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

ON
CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL FLATS

SUBMITTED BY:
RAHIL ARSHAD

1
 146208
[Link]. CIVIL IV YR

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work entitled “PLANNING, EXECUTION

of multistoried building” is an authentic record of my own work carried
out at DELHI as requirements of five month industrial practical semester
for the award of degree of [Link].(Civil Engineering), from Dayalbagh
Educational Institute, Dayalbagh under the Guidance of Mr. Sunil Kumar,
during 10th April to 30th August, 2019.

Rahil Arshad

Roll No. 146208

Certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the
best of our knowledge and belief

Mr. Sunil Kumar

Team Leader
Amodh Constructions

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It give me great pleasure to have an opportunity to acknowledge and to express my deep

gratitude to all those who are associated with my one month industrial training project for the
construction of multi-storey residential flats Royal Residency Project at Delhi. Although it is
not possible to thank all those individually yet I name few ones who have helped me a lot to
increase my knowledge in the field of construction.

I express my sincere thanks and gratitude towards the TEAM LEADER Mr. Sunil Kumar
for their valuable guidance, interest encouragement throughout my training period. I also
thanks to the Engineers and the staff member of AMODH CONSTRUCTIONS. Who gave
me their valuable time and experience in the field and helped me a lot to increase my
knowledge in the field of construction.

And for their adherence and guidance which helped me in acclimatizing to the practical
exposure of the construction work

It’s my privilege to acknowledge my profound gratitude towards my project guide, for giving
me valuable suggestions, encouragement and timely guidance with which I am able to
complete my training. At the same time I would like to thank entire staff at the site for their
help.

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5
 INDEX
Salient Features of the Project

1. MATERIAL USED

2. FIELD TEST ON MATERIAL

3. CONSTRUCTION TOOLS

4. CONCRETE AND QUALITY

5. FORMWORK & SCAFFOLDING

6. REINFORCEMENT

7. R.C.C.

8. STAIRCASE

9. CONCLUSION

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 SALIENT FEATURES OF PROJECT

PROJECT : Construction of Residential flats at

New Delhi

TYPE OF STRUCTURE : 18th storied framed structure

TOTAL COST OF PROJECT : Rs.1600 Crore (approx)

COMPANY UNDER WHICH : M/S AMODH CONSTRUCTIONS LIMITED

TRAINEE

STIPULATE TIME OF THE : Three year for structure only

WORK

STIPULATE DATE OF : June, 2018

STARTS

STIPULATE DATE OF : July, 2021

COMPLECTION

STATUS OF WORK : Third floor slab.

SITE INCHARGE : Mr. Ram Lal

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[Link]. ITEMS Details
1 Project Name Royal Residency New Delhi
2 Total Plot Area 112 Acres or, 48,78,720 sqft.
3 Net plot for residential area 98.7 Acres or, 42,99,332 sqft
EWS @ 5% of plot area (Economically
4 weaker Section) 1.80 Acres or, 78,408.31 sqft
5 Commercial @4.17 % of Plot area 1.50 Acres or, 65,340 sqft
6 Community center area 1.50 Acres or, 65,340 sqft
7 Schools area for 2 nos. 7.75 Acres or, 33,75,90 sqft
8 Area for Dispensary 0.50 Acres or, 21,780 sqft
9 Area for religious site 0.25 Acres or, 10890.04 sqft
10 FAR Residential (Floor Area Ratio)@1.745 24,53,311.66 Sqft
  FAR Permissible @ 1.75 24,58,428.00 SQFT.
11 Ground Coverage @10.078% of plot area 1,41,582.229 Sqft
  Permissible Ground Coverage @ 50% 7,02,408.00 SQFT.
12 Park Area @38.82% of plot area 5,45,403.90 sqft
  Permissible Park Area @ 15% 2,10,722.40 SQFT.
13 Total car parking space provided for cars 3242 nos.
14 Car parking in open area 627 nos.
15 Car parking in Basement 2615 nos.
16 Total Towers 17 nos.
17 Total Flats 792 nos.
1no.~total flats =34nos.~Penthouses
18 Sky villas (G + 18 floors) =2nos.
2nos.~total flats = 68
19 Royal rosewood towers (G + 18 floors) nos.~Penthouses=4 nos.
6nos.~total flats
20 Royal retreat towers (G + 18 floors) =204nos.~Penthouses =12nos.
3nos. total flats =102
21 Royal Sherwood towers (G + 18 floors) nos.~Penthouses =6nos.
1no.~total flats =68nos.~Penthouses
22 Kingston towers (G + 18 floors) =4nos.
2nos. ~total flats
23 Queenston towers (G + 18 floors) =136nos.~Penthouses =8nos.
2nos. ~total flats
24 Princeton towers (G + 18 floors) =136nos.~Penthouses =8nos.
25 Sky villas one unit/flat area for  
  Ground Floor 8020 sqft
  Typical Floor 9000 sqft
  Penthouse 16500 sqft
26 Royal Rosewood one unit/flat area for  
  Ground Floor 5750 sqft
  Typical Floor 5750 sqft
  Penthouse 9900 sqft
27 Royal Retreat one unit/flat area for  
  Ground Floor 4150 sqft
  Typical Floor 4150 sqft
  Penthouse 6900 sqft

28 Royal Sherwood one unit/flat area for  

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  Ground Floor 3200 sqft
  Typical Floor 3200 sqft
  Penthouse 5410 sqft
29 Kingston one unit/flat area for  
  Ground Floor 2480 sqft
  Typical Floor 2700 sqft
  Penthouse 4065 sqft

30 Queenston one unit/flat area for  

  Ground Floor 2000 sqft
  Typical Floor 2200 sqft
  Penthouse 3785 sqft

31 Princeton one unit/flat area for  

  Ground Floor 1650 sqft
  Typical Floor 1800 sqft
  Penthouse 3560 sqft

32 Total height of one tower of above 195'

33 Total EWS Blocks (G + 3 floors) 9 nos.

34 Total EWS Flats 140 nos.

35 Total height of one EWS Block 42'

36 One block area of EWS 800 sqft

37 Reduced Level of External Pakhowal Road 100.0 M

38 Varying RLs of Internal Roads 100 to 102.0 M

39 Top RL of Basement Raft (Tower Area) 97.30 M

40 Top RL of Basement Raft (Non Tower Area) 97.375 M

41 Top RL of Basement Slab (Tower Area) 101.955 M

42 Top RL of Basement slab (Non Tower Area) 100.755 M

43 Top RL of Ground Floor Slab in Meter 104.995

44 Top RL of First Floor Slab in Meter 108.035

45 Top RL of 2nd Floor Slab in Meter 111.075

46 Top RL of 3rd Floor Slab in Meter 114.115

47 Top RL of 4th Floor Slab in Meter 117.155
48 Top RL of 5th Floor Slab in Meter 120.195
49 Top RL of 6th Floor Slab in Meter 123.235
50 Top RL of 7th Floor Slab in Meter 126.275
51 Top RL of 8th Floor Slab in Meter 129.315
52 Top RL of 9th Floor Slab in Meter 132.355
53 Top RL of 10th Floor Slab in Meter 135.395
54 Top RL of 11th Floor Slab in Meter 138.435
55 Top RL of 12th Floor Slab in Meter 141.475
56 Top RL of 13th Floor Slab in Meter 144.515

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57 Top RL of 14th Floor Slab in Meter 147.555
58 Top RL of 15th Floor Slab in Meter 150.595
59 Top RL of 16th Floor Slab in Meter 153.635
60 Top RL of 17th Floor Slab in Meter 156.675
61 Top RL of 18th Floor Slab in Meter 159.675
62 Floor to floor height - Basement 4.655 m
  Ground Floor 3.04 m
  Typical Floor up to 17th floor 3.04 m

MATERIAL USED ON SITE

CEMENT:

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Portland cement is composed of calcium silicates and aluminates and alumino-ferrite. It is
obtained by blending predetermined proportions limestone clay and other minerals in small
quantities which is pulverized and heated at high temperature – around 1500 deg centigrade
to produce ‘clinker’. The clinker is then ground with small quantities of gypsum to produce a
fine powder called Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). When mixed with water, sand and
stone, it combines slowly with the water to form a hard mass called concrete. Cement is a
hygroscopic material meaning that it absorbs moisture in presence of moisture it undergoes
chemical reaction termed as hydration. Therefore cement remains in good condition as long
as it does not come in contact with moisture. If cement is more than three months old then it
should be tested for its strength before being taken into use.

The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has classified OPC in three different grades The
classification is mainly based on the compressive strength of cement-sand mortar cubes of
face area 50 cm² composed of 1 part of cement to 3 parts of standard sand by weight with a
water-cement ratio arrived at by a specified procedure. The grades are

(i) 33 grade
(ii) 43 grade
(iii) 53 grade

The grade number indicates the minimum compressive strength of cement sand mortar in
N/mm2 at 28 days, as tested by above mentioned procedure.

Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) is obtained by either inter-grinding a pozzolonic material

with clinker and gypsum, or by blending ground pozzolana with Portland cement. Nowadays
good quality fly ash is available from Thermal Power Plants, which are processed and used in
manufacturing of PPC.

ADVANTAGES OF USING PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT OVER OPC

Pozzolana combines with lime and alkali in cement when water is added and forms
compounds which contribute to strength, impermeability and sulphate resistance. It also
contributes to workability, reduced bleeding and controls destructive expansion from alkali-
aggregate reaction. It reduces heat of hydration thereby controlling temperature differentials,

11
which causes thermal strain and resultant cracking n mass concrete structures like dams. The
colour of PPC comes from the colour of the pozzolanic material used. PPC containing fly ash
as a pozzolana will invariably be slightly different colour than the OPC. One thing should be
kept in mind that is the quality of cement depends upon the raw materials used and the
quality control measures adopted during its manufacture, and not on the shade of the cement.
The cement gets its colour from the nature and colour of raw materials used, which will be
different from factory to factory, and may even differ in the different batches of cement
produced in a factory. Further, the colour of the finished concrete is affected also by the
colour of the aggregates, and to a lesser extent by the colour of the cement. Preference for
any cement on the basis of colour alone is technically misplaced.

SAND:

Source – The sand is brought from river.

Colour – Colour is almost white.

Transportation source- Truck, Trolley

Volume – 250 [Link].

Fineness modulus – 2.65

AGGREGATES:

Aggregates are of two types.

Fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate

FINE AGGREGATE:

 The fine aggregate shall be hard, strong, dense, durable, & clean with uncoated grains.
The maximum size of the particles shall be 4.5mm (3/16 inch) and shall grade down.

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 The sand not contains any harmful material such as Iron, Pyrites, Coal, Mica, Silt
alkali etc.
 Grading: The natural sand used for work shall have a grading confirming to one of the
three grading zones of II, III, & I. And fineness modulus of sand used shall be
between 2.6 to 3.4.

COARSE AGGREGATE:

 Coarse aggregate shall consist of hard, dense, durable, uncoated, crushed aggregate
only
 The aggregate shall be free from soft, friable, thin or long laminated pieces. The
aggregate shall be screened and washed. The maximum percentage of deleterious
material shall not exceed those specified in relevant IS specification.

SIZE OF AGGREGATE:

 Nominal maximum size of aggregate in beam and column shall be restricted to 5mm
less than minimum clear distance between the main bars or 5mm less than maximum.
 In no case the maximum size of aggregate should be greater than one quarter of the
maximum thickness of the member so as to facilitate concrete to be placed without
difficulty.
 Generally for concrete work nominal maximum size of 20mm is considered suitable.

WATER:

Water used for both for mixing and curing shall be portable and free from injurious amount
of deleterious material.

CRUSHED STONE:

For P.P.C. work aggregate of smooth rounded practice free from dust is used maximum Ratio
and size of aggregate used in P.P.C. [Link] & 40mm.

CLASS OF BRICK:

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Size of brick used at site is 23mm*11mm*7.5mm and compressive strength of the brick is
between 80 kg/cm2 to 110 kg/cm2.

Average weight of the brick 3.3 kg.

CEMENT CONCRETE:

Cement concrete is mixture of cement, coarse aggregate. (Pebbles), fine aggregate (Sand) and
water and its compressive strength is

After no. of days Average strength of cube

7 days 130 kg/cm2

28 days 200 kg/cm2

Size of cube is 15cm*15cm*15cm

STEEL:

Steel used is Fe – 500D

FIELD TESTS ON MATERIAL

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During construction work, construction material are tested to ensure its quality and to
produce the good construction work from it an increase the life of the structure. Field tests are
tests that are done on the field are part of engineer job.

I carried out field tests on the following materials while working on the site, which are as
follows:

1. Cement

2. Sand

3. Concrete

Field test on cement:

Following are the test that makes the cement to be acceptable for construction:

 When hand immersed into bag of cement, it should feel cool.

 Lumps should not appear in a cement bag.
 When cement is rubbed with fingers it should produce the smooth feeling. When
small quantity of cement is put in a glass of water it should not float on water.
 If a small quantity of cement slurry is taken on a piece of glass and allowed to dry for
a day, cracks should not develop after cracking.
 A small quantity of cement paste is taken and small ball is made out of it and allowed
to dry for a day. After a day it is pressed between the fingers and if it breaks then
cement must be send to the laboratory to check its properties.

Field test on sand:

For testing of sand at the site, following tests are performed:

SILT TEST

Silt test is done because it contains a large specific surface area. Silt may be organic or
inorganic it is harmful for the strength of concrete. Organic silt combines chemically with
cement and affects the strength of concrete. The inorganic silt which is inert also harmful as it

15
sucks water and more water is therefore needed to maintain same workability resulting in
more w/c ratio thus the strength of concrete is reduced, so we have to do the test.

PROCEDURE:

A jar is taken. Add sand up to 300ml and then add water. Shake it vigorously till the silt goes
into suspension. Suppose the height of silt is X &Y is the height of clean sand then
percentage of silt is X/Y*100.

BULKAGE TEST

Damp sand bulks and occupies more space, and then dry 2% to 5% moisture increases the
volume by 10% to 20% or even 30%. Fine sand bulks more than coarse sand.

When the moist sand is measured by volume allowances should be made for bulking. This is
necessary to ensure that the amount of sand actually used in concrete is the same as it would
have been, if dry sand were to be used. The percentage of bulking of sand, due to moisture
content can be calculated by a simple field method.

PROCEDURE:

Take sand in jar up to a level of 300ml and water, so that sand settles to its actual volume. Let
it be D ml. thus the bulkage can be calculated by using the formula: (300-D)/D*100.

Field test on concrete:

To check the w/c ratio of the fresh concrete following tests are made at site:

 After realizing the concrete from mixture if aggregate segregates than w/c ratio was to
be checked and corrected.

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  When fresh concrete was suck 4-5 times by mean of trowel and finishing appeared is
not proper, than sand proportion as well as w/c ratio was checked and corrected.
 A rope of concrete was prepared in hand and it was allowed to drop from 1.5 heights
and if it segregates then w/c ratio was checked.

SLUMP TEST:

It is used for measuring the workability of fresh concrete and to check the uniformity of
concrete from batch to batch. In this test concrete is drawn in the slump cone in 3 layers and
each layer is tamped for 25 times. Then the slump cone is removed and the height of concrete
is measured in mm. Slump height comes out different as the w/c ratio varies in the concrete.
Thus the slump test is a measure consistency of wetness of the concrete mix. Thus procedure
is taken for 3 times simultaneously.

CUBE TEST:

This test is done to determine the compressive strength of a given sample of concrete for 7
days and 28 days.

Moulds made up of steel plates of size 15x15x15cm cube having nuts and bolts
arrangements, 600 mm long rod of dia.16mm trowel, iron pan are required.

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The mould is neatly oiled from inside. Required quantity of concrete is taken out of mixture
in the iron pan. The mould is filled in 3 layers with concrete, and each layer is tamped 25
times by600 mm long rod of diameter 16mm. top surface is finished with the help of a trowel.
Up to 10cum, six cubes are cast at a time. For every 10cum further six cubes are cast. After
24 hours the concrete cubes are taken out from the mould and kept in water tank for 7 days
and 28 days for curing. Out of six, three cubes are tested after 7 days, rest 3 are tested after 28
days. After 7 days, compressive strength should be 66% of total strength.

CONSTRUCTION TOOLS

CONCRETE MIXTURE:

When it is desired to mix the ingredients of concrete in a machine, then concrete mixer is
used. The mixer used on the site is of tilting type. Concrete mixer is provided with power
operated loading hoppers. The concrete mixer consists of drum in which materials get mixed
by series of blades inside it. The desired proportion of material is tied in to the hopper in dry
condition and they are then placed in the revolving drum of mixture. In revolving state the

18
components get mixed while water is mixed with the help of crane. Tilting the drum in
opposite direction discharges the concrete mix.

VIBRATORS:

Needle type vibrators are suitable for proper compaction of reinforced concrete in footing,
columns, beams, slabs, etc. it consists of a power unit along with a flexible tubes at the end of
which a vibrating head is attached. Power is provided by electrical motor, petrol engine. The
long tube has a flexible shaft, which rotates an eccentric weight inside the vibrating head. The
frequency of vibrator is about 7000 RPM & length of the needle is approx 600mm.

AIM OF VIBRATOR:

1. Vibrator is used for compaction.

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 2. For improving the quality of concrete by filling the voids.

WATER PUMPS:

Water pumps are used to supply water at different places around site for construction
purposes. Besides, it is also used for dewatering during excavation. Hence, it is very essential
equipment required for curing of superstructure in construction work.

STEEL BAR CUTTING MACHINE:

steel bar cutter, rebar cutter, bar cutter, steel bar cutter machine, rebar cutting machine, steel
cutter, cutting machine, reinforced steel bar cutter . The steel bar cutter is made of high steel
knife seat, connecting shaft, high speed international standard motor and firm reinforcing
covering. It can be used to cut round steel bars, deformed steel bars, and relevant construction

20
project, it is also applicable to cut flat steel, square steel, and angle steel, is a mandatory
machine in the processing of steels in the construction industry.
.

 HGQ40 steel bar cutter adopts enclosed housing, lubricate system, dual-mass
flywheel and with clutch structure.
 It works with high efficiency and safety, which is easy to operation and maintain,
light in weight and energy saving.
 Double Mass Flywheel, which assure strong enough power for cutting.

Product Specification/Models
Steel Bar Cutter
Model: HGQ40
Blade moving frequency (count/min): 32
Blade stroke (mm): 45
Cutting diameter of Steel bar (mm): 6-40(A3)
Voltage(V): 380
Motor Power(kW): 3
Motor model: Y100L2
Motor rotate speed (rpm): 2880
Net weight(KG): 315
Dimensions(L×W×H)(mm): 1150×400×650
Packing size(L×W×H)(mm): 1190×440×690
Max. Diameter of flat steel to be cut (mm): 75×15
Max. Diameter of square steel to be cut (mm): (Q235A) 32×32
Max. Diameter of angle steel to be cut (mm): 50×50

CONCRETE AND QUALITY CONTROL

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Concrete is an artificial material, which is most widely used construction material. The
concrete has its own property like high compressive strength, the versatility and moulds,
ability of this material be pre stressing technique which helps to make up for its low tensile
strength have contributed largely to its wide spread use. We can say that we are in age of
concrete.

There are glaring differences in construction of building built 50 years ago and those built
recently. The buildings built before 15 years are rumbling down since the concrete mix is
having the old proportions of cement aggregates. The builders use those old proportions
without adhering to the specifications given for that, thus concrete fails for several reasons.

Concrete disintegrates because of rusting of bars. As rusted bars expand in three times its
original steel volume and the concrete cracks since it’s weak in tension and cannot withstand
tensile stresses. As the sand used now a day is dredged from salty creaks in coastal areas, it
contains high amount of salt, which harms concrete by reacting with steel and corroding it.

There is a lot of honeycombing found in concrete due to inadequate compaction in concrete.

It is proved that 5% of void in concrete gives 30% less in compressive strength of concrete.

Ti is possible to get desired strength of concrete by using high grade cement and optimum
w/c ratio, for good workability, but none pays heed to the durability criteria.

POPERTIES OF CONCRETE:

STRENGTH: Concrete’s strength is mostly its compressive strength and it is always

designed for that only. The strength of concrete depends not upon the aggregate cement ratio.
The concrete is in ten times stronger in compression than that of tension.

DURABILITY: Durability of concrete is also dependent on the water cement ratio. These
are some limits in w/c ratio given in I.S.456:1978.

WORKABILITY:

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Concrete is said to be workable if it can easily mixed, handled, transported, placed in position
and compacted at the time of achieving workability the durability criteria should be kept in
mind.

Workability can be improved by:

 Reducing aggregate cement ratio.

 Using round aggregate instead of crushed aggregate.
 By increasing quantity of water and cement, so as the water cement ratio can be
maintained.

AGGREGATE:

Fine aggregate or sand helps in the adjustment of strength of concrete by variation of

proportion with cement. The sand dredged from old river beds is considered the best sand.
The sea sand contains salt which react with steel and so it should be used after thorough
washing.

Bulkage:

The dry or fully saturated sand has its actual volume but when sand gets a little saturated, a
film of water is formed around each sand grain which results in bulking of sand. When

 Sand has 5% moisture content it has maximum bulkage. Normally fine sand has
maximum bulkage.
 Silt content: 8% silt by volume is allowed by I.S. particles passing 0.075mm sieve are
called as silt.

 Salt: It react with steel and corrode it which results in splitting of concrete since the
coefficient of expansion and contraction of concrete and steel are different.

COARSE AGGREGATE:

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Coarse aggregate may be

 Rounded gravel aggregate

 Irregular gravel aggregate
 Crushed rock aggregate

But the normally used are crushed rock aggregate. Aggregate from igneous rock are best for
concrete because they are hard, tough and dense. Aggregate from sedimentary rocks are also
not bad, but those form metamorphic rocks are never to be used because they have foliated
structures. Angular aggregate are best for strength criteria, since they have very good
interlocking. It should not contain flaky aggregate.

WATER:

Water is an ingredient of concrete. It reacts with cement with to form a binding paste which
penetrates into innumerable minute, surface irregularities of sand and aggregates, bringing
them in close adhesion. Concrete containing water enough for hydration would be very dry
and exceedingly difficult to place. Additional water must therefore be added to mix to make it
workable enough to be easily placed inside the forms and worked around the reinforcement.
This additional water must however be kept to the very minimum as the use of too much
water weakens the strength of paste.

Disadvantages of using to much water in mixing:

Water occupies space in concrete and as it evaporates, it leaves voids. The more the
uncombined water the more voids will be there. There will be more voids in set concrete and
less it will be density, strength and durability. Excess water brings a mixture of the flovy part
of the cement and water to the surface. Concrete & this forms a thin layer of choky material
as “luitance” which prevent the proper binding of next layer of concrete.

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MIXING OF CONCRETE:

The ingredients of concrete are required to be mixed properly to get good concrete. There are
two methods of mixing.

1) Machine mixing
2) Hand mixing

1) Machine Mixing: the machine used for mixing all ingredients of concrete is known as
concrete mixture. They are of two types:

 Non tilting type in which drum cylindrical & revolves around

horizontal axis.
 Tilting type, in which mixture revolves in inclined axis, loading is
done by hopper & concrete can be discharge by tilting the mixture.

At our site mixture is tilting type. The capacity of mixture is 10 [Link]. material. For proper
mixing of materials, mixture should be revolves up to 2 minutes after all materials are put in
drum.

 The formwork of the surface of the building unit to be concreted should be properly
cleaned, prepared & well water before the concrete. The formwork can also be given a
thin coat of crude oil in order to prevent the adhesion of concrete.
 It is desirable to deposit concrete as near as possible.
 The concrete should always be deposited in even thin layer of film of layer and each
layer should be compacted mechanical vibrator.
 During placing of concrete care must be taken that the steel reinforcement should not
be disturbed from its position, which is placed as per R.C.C. design and voids should
be left there
 Large quantity of concrete should not be deposited at a time otherwise concrete will
start to flow along formwork and resulting concrete will not have uniform
composition.
 As far as possible, concrete should be placed in single layer. In case of deep section,
concrete should be placed in successive horizontal layers and in proper successive
layer.

25
The concrete should be placed in position as soon as possible as within 30 minutes.

CONSOLIDATION:

Consolidation of concrete is to be done immediately after placing it in position. The main aim
of consolidation of concrete is to eliminate the air bubbles from concrete mass to achieve
maximum density. Consolidation is found necessary as 5% voids reduces 30% strength of
concrete. It is done by two ways

1) Hand consolidation.

2) Mechanical consolidation.

Consolidation is done by use of mechanical device on our site. It is done to compact the
concrete in formwork. It is possible by mean of vibrator to make hard and still concrete mix,
with slump at about 40mm or less. With the help of vibrator it is possible to deposit concrete
in small opening where it is not possible to deposit concrete by hand method. The type of
vibrator used for consolidation on the site is needle vibrator. It power is operated by petrol.
During consolidation the needle of the vibrator should be kept straight into formwork where
concrete is placed and kept for 30-40 seconds only

HAND MIXING:

This type of mixing is done when casting of small work such as lintel, starter etc. is to be
done and the mixture is not available. Hand mixing is done on clean, water tight platform
which is made up of wood; it can also be done on concrete floor. The concrete ingredients are
spread on concrete floor & mixture is mixed at least three times by shoveling & mixed till
gets uniform colour. The concrete should be used in half an hour of mixing lest it should
reach its initial setting time.

WATER CEMENT RATIO:

26
The ratio of amount of water to amount of cement in liters is known as water cement ratio.
The strength and quality of concrete primarily depends upon w/c ratio

TRANSPORTATION &PLACING OF CONCRETE:

Soon after the concrete mixing has to be transported and placed in formwork, which is clean,
well wetted by water and free from dust & any foreign matter before its initial setting time
reaches. The choice of transportation equipment to be used for conveying concrete from
mixture to building unit depends on several factors, i.e. nature of work, height above ground
level, distance from point of preparation of work, type of cement.

The following importance precautions should be taken in transportation of concrete.

 The concrete should be transported in such a way that there is no segregation

of aggregates.
 When transportation, it should be ensured that the water containers are tight &
there is min. loss of water-cement.
 Concrete should be transported from point of its mixing to the point of
placement within its initial setting time.

FORMWORK

27
The temporary structure erected to support the concrete in its required shape till it hardens
and becomes self supporting is called formwork. It is temporary structure used as a mould to
east the members of the structure at the site. It is also known as shuttering.

Requirement for Good Formwork:

The material from which form is made should be cheaply and easily available in local market.
 It should be sufficiently rigid so that deflections do not occur while concreting.
 It should be strong enough to resist effectively all the loads coming on it.
 It should easy to strip and erect.
 Supports on which formwork rest should be strong and non-yielding.
 All joints of formwork should be stiff and strong.
 Surface of the formwork coming directly in contact with the concrete, should be
smooth.

Choice of Formwork:

In this type of formwork, the material could be steel plate, plywood wooden plank or wooden
prop.

Steel & Plywood Plates:

Size of steel plates are different i.e. 90cm *60cm*25mm thick plate is generally being used
but plates in size 120cm*60cm, 45cm*90cm*, 23cm*90cm* etc. are also used.

But on our site plywood plates of size 120cm*60cm*5mm are used. 5mm thick steel frame is
used on back side of the plate. For making of plates 12mm thick plywood board is used on
our site. Plywood is used stiff, water proof and a higher usable value.

Wooden Planks and Props:

Wood to be used should free from knots, twists, shakes, and imperfections, which could
otherwise affect the strength of forms and finished surface of the concrete.

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Checking of clear with of the planks to be used should be used be done at the earlier stages.
Otherwise what usually happens is that after cutting and finishing, the 15mm width reduces
to 14.5mm width, due to which the total measurements of beams and bats will be affected.

Props:

Diameter of props should not be less than 7.5 cm and it should be straight, as for as possible.

STEEL FORMWORK:

Steel formwork is the more expansive type of formwork as it is made completely of steel.
This shuttering is easy to erect and to de-shutter. The manpower required is very less true
horizontal and vertical planes of concrete surface can be got, with the help of steel formwork,
which ultimately reduces thickness of the plaster and the cost of construction.

WORK PROCEDURE FOR FORMWORK FORMWORK FOR COLUMNS:

Quality of material:

 Material should be waterproof.

 There should not be any curvature in the ply wood used for formwork.
 Supports to steel plates should be sufficient in both horizontal and vertical directions.
 Check the dimensions and diagonal of the formwork box of columns.
 Fix M.S. clamps in sufficient quantity, to prevent burgling of the columns during
concreting.
 After making center line of the column, check the minimum cover &check the
reinforcement.
 Use shikanjas (clamps) at a 60cm interval.
ADJUSTABLE COLUMNS CLAMPS:

 Required for clamping the columns and beam shuttering.

 Allows quick and rigid clamping of formwork.
 Ensure square or required size of column after concreting.

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Formwork Of Beam:

 Mark one level on every column.

 Check the position and level of beam bottom supports (cap), with respect to the depth
of the beam.
 Depth of the cap should be same as the width of the beam.
 Cap should be fixed firmly to the column with help of binding wire and 6cm nails in
plumb.
 Bottom plank of the beam should not bend but be in straight line.
 Check the level of the beam bottom before providing beam sides.
 Provide bracing to beam bottom supports after leveling the beam bottom. Supports
should be perfectly vertical.
 There should not be any joints in the props.
 Check the depth of the beam.
 Check the depth of the slab.
 Plate should be of uniform thickness.
 Plate should be in perfectly right angle.
 Check the level of the slab with dumpy level.
 Oil the shuttering plates before placing the reinforcement.
 Bracing should be provided for each prop to avoid lateral movement.

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  Check the line, plumb and supports of the beam side.
 Prop of slab shuttering plates should be perfectly vertical at required spacing,
minimum 2’0’’ (0.60mm) c/c.
 Check whether the slab thickness is marked on the side of slab or nails are driven in
steel plate’s side as per the thickness of slab.

LOAD ON FORMWORK:

Formwork is subjected to following loads:

 Dead weight of green concrete.

 Hydrostatic pressure of green concrete.
 Live load due to working laborers.
 Impact effect at the time of poring of concrete into the formwork.
 Vibration transmitted to formwork during pouring of concrete.

Checking Of Formwork:

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Before the concrete is placed, the formwork must be checked otherwise there will be chances
to the formwork as well as concrete.

 Firstly check the dimensions of the forms according to plans. Position of vertical
and horizontal face is checked.
 All the supports and particular jointed are checked to ensure that the formwork is
stable and leak proof. If gaps are found then they are covered by steel strip or
wooden pieces according to the requirement.
 The surface should be washed with water and cleaned otherwise foreign material
such as wood, chips etc. will be embedded in concrete and which will lead to
reduction in strength of concrete.
 The surface should be properly oiled for easy removal, smooth and even finish.
 Level of bolts or insert plate provided in formwork should be checked properly.

Props should be brushed and anchored properly.

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 BEAMS AND SLAB

Definition:

R.C.C. beams are the horizontal structure member in tension. The function of beam is to take
the load coming from the masonry and the slab resting on it and to transfer it to the column.
R.C.C. slab is a horizontal structure member. The function of slab is to take the dead load and
the live load coming on it. Beam and slab are major and important members of the structure.
In framed structure, slab and beam are casted monolithically.

Form-work for beams:

The work starts with marking beam bottom level. A convenient reference level say 400mm
from concrete is taken. Then it was transferred to all the columns, on all four corners, by
mean of level tube or auto level. These levels are checked once more.

Beam bottom are fixed first:

The column cap for the beam is fixed vertically on the column from reference level vertically
and size of the cap is checked properly. Then beam bottom is fixed on that cap horizontally
on columns. For beam bottom 300mm wooden planks are used. These planks are supported
by wooden or M.S. props spaced at 500m c/c, with a joist of length (width of beam + 300mm
extended from each side). MS props which rest firmly on a slab or on a hard, consolidated
ground. Then beam bottom is checked from centre line and line and level of beam bottom are
maintained by mean of nylon string. After fixing beam bottom for main beams, cap for
secondary, toilet beams are fixed horizontally in a line by supporting it with props on ground.
After completion of fixing beam bottom for beams, the internal sides of all beams are fixed
first, the depth of internal beam side is equal to the depth of beam minus the slab thickness
minus the thickness of wooden plank or shuttering plates to be used for the slab edge/
vertically of sides are maintained by mean of plumb bob. Sides of beam are made of plywood
of thickness 12mm to which battens are fixed vertically to battens. The support is given to all
sides by props.

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For maintaining the proper thickness of the beam wooden pieces (kandas space bar of wood
batten) are placed in b/w two side of the beam. The thickness of the beam is properly
checked. The junction of beam side of main beams & secondary beams must be properly
nailed to each other. Once the fixing of sides of internal beam is over, the process of
shuttering for slab starts form work of slab.

THE SHUTTERING OF SLAB CONSISTS OF FOLLOWING STEPS:

1) Fixing of supporting system for shuttering plates:

The wooden props are used for supporting the slab form-work along the slab with adjustable
M.S. props below. At our site 12mm thick plywood shuttering is used. This wooden work
rested on the crow span of the slab. A crow span is laid parallel to the shorter span. A crow
span rests firmly on its both end.

2) Fixing of shuttering plates:

The plywood plates are laid on acrow span while laying out plate on the slab, care is taken to
see that no bent plate or out of shape plate are used.

3) Fixing of beam bottom:

The slab deck is covered as for as possible plate and the remaining area which is near the
beam. Beam bottom is the plank fixed on the top of beam side along the sides of gala of the
slab portion in order to cover it by shuttering and ensure fixity with sides. For checking the
level of slab, nylon string was tied across the each span and it was brought in level by
loosening or tightening the M.S. props below it. The dimensions and size of gala’s are also
checked.

4) Cleaning and oiling of the form-work:

After checking of slab portion to proper level it was cleaned and oiled. Also beam bottom and
beam sides are oiled.

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 SCAFFOLDING

When the height of wall or column or other structural member of a building or any other kind
of structure exceeds about 1.5 m, temporary structures are needed to support the platform
over which the workman can sit and carry on the construction work. These temporary
structures, constructed very close to the wall, are in the form of timber or steel frame work,
are commonly called scaffolding.

Types of Scaffolding:

Scaffolding can be of the following types

(1) Single scaffolding or brick layer scaffolding

(2) Double layer scaffolding or masons scaffolding.

(3) Cantilever or needle scaffolding.

(4) Suspended scaffolding.

(5) Trestle scaffolding.

(6) Steel scaffolding.

(7) Patented scaffolding.

COMPONENT PARTS OF THE SCAFFOLDING:

Scaffolding has the following components

Standards: These are the vertical members of the framework supported on the ground or
drums or embedded into the ground.

Ledgers: These are the horizontal members running parallel to the walls.

35
 Braces: These are the diagonal members fixed on the standards.

Pullogs: These are the transverse members placed at right angle to the wall with one end
supported on ledger and other end on the wall.
Transoms: These are those putlogs whose both ends are supported on the ledgers.

Bridle: This is a member used to bridge a wall opening.

Boardings: These are the horizontal platforms provided to support Workmen and the
material; these are supported on the putlogs.

Guard Rail: This is a rail provided like a ledger, at the working level.

Toe Boards: These are the boards placed parallel to the ledgers and Supported on the
putlogs to give protection at the level of working platform.

SCAFFOLDING USED ON OUR SITE

Steel scaffolding is practically similar to the timber scaffolding except that wooden members
are replaced by steel bars and rope lashings are replaced by steel Couplets or fittings. Such
scaffolding can be erected and dismantled rapidly. It has greater strength, greater durability
and higher fore resistance. On our site, for the construction of side retaining steel walls, steel
scaffolding is used. For providing the scaffolding, we used the small steel trusses which were
in the form of a triangle .These trusses were tied to their proper position by means of the steel
bars and bolts. Tie roads are the members which are used during the shuttering for lying of
concrete at the lower levels. So as these roads provides great support to these trusses or
concrete becomes very hard on drying .On these trusses steel jail’s or planks are used for
making the working platform The other parts of the scaffolding are planks, ledgers, transoms,
bracings and Coupling etc.

Precautions While Concreting:

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  Carpenter should keep eye on formwork while concreting is being done.
 Some props, nails, bolt, clamps, are kept in spare for emergency repair.
 Supervision should keep eye to see danger of leak, loose props, and brace, due to
impact of concrete placing or due to vibration of vibrator.

De-shuttering Of Formwork:

This is removal of forms after concreting is sufficiently hardened. Formwork must support
the concrete until it has become hard enough to takes it loads. Forms may be struck after
following period:

1. Wall columns, vertical sides of beam days 24 to 48

2. In horizontal direction
a) If the span is below 3m 07 days

b) Span b/w 3 to 4.5m 14 days

c) Span b/w 4.5 to 6m 21 days

d) Span more than 6m 28 days

The formwork should be planned and done in such a way that it can be removed with ease.

REINFORCEMENT

Reinforcement is one of important part of building construction. As we know that concrete is

good in compression but weak in tension and thus reinforced cement concrete become
excellent material. At our site HYSD 415 and TOR STEEL is used. They are used for slabs,
beams, columns and footings as the main reinforcement. They are having rib face for grip to
concrete. At our site section used were of diameter 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 28, 32 etc.

Some descriptions of reinforcement:

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Main Steel:

It is provided at bottom. It is decided on the basis of diameter of bar and span of slab. Here at
1st floor level main bars are placed along shorter span.

Distribution of Steel:

It is provided over main bars and in other direction of main bar and placed along longer
span.

Extra Steel:

Extra steel are provided on the high load bearing area. These are shown on the extra
reinforcement drawing.

Binding Wire:

It is used for binding steel bars. 600 wires used for 1 tone steel.

Binder:

It is also known as under crank. It is used to bind crank and extra bars. It is usually 8mm
diameter.

Dowels:

Main bars are extended to beyond shuttering where the slab should extend when the slab of
next flats are constructed after some days of this constructed slab.

Placing Of Reinforcement:

The reinforcement is placed as specified in drawing. After shuttering the marks with chalk
are marked on shuttering plates which indicate the centre to centre distance of steel bars 1st
main bars are placed, similarly distribution steel are placed after marking its c/c distance. The
cranks are bent up at a distance of L/4 from the support or as specified otherwise. After this
binder or cranks are bonded, at a site 1 part up to, a portion of slab from where bars are bent
up to a length of extra. Extra are then binding on this binder above main steel bars. Chairs are
then placed below this so to maintain thickness.

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BAR BENDING SCHEDULE:

Bar bending schedule helps the site engineer and R.C.C. fitter to give the exact cutting length
of steel required for each member, i.e. beam, slab, columns etc. this reduces the wastage of
steel. With the help of bar bending schedule, site engineer can calculate exact quantity of
steel required for slab, beam & columns. A counter check on quantities, calculated by the site
engineer is also easy, when it is accompanied by bar bending schedule. R.C.C. fitter get
familiar with the bar cutting and bent-up bar lengths before cutting of steel and mistakes in
bending can be avoided. Bar bending schedule also help in checking the slab reinforcement.

Procedure For Reinforcement Work

(a) Procedure For Column Reinforcement:

 Consider floor to floor height and lap length to be added into the length.
 Cutting should be done first for the main reinforcement.
 Cut the bars for rings of columns, to required length.
 For lapping, make the joggle if bar diameter is more than 12mm.
(b) Procedure For Beam Reinforcement:
 Filters generally take the actual measurement of the beam after shuttering and then
proceed for the cutting of steel.
 Cutting should be done beam wise and for the total no. of beams, required for
slab.
 Then cutting of rings should be done.
 Beam can be bound on fitter’s platform with the bent up bars.
 Shift the bound beam to the shuttering of the slab.
 Place these beams to the position with proper anchorage in the end columns.
 For continuous beam, bent up bars should be properly extended in the adjacent
beams and tied with the binding wire.
 Proper cover should be provided to the bottom and the side of the reinforcement.

Procedure For Slab Reinforcement:

39
  Take the measurement of cutting length of the slab reinforcement and according
the cutting is done.
 For continuous slab, consider the projection of bent-up bars in the adjacent slab
while calculating the cutting lengths of the slab.
 Marking for c/c distance of the bars should be done on the slab plates with the help
of chalk.
 Lay the main reinforcement as per the marking, but at bottom & to the shorter
span.
 Bent-up bars should be bent at the required length from support as per the type of
slab, i.e. continuous or simply supported etc.
 Place the chair under every bent-up bar to maintain the top reinforcement at top.

Bent-up Bar:

In slab all crank bars are bent-up at a distance of L/4 from support; in beam all crank bars are
bent-up at a distance of L/7 from support

Concreting Of Columns:

Cement mortar (1:1.5) is poured before starting the concreting of column. Since the coarser
aggregates of concrete goes first to the bottom due to gravity, this rich mortar mix cover the
aggregates to avoid honey combing at the bottom of the columns.

The concrete of the mix M-40 is poured in to the formwork in layer of 20-30cm &properly
vibrated by needle vibrator. During concreting, the needle of vibrator is immersed 100mm in
concrete vibrates earlier. At every construction joint in column, a layer of cement slurry
called laitance on the top of set cement is removed & surface is kept rough to get proper
bonding with fresh concrete.

De-shuttering Of Form-Work:

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Form-work of column is removed after 24 hours of the concreting. First of all the props
provided for supports are removed from all the sides of column. The clamps 7 yokes are
removed with hammer. Thus nuts of columns are opened & sides of the column form-work
are removed with crow bars in such a manner that edge of column doesn’t get damaged. If
honeycombing is appear, then all loose particles are removed with hammer & filled with rich
cement concrete of proportion [Link] known as dry pack with the help of fingers pressing the
concrete inside the gap.

CURING

The term ‘curing’ is used to include maintenance of a favorable environment for the
continuation of chemical reactions, i.e. retention of moisture within, or supplying moisture to
the concrete from an external source and protection against extremes of temperature. Curing
is the process of keeping the set concrete continuously damp for some days in order to enable
the concrete gain more strength. It has been established that the strength of concrete increases
with the age provided it is kept damp. During the process of curing the concrete absorbs the
water necessary for its complete chemical action to reach its required strength. The period for
which curing should be continued depends upon the atmosphere conditions. In general the
process of curing should be there for at least 7 days.

Objects of Curing:

Following are the objects of curing:

 The main object of curing is to keep the concrete saturated or as nearly saturated
possible, until the originally water filled space in the fresh cement paste has been
filled to the desired extent by the product of hydration of cement.
 To prevent the loss of water by evaporation and to maintain the process of hydration.
In case of site concrete the active curing stops long before the maximum possible
hydration has taken place.
 To reduce the shrinkage of concrete.

41
  To preserve the properties of concrete.

NECESSITY OF CURING:

The necessity of curing arises from the fact that hydration of cement can take place only in
water filled capillaries. For this reason, loss of water by evaporation from the capillaries must
be prevented. Further water lost internally by self desiccation has to be replaced by water
from outside.

Water required for chemical reaction with cement i.e. for hydration is about 25 to 30 % of the
water added to the cement or less than 505 by weight of cement, rest of the water is used for
providing workability and help to continue hydration. Thus hydration of sealed specimens
can proceed only if the amount of water present in the pastes is at least twice that of the water
already combined. Self desiccation is thus of importance in mixes with water / cement ratio
less than 0.5. For high water cement ratios the rate of curing of sealed specimens is same as
that of saturated specimen. It has been observed that only half the water present in the paste
can be used for chemical combination, even if the total amount of water present is less than
the water required for combination. This statement is important in view of the fact that
formerly it was believed that required for the chemical action with cement, a small loss of
water during hardening and the gain in strength. Now it is known that hydration can take
place only when the vapor pressure in the capillaries is sufficiently high, about 80% of
saturated pressure. For satisfactory development of the strength it is not necessary that all
cement should hydrate, the quality of concrete depends on gel/space ratio of the paste.

Curing Method Use at Site:

Slab:

Pounding should be done on the slab by constructing bunds of mortar

Beams and Columns:

The beams and columns can be maintained wet by tying gunny bags around the periphery and
by maintaining it wet always.

42
Actually the method of curing depends upon the nature of work and atmospheric conditions.
Usually following methods may be adopted.

 Pounding.
 Continuous sprinkling.
 Covering with wet cloth, cotton mats or similar materials.
 Covering with specially prepared paper, polyethylene, sealing coat applied as a liquid
commonly known as ‘curing compound’ which hardens to form a thin protective
membrane.

Curing should be started just after the surfaces begin to dry. Normally 7 to 14 days curing is
considered adequate.

BRICK MASONRY

An assemblage of bricks properly bounded together is mortar is called brick masonry of brick
work. In this type of masonry the bricks are arranged and bedded in mortar in such a manner
as to form a homogenous mass of the structure. In such a structure, the point or other loads
and stresses are dispensed and distributed throughout the mass without tending to disintegrate
the structure.

The mortar to be used in bricks masonry may mud mortar, lime mortar or cement mortar,
depending upon the class and strength of the desired work.

BRICK:

An artificial masonry unit in the form of rectangular block of prepared lay is called a brick.
Bricks are manufactured by molding brick earth in rectangular blocks of uniform size and
shape and then drying or burning these blocks in a suitable clamp or kiln. The brick are

43
simply dried in the sun are known as sun dried or kachha brick, and those burnt in a clamp or
kiln are known as burnt or pucca bricks. Bricks are burnt to provide them strength and
durability.

Brick can be manufactured of any required shape and size. The standard size of modular
bricks I kept as 190 mm X 90 mm. Their normal size is considered as 200 mm X 100 mm
because it includes the thickness of one mortar joint on each side of the brick.

BOND:

The arrangement of brick or stones in each layer so as to avoid continuity of vertical joints in
any two adjacent courses both on the face and inside of a masonry structures is called bond.

This is done by overlapping bricks or stones in a successive course in longitudinally as well

as transversely.

Necessity of providing bond:

A bond is provided to achieve the following objects:

 The primary object of providing a bond is to break the continuity of the vertical
joints in the successive courses both in the length and thickness of a masonry
structure.
 To ensure longitudinal and lateral strength of the structure.
 To enable the structure to act as a bounded mass and to distribute the load uniformly
to its foundation.
 To provided pleasing appearance by laying bricks or stones symmetrically.
 To do masonry work quickly by engaging more masons on the job at a time.

PRINCIPLES OF A GOOD BOND IN BRICKWORK:

The following principles should be observed to ensure a good work in brick work:

 All the bricks should be of uniform size and shape, the length of each brick must be twice
its width plus thickness of one mortar joints.

44
  The arrangement of laying bricks must be uniform.
 The lap in the successive courses of wall having thickness more than 100 mm, should not
be less than one fourth of the brick width that is 50 mm in the longitudinal direction and
equal to half brick length that is 100 mm in the transverse direction.
 The brick bats should only be used where they are unavoidable.
 All the horizontal joints must be truly horizontal and vertical joints truly vertical.
 The internal feeling or hearting should be done only in header for walls having thickness
400 mm or above.
 The stretchers should be used only in the face of the wall.
The vertical joints of perpend should be vertically above each other in the alternate courses. The
center of the header of each course should be in the same vertical line as the center of the stretcher
laying in the course immediately above or below it

IN THIS PROJECT WE USE ENGLISH BOND

ENGLISH BOND:

The bond having Headers and Stretchers laid in the alternate courses is called English bond.
In this bond a queen closer is placed after every quoin heard in the header courses to break
the continuity of vertical joints. This bond is considered as the strongest bond and does not
require any special attention in its formation. This bond is also known as an Old English
Bond.

Some Salient Features of English Bonds are given below:

 Header and stretchers are laid in alternate courses.

 A queen closer is placed after every quoin header in the heading course when the

thickness of the wall is 200 mm or above. The length of queen closer is usually kept

equal to the thickness of wall.

45
 The same course will show header or stretchers on facer an back if the thickness of wall

is an even multiple of half brick.

 Each alternate header in the heading course lies centrally over every stretcher of the

under laying stretching course.

 Continuous vertical joints do not occur on the face as well as on inside of the structure.

 The inner filling is done in header in the walls having thickness of 400 mm or above.

R.C.C. STAIRCASE

GENERAL:

It is a structure having series of steps and effort the mean of ascent and decent b/w the floors
and landing the room in which stair is located is known as staircase.

It should be easily approachable from all the rooms of the building. Rise of the steps should
be easy. It should be neither too small nor too large.

Steps should be sufficient wise.

 It should be strong, durable and stiff.

 Wider steps are avoided as far as possible.
 At my site dog legged staircase was used.

Form-work of staircase:

46
After getting the sizes of the riser and tread, bottom of waist slab of flight & mid landing was
fixed at proper level. For this the length of extreme face of the staircase is marked parallel to
and from the centre line as per plan. Thus by fixing the one fixed face of staircase further
length of mid landing slab and were marked. For this the length of the flight & the length of
mid landing can be calculated from given riser and tread marking sectional elevation on
graph paper.

First mid-landing level was transferred on the column and then according to the depth of the
beam provided for mid-landing slab, cap was fixed on booth column.

Theses column were previously casted up to the bottom level of the beam and remaining
portion of the column casted with staircase. Now beam bottom and sides of the beam were
for mid-landing slab was fixed by supporting it with props. The level of mid-landing was
checked. From that the centering of waist slab of flight were fixed. Then proper supports
were given by props vertically as well as in inclined position, sides was fixed from both sides
of the flight. On this sides position of first step and last step was marked. The riser were fixed
vertically b/w the two sized by leaving waist slab thickness with the help of cleats. Nylon
string was tied and according to that all intermediate risers were fixed in position according
to the marking. The size of riser and tread were properly checked and thickness of waist slab
was also checked. Formwork for remaining portion of column and beam was all fixed.

Reinforcement of staircase:

The reinforcement of staircase were tied and completed in all manners before fixing the riser
according to R.C.C. design. All main bars and distribution steel were placed truly
perpendicular to each other and they were by binding wire. The reinforcements were properly
checked before concreting.

Checking of Staircase:

After placing of steel reinforcement, the riser was fixed at specified distance. The distance
indicates the tread. The tread were kept open as to permit the filling of concrete. Before
concreting all risers were checked that they are perfectly vertical or not. Checking of riser and

47
tread was done. The care was taken that there should be no gap as source of leakage of
cement slurry occurs while casting it. Clamps were fixed to the beam side.

Casting of Staircase:

Thick cement slurry was poured on the pervious roughed concrete face to achieve a firm
construction joint. The concreting was done by filling M-25 grade concrete from bottom step
and ended it to the last step, then proper vibration was given by needle vibrator and leveling
was done according to level.

CONCLUSIONS

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The entire period of industrial training has a good practical exposure of construction work. At
the end of five month industrial training, I feel myself better equipped to face the field
problems of Civil Engineering branch related with the construction of the buildings which are
a lot more different from the hypothetical based theory which is taught to the students in the
college. This has given me the much needed field exposure to shape up my thinking in a
better way as a professional making me a lot more capable to face the challenges in the field.
It has provided explicit knowledge of carrying out of the various elements of the construction
work. There professional approach towards work is worth appreciable. These months were
very worthwhile and apart from all, it has helped me getting acclimatized to the construction
work.

49