3-30

3-75 An automobile tire is inflated with air. The pressure rise of air in the tire when the tire is heated and
the amount of air that must be bled off to reduce the temperature to the original value are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas. 2 The volume of the tire remains
constant.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K (Table A-1).
Analysis Initially, the absolute pressure in the tire is Tire
P1 = Pg + Patm = 210 + 100 = 310kPa 25°C
Treating air as an ideal gas and assuming the volume of the tire to
remain constant, the final pressure in the tire can be determined from
P1V1 P2V 2 T 323 K
= → P2 = 2 P1 =
 (310 kPa) = 336 kPa
T1 T2 T1 298 K
Thus the pressure rise is
∆P = P2 − P1 = 336 − 310 = 26 kPa
The amount of air that needs to be bled off to restore pressure to its original value is
P1V (310 kPa)(0.025 m3 )
m1 = = = 0.0906 kg
RT1 (0.287 kPa ⋅ m3/kg ⋅ K)(298 K)
P1V (310 kPa)(0.025 m3 )
m2 = = = 0.0836 kg
RT2 (0.287 kPa ⋅ m3/kg ⋅ K)(323 K)
∆m = m1 − m2 = 0.0906 − 0.0836 = 0.0070 kg

3-76E An automobile tire is under inflated with air. The amount of air that needs to be added to the tire to
raise its pressure to the recommended value is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas. 2 The volume of the tire remains
constant.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.3704 psia.ft3/lbm.R (Table A-1E).
Analysis The initial and final absolute pressures in the tire are Tire
P1 = Pg1 + Patm = 20 + 14.6 = 34.6 psia 0.53 ft3
90°F
P2 = Pg2 + Patm = 30 + 14.6 = 44.6 psia 20 psig
Treating air as an ideal gas, the initial mass in the tire is
P1V (34.6 psia)(0.53 ft 3 )
m1 = = = 0.0900 lbm
RT1 (0.3704 psia ⋅ ft 3 /lbm ⋅ R)(550 R)
Noting that the temperature and the volume of the tire remain constant, the final mass in the tire becomes
P2V (44.6 psia)(0.53 ft 3 )
m2 = = = 0.1160 lbm
RT2 (0.3704 psia ⋅ ft 3/lbm ⋅ R)(550 R)
Thus the amount of air that needs to be added is
∆m = m2 − m1 = 0.1160 − 0.0900 = 0.0260 lbm
 3-31

3-77 The pressure and temperature of oxygen gas in a storage tank are given. The mass of oxygen in the
tank is to be determined.
Assumptions At specified conditions, oxygen behaves as an ideal gas
Properties The gas constant of oxygen is R = 0.2598 kPa.m3/kg.K (Table A-1).
Pg = 500 kPa
Analysis The absolute pressure of O2 is
P = Pg + Patm = 500 + 97 = 597 kPa
Treating O2 as an ideal gas, the mass of O2 in tank is determined to be O2
V = 2.5 m3
PV (597 kPa)(2.5 m 3 ) T = 28°C
m= = = 19.08 kg
RT (0.2598 kPa ⋅ m 3 /kg ⋅ K)(28 + 273)K

3-78E A rigid tank contains slightly pressurized air. The amount of air that needs to be added to the tank
to raise its pressure and temperature to the recommended values is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas. 2 The volume of the tank remains
constant.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.3704 psia.ft3/lbm.R (Table A-1E).
Analysis Treating air as an ideal gas, the initial volume and the final mass in the tank are determined to be
m1 RT1 (20 lbm)(0.3704 psia ⋅ ft 3 /lbm ⋅ R)(530 R)
V = = = 196.3 ft 3
P1 20 psia
P2V (35 psia)(196.3 ft 3 ) Air, 20 lbm
m2 = = = 33.73 lbm
RT2 (0.3704 psia ⋅ ft 3 /lbm ⋅ R)(550 R) 20 psia
Thus the amount of air added is 70°F

∆m = m2 − m1 = 33.73 − 20.0 = 13.73 lbm

3-79 A rigid tank contains air at a specified state. The gage pressure of the gas in the tank is to be
determined.
Assumptions At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K (Table A-1).
Analysis Treating air as an ideal gas, the absolute pressure in the tank is determined from Pg
mRT (5 kg)(0.287 kPa ⋅ m 3 /kg ⋅ K)(298 K)
P= = = 1069.1 kPa
V 0.4 m 3 Air
400 L
Thus the gage pressure is 25°C
Pg = P − Patm = 1069.1 − 97 = 972.1 kPa
 3-32

3-80 Two rigid tanks connected by a valve to each other contain air at specified conditions. The volume of
the second tank and the final equilibrium pressure when the valve is opened are to be determined.
Assumptions At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K (Table A-1).
Analysis Let's call the first and the second tanks A and B. Treating air as an ideal gas, the volume of the
second tank and the mass of air in the first tank are determined to be
 m RT  (5 kg)(0.287 kPa ⋅ m3/kg ⋅ K)(308 K)
V B =  1 1  = = 2.21 m 3
 P1  B 200 kPa
 PV  (500 kPa)(1.0 m 3 )
m A =  1  = 3
= 5.846 kg
 RT1  A (0.287 kPa ⋅ m /kg ⋅ K)(298 K) A B
Thus,
Air Air
V = V A + V B = 1.0 + 2.21 = 3.21 m3 V=1 m3 × m=5 kg
T=25°C T=35°C
m = m A + mB = 5.846 + 5.0 = 10.846 kg P=500 kPa P=200 kPa
Then the final equilibrium pressure becomes
mRT2 (10.846 kg)(0.287 kPa ⋅ m3 /kg ⋅ K)(293 K)
P2 = = = 284.1 kPa
V 3.21 m3
 3-33

Compressibility Factor

3-81C It represent the deviation from ideal gas behavior. The further away it is from 1, the more the gas
deviates from ideal gas behavior.

3-82C All gases have the same compressibility factor Z at the same reduced temperature and pressure.

3-83C Reduced pressure is the pressure normalized with respect to the critical pressure; and reduced
temperature is the temperature normalized with respect to the critical temperature.

3-84 The specific volume of steam is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility
chart, and the steam tables. The errors involved in the first two approaches are also to be determined.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of water are, from Table A-1,
R = 0.4615 kPa·m3/kg·K, Tcr = 647.1 K, Pcr = 22.06 MPa
Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state,
RT (0.4615 kPa ⋅ m 3 /kg ⋅ K)(673 K)
v= = = 0.03106 m 3 /kg (17.6% error)
P (10,000 kPa)
(b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-15),
P 10 MPa  H2O
PR = = = 0.453 
Pcr 22.06 MPa  10 MPa
 Z = 0.84
T 673 K  400°C
TR = = = 1.04
Tcr 647.1 K 

Thus,
v = Zv ideal = (0.84)(0.03106 m 3 /kg) = 0.02609 m 3 /kg (1.2% error)
(c) From the superheated steam table (Table A-6),
P = 10 MPa
T = 400°C } v = 0.02644 m /kg
3
 3-34

3-85 EES Problem 3-84 is reconsidered. The problem is to be solved using the general compressibility
factor feature of EES (or other) software. The specific volume of water for the three cases at 10 MPa over
the temperature range of 325°C to 600°C in 25°C intervals is to be compared, and the %error involved in
the ideal gas approximation is to be plotted against temperature.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.

P=10 [MPa]*Convert(MPa,kPa)
{T_Celsius= 400 [C]}
T=T_Celsius+273 "[K]"
T_critical=T_CRIT(Steam_iapws)
P_critical=P_CRIT(Steam_iapws)
{v=Vol/m}
P_table=P; P_comp=P;P_idealgas=P
T_table=T; T_comp=T;T_idealgas=T
v_table=volume(Steam_iapws,P=P_table,T=T_table) "EES data for steam as a real gas"
{P_table=pressure(Steam_iapws, T=T_table,v=v)}
{T_sat=temperature(Steam_iapws,P=P_table,v=v)}
MM=MOLARMASS(water)
R_u=8.314 [kJ/kmol-K] "Universal gas constant"
R=R_u/MM "[kJ/kg-K], Particular gas constant"
P_idealgas*v_idealgas=R*T_idealgas "Ideal gas equation"
z = COMPRESS(T_comp/T_critical,P_comp/P_critical)
P_comp*v_comp=z*R*T_comp "generalized Compressibility factor"
Error_idealgas=Abs(v_table-v_idealgas)/v_table*Convert(, %)
Error_comp=Abs(v_table-v_comp)/v_table*Convert(, %)

Errorcomp [%] Errorideal gas [%] TCelcius [C]

6.088 38.96 325
2.422 28.2 350
0.7425 21.83 375
0.129 17.53 400
0.6015 14.42 425
0.8559 12.07 450
0.9832 10.23 475
1.034 8.755 500
1.037 7.55 525
1.01 6.55 550
0.9652 5.712 575
0.9093 5 600

40

35
Steam at 10 MPa
Percent Error [%]

30 Ideal Gas
Specific Volum e

25
Compressibility Factor
20

15

10

0
300 350 400 450 500 550 600
T [C]
Celsius
 3-35

3-86 The specific volume of R-134a is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility
chart, and the R-134a tables. The errors involved in the first two approaches are also to be determined.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of refrigerant-134a are, from
Table A-1,
R = 0.08149 kPa·m3/kg·K, Tcr = 374.2 K, Pcr = 4.059 MPa
Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state,
RT (0.08149 kPa ⋅ m3/kg ⋅ K)(343 K)
v= = = 0.03105 m3 /kg (13.3% error )
P 900 kPa
(b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-15),
P 0.9 MPa 
PR = = = 0.222  R-134a
Pcr 4.059 MPa  0.9 MPa
 Z = 0.894
T 343 K
TR = = = 0.917  70°C
Tcr 374.2 K 

Thus,
v = Zv ideal = (0.894)(0.03105 m 3 /kg) = 0.02776 m 3 /kg (1.3%error)
(c) From the superheated refrigerant table (Table A-13),

}
P = 0.9 MPa v = 0.027413 m3 /kg
T = 70°C

3-87 The specific volume of nitrogen gas is to be determined using the ideal gas relation and the
compressibility chart. The errors involved in these two approaches are also to be determined.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of nitrogen are, from Table
A-1,
R = 0.2968 kPa·m3/kg·K, Tcr = 126.2 K, Pcr = 3.39 MPa
Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state,
RT (0.2968 kPa ⋅ m 3 /kg ⋅ K)(150 K)
v= = = 0.004452 m 3 /kg (86.4% error)
P 10,000 kPa
(b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-15),
P 10 MPa  N2
PR = = = 2.95 
Pcr 3.39 MPa  10 MPa
 Z = 0.54 150 K
T 150 K
TR = = = 1.19 
Tcr 126.2 K 

Thus,
v = Zv ideal = (0.54)(0.004452 m 3 /kg) = 0.002404 m 3 /kg (0.7% error)
 3-36

3-88 The specific volume of steam is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility
chart, and the steam tables. The errors involved in the first two approaches are also to be determined.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of water are, from Table A-1,
R = 0.4615 kPa·m3/kg·K, Tcr = 647.1 K, Pcr = 22.06 MPa
Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state,
RT (0.4615 kPa ⋅ m3/kg ⋅ K)(723 K)
v= = = 0.09533 m3 /kg (3.7% error)
P 3500 kPa
(b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-15),
P 3.5 MPa  H2O
PR = = = 0.159  3.5 MPa
Pcr 22.06 MPa 
 Z = 0.961 450°C
T 723 K 
TR = = = 1.12
Tcr 647.1 K 

Thus,
v = Zv ideal = (0.961)(0.09533 m 3 /kg) = 0.09161 m 3 /kg (0.4% error)
(c) From the superheated steam table (Table A-6),
P = 3.5 MPa
T = 450°C } v = 0.09196 m /kg 3

3-89E The temperature of R-134a is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility
chart, and the R-134a tables.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of refrigerant-134a are, from
Table A-1E,
R = 0.10517 psia·ft3/lbm·R, Tcr = 673.6 R, Pcr = 588.7 psia
Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state,
Pv (400 psia)(0.1386 ft 3 /lbm)
T= = = 527.2 R
R (0.10517 psia ⋅ ft 3 /lbm ⋅ R)
(b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-15a),
P 400 psia 
PR = = = 0.678 
Pcr 588.7 psia 
3  TR = 1.03
v actual (0.1386 ft /lbm)(588.7 psia) 
vR = = = 1.15
RTcr / Pcr (0.10517 psia ⋅ ft 3/lbm ⋅ R)(673.65 R) 

Thus,
T = TR Tcr = 1.03 × 673.6 = 693.8 R
(c) From the superheated refrigerant table (Table A-13E),
P = 400 psia 
T = 240°F (700 R)
v = 0.13853 ft 3 /lbm 