CHAPTER 6 CHM431

COLLOID
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DEFINITION
DIFFERENCES
CHARACTERISTIC
TYPES OF COLLOID
METHOD OF PREPARATION
LYOPHILIC AND LYOHOBIC
COLLOID
STABILITY OF LYOPHOBIC
COLLOID
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Dr norainihamzah/chm431/room521 12 December 2013

 A colloid is a dispersion of particles of
one substance(the dispersed phase)
throughout a dispersing medium made
of another substances

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The difference between a true solution and a
colloid is particle size.

1) In a true solution, the particles or ions are

small molecules with size less than 1 nm.
(eg: sugar solution)

2) In a colloidal system, the dispersed

phase may consist of particles of a single
macromolecule or an aggregate of many
atoms, ions or molecules with sizes between
the range of 1 – 102 nm . (eg: starch solution)

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 SIZE OF COLLOID
The size of colloid particles is intermediate
between the coarse suspension (which has
tendency to settle) and ordinary solution
(1 nm to 1000 nm.)
Although colloidal particles are larger than
simple molecules, they are small enough to
remain suspended.

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Applications of Colloids

 Pharmaceutical industry –medicines (Cod

Liver Oil)
 Paint industry
 detergents, dyes, advanced inks
 pharmaceutical products,
 inorganic additives,
 organic pigments,
 polymers

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 SIZE OF COLLOID
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Types of system diameter(nm)

Suspension > 1000 nm
Colloidal solution 1 nm – 1000 nm
True solution <1 nm

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 Examples of colloid

macromolecules
Protein, plastic and carbohydrates

Clusters of a few hundred of S8

molecules
Sulfer

Tiny crystal
Silver chloride, gold

Clusters of octadencanoate salt

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soap Dr
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Dispersed Dispersing Type of colloid examples
substance medium
(solute) (solvent)
solid solid Solid sol Alloy,rubber, plastic

solid liquid sol Paint , starch , Fe(OH)3

solid gas aerosol Smoke, dust, smog

Liquid solid Solid emulsion Cheese, butter, jelly

liquid liquid emulsion Mayonnaise, lotion,

milk

liquid gas Liquid aerosol Fog, clouds, aerosol

gas solid Solid foam Sponge, styrofoam

gas liquid foam Whipped cream,

shaving
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 Emulsions are colloidal solutions in which
both the dispersed phase and dispersion
medium are liquids.

 Emulsions are broadly classified into two

types.

i) Oil-in-water emulsion
ii) Water-in-oil emulsion.

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 i) Oil in water emulsion
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 In this type of emulsion, oil is the

dispersed phase while water is the
dispersion medium.

 Examples are milk and vanishing

cream.

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 ii) Water in oil emulsion
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 In this type of colloidal system

water is the dispersed phase and
oil acts as the dispersion medium.

 Examples of water in oil emulsions

are butter, cold cream and cod
liver oil.

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 Lipids are nonpolar and therefore do not dissolve in water.

 Emulsifiers are molecules have both polar and non polar parts and thus
are capable of dissolving in or interacting with both lipids and water.

 When emulsifiers are mixed with lipids and water, they may act to
suspend small droplets of the lipid in water. The lipid is not dissolved in
water, but is broken into smaller fragments that may remain suspended
for long periods of time.

 The emulsifier is absorbed in the interface between the two liquids,

forming a film between both products: due to their structure, the polar
part of the emulsifier molecule has an affinity with water and the non-
polar part (fatty chain) tends to be attracted to the fatty phase.

 Examples of emulsifiers include sodium dodecyl sulfate.

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 Dr
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oil, water and detergent

(emulsifier) X 40 - The large oil
droplets have been broken up into
smaller droplets after shaking.

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 Lyophilic sols – solvent loving
sols in which have a strong affinity between the
disperse phase and water (dispersing medium)
eg: starch, milk, albumin, blood plasma ,
gel, glue

 Lyophobic sols – solvent hating

Sol in which the disperse phase has low affinity
to water
eg: sulfur , gold , Fe(OH)3 , Al(OH)3

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 Properties of lyophilic sol
(hydrophilic – if dispersing medium is water)
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 Reversible sols
 Dispersed phase (particles) can attract the molecules
of dispersing medium
 High viscosity of dispersing medium
 Surface tension of dispersed phase is lower – easier
to form bubble
 More stable and required large amount of electrolyte
to coagulate

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 Properties of lyophobic sol
(hydrophobic – if dispersing medium is water)
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 Irreversible
 No attractive force between dispersed phase and
dispersing medium
 Viscosity is not different
 Surface tension of the dispersed phase and
dispersing medium are the same
 Less stable and

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 Preparation of lyophilic sols
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 Can be obtained in a jelly-like form

 Are easily prepared:
- By stirring the solid with the dispersing
medium such as water
- Heating the mixture will disperse the solid
throughout the dispersing medium
- In lyophilic sols, dispersed phase has interaction
with dispersion medium.
- Lyophilic sol can be formed by spontaneous
dispersion and the process is reversible.
(eg: starch solution , jelly)

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 Examples of20lyophilic sols
 Rubber sol – mixing latex in excess of petrol or
benzene

 Soap – heating of fatty acid such as octadecanoic acid

and NaOH in ethanol

 Starch, gel, gelatin- heating a mixture of solid and

water to form sol, when cooled it changes into gel.

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 Preparation of21lyophobic sols
 It is difficult to prepare a lyophobic sol because:
-In lyophobic sols, dispersed phase has little or no interaction with
dispersion medium.
-Lyophobic sols cannot be formed by spontaneous dispersion.

 Two methods ;
a) Dispersion method-reduction of larger particle to colloidal size
particles
- mechanical dispersion
- peptization
- Bredig’s arc dispersion method
b) Condensation methods- formation of colloidal size particles
from smaller unit(molecule or ion)
- hydrolysis
- oxidation
- reduction

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 Bredig's Arc Method
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 an electric arc is struck between

electrodes of the metal immersed in
the dispersion medium.

 The intense heat produced by the arc

vaporizes the metal, which then
condenses to form particles of
colloidal size.

 By this method, sols of metals such as

gold, silver and platinum can be
prepared.

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 Peptization
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 The process of converting a precipitate into a colloidal sol by shaking

it with the dispersion medium, in the presence of a small amount of
electrolyte, is called peptization.

 The electrolyte used is called the peptizing agent. This method is used
to convert a freshly prepared precipitate into a colloidal sol.

 In the process of peptization, the precipitate adsorbs one of the ion of

the electrolyte onto its surface. The ion adsorbed on the surface is
generally common with those of the precipitate.

 Adsorption of ion results in the development of positive or negative

charge on precipitates and which ultimately break up into colloidal
size particles.

 For e.g., a precipitate of silver iodide already formed can be dispersed

by the addition of potassium iodide. Here potassium iodide is the
peptizing agent.
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 Peptization
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Dr norainihamzah/chm431/room521 12 December 2013

 Purification of Colloidal Sols
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 The colloidal solutions prepared by various methods

usually contain electrolytes and other soluble
substances as impurities.

 These impurities if not removed can destabilize the

sols. Impurities are removed by the following
methods:
1) Dialysis
2) Ultra-filtration
3) Ultra-Centrifugation.

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 Dialysis
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 Removal of soluble impurities from sols by the use of

semi-permeable membrane is known as dialysis.

Colloidal particles
can not pass
through the
dialysis membrane

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 Dialysis
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 Solutes present in a true solution can pass through a semi

permeable membrane such as parchment paper or cellophane.
However, sol particles cannot pass through such membranes.

 When a bag made up of such a membrane is filled with the colloidal

sol and then placed in fresh water, the soluble particles such as
electrolytes pass through the membrane and go into the water
leaving behind the colloidal sol.

 The movement of the ions across the membrane can be enhanced by

applying electric potential across two electrodes. This is known as
electrodialysis.

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 application of dialysis
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 the purification of blood with the aid of an artificial

kidney machine (haemodylisis)

 The dialysis membrane permits excess ions and

waste products like urea molecules to pass through
and does not allow the colloidal particles of
haemoglobin to pass through.

Dr norainihamzah/chm431/room521 12 December 2013

 Properties29of colloid
 Optical properties
1. Tyndall effect
2. Brownian movement

 Electrical properties
1. Electrophoresis
2. Electro-osmosis

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 Tyndall effect
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 When a beam of light passes through a colloidal

solution, the path of light beam can be seen as a
cone of light when at right angle.
 The scattering of light by colloidal particles is
called Tyndall effect
 Pure solution does not show this phenomenon.

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 Brownian movement
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 Colloidal particles are too small to be visible.

 These particles can be only be seen under a high-
power microscope when a bean of light is passed
through the colloidal solution.
 The particles of colloidal solution move randomly in
dispersing medium and show themselves as they
were ‘alive’.
 Smaller particles move more rapidly without any
order or pattern.

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 Electrophoresis
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 Electrophoresis is
carried out by placing
the colloidal solution in
a U tube which is fitted
with platinum
electrodes.

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 Electrophoresis
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 When electric current is passed, the charged colloidal

particles move towards the oppositely charged
electrode.
 A colloidal sol of AS2S3, which is negatively charged
will move towards the anode when placed in an
electric field.

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 Positively charged colloids:
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 Fe(OH)3,
 Cu(OH)3,
 Al(OH)3, Ca(OH)2,
 TiO2,
 Methylene blue
 Haemoglobin.

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 Negatively charged colloids:
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 AS2S3,
 Sb2S3,
 metal sols of Cu, Au, Pt, Ag,
 starch,
 clay
 silica acid.

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 Coagulation or Flocculation
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Definition :
Coagulation is the process by which a colloid
precipitates out of a solution.

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 Coagulation
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 Lyophilic sols
- are more stable
- show greater resistance to coagulation than
lyophobic sols because most of lyophilic sols are
neutral.
- a large amount of electrolytes are required to
coagulate these sols.
- this is due to the strong attraction between the
disperse phase and dispersing medium such
as hydrogen bonds.

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 Coagulation
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 Lyophobic sols
- are stable due to repulsion between
similarly charged particles.
- If this charge is removed by adding
electrolyetes, coagulation occurs.
- The particles come together to form larger
masses, which settles under the action of
graviti.

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 Method of coagulation process
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 By mixing opposite charged sols

- Adding excess amount NaCl to Fe(OH)3 (sol
positive) and ASsS3 (sol negative) will cause
both sols to coagulate.

- a positive charged sol is coagulated by

chloride ion.

- a negative charged ion is precipitated by sodium

ion.

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 coagulation process
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Dr norainihamzah/chm431/room521 12 December 2013

 Effect of different cation /anion on coagulation process
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 According to Hardy-Schuze rule;

the precipitating effect of an ion on a disperse phase

of opposite charge increase with the valency of the
ion

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 Applicati0n of coogulation process in water treatment
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Solids are removed by sedimentation (settling) followed by filtration. Small

particles are not removed efficiently by sedimentation because they settle too
slowly; they may also pass through filters. They would be easier to remove if they
clumped together (coagulated) to form larger particles, but they don't because
they have a negative charge and repel each other (like two north poles of a
magnet).

In coagulation, we add a chemical such as alum which produces positive charges

to neutralize the negative charges on the particles. Then the particles can stick
together, forming larger particles which are more easily removed.
The coagulation process involves the addition of the chemical (e.g. alum) and then
a rapid mixing to dissolve the chemical and distribute it evenly throughout the
water.
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 Alum
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There are a variety of primary coagulants which can be used in a

water treatment plant. One of the earliest, and still the most
extensively used, is aluminum sulfate, also known as alum. Alum
can be bought in liquid form with a concentration of 8.3%, or in dry
form with a concentration of 17%.

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 Coagulation of negatively charged colloids AS2S3
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 Coagulation positively charged colloids
Fe(OH)3
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Dr norainihamzah/chm431/room521 12 December 2013

 ASSIGMENT 1
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i) List any two properties of lyophilic sols.

ii)Briefly explain the purification process in colloids.
iii) What is the Brownian movement.
iv)How do you differentiate sol and emulsion. Give example
of each.
(6 marks)

Dr norainihamzah/chm431/room521 12 December 2013

 ASSIGMENT 2
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 State the dispersion medium and disperse phase for

the following system
i) Cheese
(1 mark)
ii) Paint
(1 mark)
iii) Fog
(1 mark)

Dr norainihamzah/chm431/room521 12 December 2013

 ASSIGMENT 3
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Explain the dispersion methods for preparing

lyophofic sol.
(10 marks)

Dead line: 23 December 2016 (Friday)

Dr norainihamzah/chm431/room521 12 December 2013