VIETNAMATIONAL UNIVERSITY HCMC
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
BTBC209IU
Biochemistry 1
Nguyen Kim Truc (PhD)
Office: A1.705
Email: nktruc@hcmiu.edu.vn
AY 2019-2020, semester 2
Note during COVID-19 pandemic
Attendance taken by attending
online Zoom class
Average of quiz scores will be
contribute 20%
Class outline
• Take attendance by typing full name and ID
• Group registration
• Quiz online
• Midterm: week 13/4/2020 – 18/4/2020
• Next week: quiz during zoom class, camera on for
each student
• Lecture
Lipids
Biomolecules
Classes of Lipids
All biological lipids are amphipathic
Classes of Lipids
All biological lipids are amphipathic
Classes of Lipids
All biological lipids are amphipathic
Classes of Lipids
All biological lipids are amphipathic
• Fatty acids
• Triacylglycerols
• Glycerophospholipids
• Sphingolipids
• Waxes
• Isoprene-based lipids (including steroids)
What Are the Structures and
Chemistry of Fatty Acids?
The common names and structures for fatty acids up to 20 carbons
long
Saturated
Lauric acid (12 C)
Myristic acid (14 C)
Palmitic acid (16 C)
Stearic acid (18 C)
Arachidic acid (20 C)
What Are the Structures and
Chemistry of Fatty Acids?
Unsaturated fatty acids
Palmitoleic acid (16:1)
Oleic acid (18:1)
Linoleic acid (18:2)
α-Linolenic acid (18:3)
γ-Linolenic acid (18:3)
Arachidonic acid (20:4)
What Are the Structures and
Chemistry of Fatty Acids?
What Are the Structures and
Chemistry of Fatty Acids?
• Fatty acids are comprised of
alkyl chains terminated by
carboxylic acid groups.
• Shown here is palmitic acid, a
16-carbon saturated fatty acid.
• The term “saturated” indicates
that the acyl chain is fully
reduced, i.e., saturated with
hydrogens.
What Are the Structures and
Chemistry of Fatty Acids?
The structures of typical saturated fatty acids
What Are the Structures and
Chemistry of Fatty Acids?
The structures of typical unsaturated fatty acids
What Are the Structures and
Chemistry of Fatty Acids?
The structures of typical polyunsaturated fatty acids
What Are the Structures and
Chemistry of Fatty Acids?
Structural consequences of unsaturation
• Saturated chains pack tightly and form more rigid, organized
aggregates (i.e., membranes)
• Unsaturated chains bend and pack in a less ordered way, with
greater potential for motion
What Are the Structures and
Chemistry of Fatty Acids?
low melting point
in liquid form
no double bond
in room tem, solid form
Triacylglycerols
Triacylglycerols are also called triglycerides
They are a major energy source for many organisms
Why?
❑ Most reduced form of carbon in nature
❑ No solvation needed
❑ Efficient packing
Structures and Chemistry of
Triacylglycerols
in plant and animal tissues
Most of the fatty acids in
plants and animals exist
in the form of
triacylglycerols. If all
three fatty acids are the
same, the molecule is
called a simple
triacylglycerol. Triacylglycerols are formed from
glycerol and fatty acids.
Structures and Chemistry of
Triacylglycerols
Mixed triacylglycerols
contain two or three
different fatty acids.
Fun fact
Polar bears face an ironic dilemma. They are surrounded by water
they cannot use. Ice and snow are too cold and seawater is too
oxidate C.H.O to the highest
oxidation state .
salty. They produce all the water they need from metabolism of fat.
Interestingly, adult polar bears consume only fat (from seals they
catch). Because they consume little protein (and merely recycle
their own proteins into new ones), they have little need to urinate
or defecate and go for months without doing so, thus saving
precious body water.
Glycerophospholipids
A 1,2-diacylglycerol that has a phosphate group esterified at carbon
-3 fatty acid
3 of the glycerol backbone is a glycerophospholipid -change ones with phospahate group
glycerol ( white area)
hydrophylic
the Oxygen bind to X
hydrophobic
Glycerophospholipids have three components:
fatty acid lipid groups (orange), glycerol
(white), and phosphate ester (green)
Glycerophospholipids
Glycerophospholipids are essential components of cell membranes
and are also found in other parts of cells.
The oxygen dont bind to X
The structure of phosphatidic acid
steric hindranced
if has X -> molecule wil have mroe properties
The structure of phosphatidylcholine, core structure in blue background
sugar
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol
• Phosphatidyl-β-D-glucopyranoside is a glycophospholipid
gluco
Glycophospholipid
• Identified in several cell types, it plays a role in formation of
membrane-signaling microdomains involved in cellular
differentiation and maturation.
depend on size
sugar link to lipid - covalent stick to suface cell membrane
hindrane
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol
glycosylphosphatidylinositol(GPI)-
anchored proteins
increase side chain of sugar
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol
glycosylphosphatidylinositol(GPI)-
anchored proteins
glucosamine
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol
❑ glycosylphosphatidylinositol(GPI)-
anchored proteins
❑ These protein-lipid complexes are
ubiquitous in eukaryotes (fungi,
protozoans, plants, insects and
animals) and they have also been
shown to be present in some of the
Archaebacteria (but not Eubacteria).
In animals, they are found in every
type of cell and tissue.
Glycophospholipid-protein
❑ These complicated glycophospholipid-protein aggregates are
abundant in nature, amounting to about 1% of all proteins and
up to 20% of membrane proteins (at least 250 different or 150 in
humans)
❑ Have very many different functions:
• hydrolytic enzymes
• adhesion molecules
• receptors
• protease inhibitors
• and regulatory proteins
Glycophospholipid-protein
❑ The protein components can be
released from the membrane
by enzymic cleavage of the
protein-lipid bond.
Q&A
