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IUPAC CONVENTIONAL UNITS
QUANTITY SYMBOL UNITS
Mass m g or kg
Molar mass M gmol-1
Volume V cm3 or dm3
Molar volume Vm dm3mol-1
Amount (mole) n mol
Molar concentration c moldm-3
Mass concentration p gdm-3
Avogadro’s constant L mol-1
Number N ----
concentration
Concentration is the amount of a solute (in
mass or mole) present in 1dm3 or 1000cm3
volume of a solvent. This forms a solution.
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Hence: concentration =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑑𝑚3)
Volume conversion
Recall that:
When converting from cm3 to dm3: divide by a
factor of 1000
When converting from dm3 to cm3; multiply by a
factor of 1000
Example (1)
Covert 500cm3 to a volume in dm3.
• Solution
Let the volume in dm3 be “y”
If 1000cm3 = 1dm3
Hence 500cm3 = y
• On cross multiplication:1000cm3 = 1dm3
500cm3 = y
Y x 1000cm3 = 500cm3 x 1dm3
3 3
500𝑐𝑚 ∗1𝑑𝑚
𝑦= 3
1000𝑐𝑚
y= 0.5 𝑑𝑚3
Exercise 1
200cm3 is what volume in dm3? (a)0.2 (b) 0.02
(c) 2.0 (d) 20
MOLAR CONENTRATION (MOLARITY)
Molarity or molar concentration (c): is the
amount of a substance in moles, present in
one dm3 or liter of its solution. Its unit is
expressed in mol/dm3 or moldm-3
𝑛
Therefore: molarity = 3
𝑉(𝑑𝑚 )
Where: n = amount in moles
and: V(dm3) = volume in 1000cm3 (1dm3)
Mass concentration
Mass concentration (p): this is the amount of
a substance in grams present in one dm3 of its
solution. Its unit is expressed in g/dm3 or
gdm-3
𝑚
• Therefore: mass concentration(p) =
𝑉(𝑑𝑚3)
• Where: m = mass in grams
Example 2
0.2g of a NaOH is required to saturate 500cm3
of water at room temperature, calculate the;
a. molar concentration
b. mass concentration [NaOH = 40].
Solution (b) first cal. Mass conc.
𝑚
Recall: p = 3
𝑉(𝑑𝑚 )
0.2𝑔
Therefore: p = 3
0.5𝑑𝑚
Hence mass conc. (p) = 0.4gdm3
Solution (b)
Step 1: calculating amount in moles from mass
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑚)
Mole (n) =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑀)
0.2𝑔
Hence n =
40𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Therefore amount in mole (n) = 0.005mol
Step 2: calculating for molar concentration:
𝑛
Recall: molarity = 3
𝑉(𝑑𝑚 )
0.005𝑚𝑜𝑙
Hence molar concentration = 3
0.5𝑑𝑚
Therefor the molar concentration = 0.01moldm-3
Exercise 2
If 0.4mol of a salt is dissolved in 200cm3 0f
water, determine its Molarity.
MOLARITY (c) & MASS CONCENTRATION (p) RELATIONSHIP
Mass conc.(p)
NOTE: 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. (c) =
Molar mass(M)
𝑝 𝑚
that is: c= from n =
𝑀 𝑀
THEREFORE: 𝑝 = 𝑐 ∗ 𝑀
Where M = molar mass
EXAMPLE 3
What is the solubility of a salt X at 250C if the saturated
solution of the salt contains 0.28g in 100cm3 of its solution? [X
= 56.0 gmol-1] (a) 0.05moldm-3 (b) 0.10moldm-3 (c)
2.60moldm-3 (d) 2.80moldm-3
SOLUTION
𝑚
Recall: mass concentration(p) =
𝑉(𝑑𝑚3)
• STEP1: Obtaining the mass concentration (p)
0.28𝑔 0.28𝑔
p = = = 2.8𝑔𝑑𝑚 − 3
100𝑐𝑚3 0.1𝑑𝑚3
Hence; mass concentration (p) = 2.8gdm-3
• STEP 2: Obtaining molar concentration (c) from mass
concentration (p)
P
RECALL: 𝑐=
M
2.8g/dm3
THEREFORE: 𝑐=
56.0g/mol
Hence c = 0.05moldm-3
Where the molar mass of salt X = 56.0gmol-1
Therefore: solubility = 0.05moldm-3
EXERCISE 3
• What is the solubility of a salt if 0.4g of it is obtained on
evaporating 200cm3 of its saturated solution to dryness?
(a) 0.08 gdm-3 (b) 2.00 gdm-3 (c) 8.00 gdm-3 (d) 80.00 gdm-3
MOLE(n) - MOLARITY(c) AND VOLUME(V) OF LIQUID
RELATIONSHIP
𝑛
Recall: c = 3
𝑉(𝑑𝑚 )
Therefore: 𝑛 = 𝑐 ∗ 𝑉(𝑑𝑚3)
Where: V(dm3) = volume of liquid in dm3
note: 1000cm3 = 1dm3
EXAMPLE 4
What is the mass of solute in 500cm3 of
0.005moldm-3 H2SO4? [H=1.0, 0=16.0, S=32.0] (a)
0.490g (b) 0.049g (c) 0.245g (d) 0.0245g
SOLUTION
• STEP1: obtaining mole(n) from molarity
RECALL : 𝑛 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑉(𝑑𝑚3)
THEREFORE: n = 0.005𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑑𝑚3 ∗ 0.5𝑑𝑚3
HENCE: n = 0.0025mol
• STEP2: Obtaining mass (m) from mole(n)
m
RECALL: 𝑛=
M
THEREFORE: 𝑚 = 𝑛 ∗ 𝑀
HENCE: 𝑚 = 0.0025𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∗ 98𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
THEREFORE m = 0.245g
Where molar mass (M) of H2SO4 = (1 x 2) + (32 x 1) + (16 x 4) = 98gmol-1
• THEREFORE: mass of the solute = 0.245g
EXERCISE 4
• The mass of potassium hydroxide required to make
300cm3 of 0.4moldm-3 solution is [KOH=56.0] (a)
26.88g (b) 13.44g (c) 6.72g (d) 3.36g
ACID - BASE CONCENTRATION FORMULA
IF: 𝑐 ∗ 𝑉= 𝑛
𝐶𝑎 ∗ 𝑉𝑎 𝑛𝑎
THEREFORE: =
𝐶𝑏 ∗ 𝑉𝑏 𝑛𝑏
𝑛𝑎
Where: = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑛𝑏
Ca = concentration of acid in moldm-3
Cb = concentration of base in moldm-3
Va = volume of acid used in cm3
Vb = volume of base used in cm3
EXAMPLE 5
Consider the following reaction equation:
2HCl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + H2O.
What is the volume of 0.1moldm-3 HCl that will completely neutralize 25cm3
of 0.3moldm-3 Ca(OH)2? (a) 150cm3 (b) 75cm3 (c) 30cm3 (d) 25cm3
SOLUTION
𝐶𝑎 ∗ 𝑉𝑎 𝑛𝑎
RECALL: =
𝐶𝑏 ∗ 𝑉𝑏 𝑛𝑏
Where: Ca = 0.1moldm-3 , Cb = 0.3moldm-3 ,
Va = ? , Vb = 25cm3
𝑛𝑎 2
And: =
𝑛𝑏 1
0.1𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑑𝑚3 ∗ 𝑉𝑎 2
THEREFORE: =
0.3𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑑𝑚3 ∗ 25𝑐𝑚3 1
0.1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑚−3 ∗ 𝑉𝑎 2
Cross multiply: =
0.3𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑚−3 ∗ 25𝑐𝑚3 1
0.1moldm-3 x Va x 1 = 2 x 25cm3 x 0.3moldm-3
2 ∗ 25𝑐𝑚3 ∗ 0.3𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑚−3
HENCE: 𝑉𝑎 =
1 ∗ 0.1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑚−3
THEREFORE: Va = 150cm3
Hence: volume of HCl required for complete
neutralization = 150cm3
EXERCISE 5
Consider the reaction represented by the following equation:
Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
What volume of 0.02moldm-3 Na2CO3(aq) would be
required to completely neutralize 40cm3 of 0.10moldm-3
HCl(aq)? (a) 200cm3 (b) 100cm3 (c) 40cm3(d) 20cm3
THE END
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