Energy & Atmosphere
• Energy demand
• Energy efficiency
• Renewable energy
• Ongoing energy performance
Energy & Atmosphere
Importance
Energy & Atmosphere
Benefits
And ..
Energy & Atmosphere
Establish Design & Energy Goals
Energy & Atmosphere
Reduce Demand … Size the building appropriately
• Meet future needs but do not exceed
• LEED for Homes
Includes adjustments to compensate for the effect of square footage on resource consumption
Energy & Atmosphere
Passive Design … Building Orientation
• Day lighting
• Ventilation
Energy & Atmosphere
Passive Design … Building Envelope
• Opening for ventilation
• Glazing & skylights for natural lighting
Energy & Atmosphere
Efficient Building Orientating .. Shadings
• Shadings (self, neighbour, landscape ..)
• Street design
Energy & Atmosphere
Efficient Building Envelope .. Insulation
• High U-values
• High SRI
Energy & Atmosphere
Efficient Building Envelope .. Insulation
• Heat & cool loses
• Mold prevention
Energy & Atmosphere
Efficient Building Envelope .. Shading devices
Energy & Atmosphere
Efficient Building Envelope .. Double skin
• Reduce thermal loads on facade
• Air movement in-between
Energy & Atmosphere
Roofs Gardens
Energy & Atmosphere
Efficient Building Systems .. BAS
• Control Systems
• Automation systems
• Modes (close curtains in the
outside mode to save AC)
Energy & Atmosphere
Efficient Building Systems .. High performance Mechanical System
• Under Floor Air distribution (raised flooring)
• Air filters
Energy & Atmosphere
Efficient Building Systems .. High efficient appliances
• Lifecycle
Energy & Atmosphere
Efficient Building Systems .. High efficient Infrastructure
• Incandescent Light bulbs are the worst
• CFL use 75% less electricity
• Fluorescents & LEDs are also good alter.
• Occupancy sensors, photosensors & timers
Energy & Atmosphere
Efficient Building Systems .. Capture efficiencies of scale
Energy & Atmosphere
Efficient Building Systems .. Thermal Energy Storage
• Capture heat during the day for use at night, and reject
heat at night to provide cooling during the morning
Energy & Atmosphere
Efficient Building Systems .. Recover waste Energy
• Cogeneration
Energy & Atmosphere
Efficient Building Systems .. Energy Simulations
• Regulated & Process Energy
• Only Regulated subject to LEED ..
• ASHRAE 90.1
Regulated Lighting, HVAC, service water heaters
Process office equipment, computers, elevators & escalators, kitchen
cooking & refrigeration, laundry washing & drying, water pumps ..
plugged into a wall outlet
Energy & Atmosphere
Efficient Building Systems .. Refrigerants
(HVAC & Fire Suppression)
Building
New Existing (renovation)
• No CFC • Phase out (5years unless ...)
• Performance If not feasible .. Then
• Ozone Depletion
• Global warming • Air leakage < 5% annually (EPA clean Air Act)
Montreal Protocol
Halons are used in refrigeration as well as fire suppression .. It is depleting ozone … rejected under
the enhanced refrigerant
Energy & Atmosphere
Efficient Building Systems .. Refrigerants
(HVAC & Fire Suppression)
Refrigerants
Chemical Natural
• Ex. CFC, HCFC, HFC, Halons • Ex. CO2, Ammonia, Propane, Ethane .. –
Hydrocarbons (HC)
• CFC: Highest ODP & GWP
• CFC production in USA ended • Ozone Friendly but,
1995 • Cause climate change (double electricity)
• HFCs are slightly less efficient
than HCFC .. Therefore:
• HCFC: lowest GWP (among..)
• HFC: lowest ODP (among .)
CFC is used in chillers for about 50% of existing buildings
Energy & Atmosphere
Renewable Energy .. Onsite
• Photovoltaic cells
• Solar water heaters
• Wind turbines
Energy & Atmosphere
Renewable Energy .. Offsite
Sun – wind - small hydropower -
• Green Power
geothermal - wave & tidal
OR
• Renewable energy certificates (REC) systems - biomass (biofuel) ex
cornoil, landfill gas
Green Power
•Green-e
•Power supplier to verified by USGBC
•Power supplier must meet green power performance standards set by green-e
REC
•If no green power supplier available
•A proof that a unit of electricity was generated from a renewable energy source
Centre of resource solutions : Green-e Energy certification program:
environmentally friendly energy production
- Not the only approved program
Energy & Atmosphere
Bio energy renewable energy (ex burning ethanol from corn) but requires energy (fossil fuel)
to produce it (drawback)
Bio fuel made of organic materials such as plants waste
Hydro Energy comes from water running
downwards from lakes or streams
Low-impact hydroelectric power systems .....
Renewable energy
High-impact hydroelectric power systems
..... Non renewable energy
Fossil Fuels Non renewable energy (ex coal, oil,
Natural gas)
Geothermal Systems Extracting heat from earth
Energy & Atmosphere
On-going Performance.. Preventive Maintenance
• Clean/replace air filters
• Calibrate sensors
• Check leakage
Energy & Atmosphere
On-going Performance.. Provide Staff Training
• Clean/replace air filters
• Calibrate sensors
Energy & Atmosphere
On-going Performance.. Create Incentives for occupants & Tenants
• Bill them from sub-meters
Energy & Atmosphere
On-going Performance.. Consumption feedback to occupants
• ADDC Bills
• Awareness
• Comparisons
• Changing life style
Energy & Atmosphere
On-going Performance .. Measurement & Verification
• Heating
• Cooling
• Electricity
• Fossil fuel
Energy & Atmosphere
Commissioning
•Quality Control
•Cost effective mean of improving the
building’s energy efficiency
Costs 0.27 $/sqft .. Payback 0.7 years
Energy & Atmosphere
Commissioning
Basic Enhanced
• Designate a CxA (2yrs exp) • Conduct a CA design review prior mid const doc (BOD & OPR)
• Incorporate CA req. In Construction documents • Review contractor’s submittals
• Develop & implement CA plan • Develop a system manual
• Verify Installation & performance of systems • Verify that requirements fro training are completed
• Complete a summary CA report • Review building operation within 10 months after completion
Exemplary Performance
