Nematology

1. The only plant pathogen belonging to animal kingdom

a. aphids c. nematodes

b. earthworms d. mole crickets

2. This nematode is known as the root knot nematode and is considered as the most destructive to
worldwide agriculture.

a. Meloidogyne c. Trichodorus

b. Xiphinema d. Radopholus

3. This nematode is known as the burrowing nematode and is a major parasite of bananas and plantains
causing the “toppling disease”.

a. Meloidogyne incognita

c. Trichodorus primitivus

b. Xiphinema index

d. Radopholus similis

4. Some nematodes are able to transmit plant viruses. What role do these nematodes play in disease
development?

a. Incitants c. Pathogens

b. Vectors d. Parasites

5. Some nematodes alter host physiology, rendering a resistant crop susceptible to invasion of fungal or
bacterial pathogens. What role do these nematodes play in disease development?

a. Incitants c. Pathogens

b. Vectors d. Parasites

6. For annual crops, the maximum number of nematode parasites can be recovered during

a. Fallow period

b. Vegetative stage

c. Flowering Stage

d. Near harvest stage

7. This is the outer non-cellular layer covering the nematode body and is shed-off during molting.

a. exoskeleton c. endoskeleton

b. skin d. cuticle
8. This/these feeding structure/s distinguish/es plant parasitic from non-plant parasitic nematodes.

a. stylet c. mural tooth

b. denticles d. all of the above

9. For root knot and cyst nematodes, this is also known as the infective stage

a. adult female

b. 1st stage juvenile

c. 2nd stage juvenile

d. 4th stage juvenile

9. For root knot and cyst nematodes, this is also known as the infective stage

a. adult female

b. 1st stage juvenile

c. 2nd stage juvenile

d. 4th stage juvenile

10. Where are the eggs of root-knot nematode deposited?

a. inside body of females

b. outside the root

c. in a gelatinous matrix

d. migration path

11. What is the typical life cycle of Meloidogyne incognita?

a. migratory ectoparasite

b. migratory endoparasite

c. sedentary ectoparasite

d. sedentary endoparasite

12. Which of the following root symptoms should raise suspicion of a nematode problem?

a. galls or swelling

b. leaf spot

c. wilting

d. chlorosis

13. Which of the following is not typical of nematode injury to plants?

b. virus transmission

c. death of plants

d. death of cells

14. Plant parasitic nematodes are diagnosed by examining

a. soil and root

c. fruit

b. leaves

d. stems

15. The typical number of juvenile stages in the life cycle of a nematode is

a. 2 c. 4

b. 3 d. 5

16. Nematodes which produce eggs that hatch after being laid are called

a. parthenogenetic c. oviparous

b. hermaphroditic d. ovoviviparous

17. Nematode species which require the presence of both females and males for reproduction to occur
are called

a. amphimictic c. hermaphroditic

b. parthenogenetic d. ovoviviparous

18. Process of reproducing from eggs without fertilization by sperm cells is called

a. amphimictic c. hermaphroditic

b. parthenogenetic d. oviparous

19. Possessing both functional male and female reproductive organs is

a. amphimictic c. hermaphroditic

b. parthenogenetic d. none of the above

20. In some genera of plant parasitic nematodes like Meloidogyne, Globodera, Heterodera, etc., males
and females have entirely different morphology. How is this phenomenon called?

a. sexual degeneration

b. sexual diversity
 c. sexual mutation

d. sexual dimorphism

21. If juveniles and adults are motile and outside of roots during all life cycle stages a plant parasitic
nematode is a /an

a. migratory ectoparasite

b. direct parasite

c. migratory endoparasite

d. indirect parasite

22. If juveniles and adults are motile during all life cycle stages but may be either within or inside roots,
a plant parasitic nematode is a /an

a. migratory ectoparasite

b. direct parasite

c. migratory endoparasite

d. indirect parasite

23. If an infective stage juvenile enters a root, takes up a feeding site and remains at that site a plant
parasitic nematode is a /an

a. direct parasite

b. sedentary endoparasite

c. indirect parasite

d. sedentary ectoparasite

24. Education, quarantine, using certified planting materials, checking suspect materials before planting,
and cleaning equipment, are examples of this type of management of plant parasitic nematodes

a. prevention c. eradication

b. protection d. immunization

25. Crop rotation, using resistant varieties, fallowing, using cover crops, and varying the date of planting
and harvest are examples of this type of management of plant parasitic nematodes

a. biological c. physical

b. cultural d. chemical

26. The most widely used category of chemicals for management of plant parasitic nematodes has
traditionally been

a. mebendazoles c. fumigants
 b. carbamates d. natural
products

27. A broad spectrum gaseous chemical used for management of plant parasitic nematodes that is
thought to be damaging to the ozone layer is

a. meta-sodium

c. methyl bromide

b. carbamates

d. all of the above

28. The practice of incorporating fresh plants or plant materials onto the soil as a mean to control plant
parasitic nematodes is called

a. biological control c. fallowing

b. biofumigation d. organic
fertilization

29. What is the main compound present in some species of Tagetes that repels and/or suppress certain
plant parasitic nematodes?

a. alpha tertienyl

b. isothiocyanate

c. beta-ocimene

d. all of the above

30. What is the practice of leaving the farm unplanted for certain period, thus, depriving the nematodes
of their hosts which brings their population into a significantly low level?

a. crop rotation c. Sanitation

b. fallowing d. solarization

31. The following except for one are responsible for nematode control by incorporating fresh chicken
dung into infested soils.

a. It harbors lots of microorganisms that may be parasitic to nematodes

b. It generates heat during decomposition

c. It increases soil fertility

d. It imparts toxic compounds

32. In the Philippines, BIOACT and BIOCON are commercial products of a fungus that parasitizes
Meloidogyne spp., Radopholus similis, Rotylenchulus reniformis, etc. What is that fungus?

a. Paecilomyces lilacinus
 b. Arthrobotrys oligospora

c. Verticillium chlamydosporium

d. Rhizoctonia solani

33. What is the common pattern of nematode spatial distribution in a field?

a. random c. uniform

b. patchy d. none of the above

34. Which of the following facilitates long-distance spread of nematodes?

a. water

b. infected seeds/ bulbs/ corms

c. drainage

d. soil particles adhering on farm equipment

35. In what order does the most of the important genera of plant parasitic nematodes belong ?

a. Triplonchida

d. Tylenchida

c. Dorylaimida

d. Aphelenchida

36. What is the most preferred site for root penetration of infective stage of Meloidogyne spp.?

a. root cap

b. zone of differentiation

c. zone of elongation

d. zone of maturation

37. What soil texture is generally most preferred by plant parasitic nematodes?

a. sandy c. silty

b. clayey d. muddy

38. Which life stage of the nematode will NOT be killed by a systemic nematicide?

a. eggs

b. females feeding inside the roots

c. Juveniles

d. females feeding on the root surface

a. seed potato c. rice seeds

b. banana corm d. onion bulb

40. In nematology, a variety is said to be resistant if it

a. Produce good yield despite of high level of nematode infestation

b. Suppresses the multiplication of nematodes

c. Supports multiplication of nematodes

d. Leaves of plants appear normal

41. The permanent nurse cells induced by ROOT KNOT NEMATODES in roots are called

a. galls c. giant cells

b. syncytia d. nodules

42. The permanent nurse cells induced by CYST NEMATODES in roots are called

a. root galls c. giant cells

b. syncytia d. root nodules

43. Tylenchulus semipenetrans is the most widespread and serious nematode pest of citrus in the
Philippines. What citrus disorder is caused by this nematode?

a. citrus decline

c. toppling disease of citrus

b. citrus tristeza

d. citrus root rot

44. Which of the following is NOT true about the nature of plant parasitic nematodes?

a. Worm-shaped except for females of some genera which are swollen

b. Two or more species/ genera may infect a single host

c. Parasitizes plants but in their absence, may feed on soil fungi and bacteria

d. Needs a thin film of water for movement

45. A variety is said to be tolerant if it

a. Produce good yield despite of high level of nematode infestation

b. Suppress the multiplication of nematodes

d. Low levels of nematode population