M/s INDIA GLYCOLS LIMITED

APPLICATION
FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE 2018

Proposed Modernization & Expansion of Existing

Herbal Extraction Unit at Plot No. 02 - 05, Pharma
City, SIIDCUL, Selaqui Industrial Area, Dehradun.

Working Office:
A – 1 Industrial Area Bazpur Road, Kashipur, Distt. U.
S. Nagar (Uttarakhand)

PRE-FEASIBILITY REPORT
Head Office: &
Plot – 2 B, Sector – 126, Noida – 201304, Distt. Gautam ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
Budh Nagar, (Uttar Pradesh) PLAN

Project Site:
Plot No. 02 – 05, Pharma City, “SIIDCUL”, Selaqui
Industrial Area, Dehradun (Uttarakhand)

ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT DIVISION

M/s INDIA GLYCOLS LIMITED,
A – 1 INDUSTRIAL AREA
BAZPUR ROAD, KASHIPUR,
DISTT. UDHAM SINGH NAGAR,
UTTARAKHAND - 244713
 PROPOSED MODERNIZATION & EXPANSION OF EXISTING HERBAL EXTRACTION UNIT AT PRE-FEASIBILITY
PLOT NO. 02 - 05, PHARMA CITY, SIIDCUL, SELAQUI INDUSTRIAL AREA, DEHRADUN REPORT

1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 Preamble

M/s India Glycols Limited, Herbal Extraction Unit is situated at Pharma City, Plot No. 02 –
05, Selaqui, Industrial Area “SIIDCUL” District Dehradun of Uttarakhand State and having
its Corporate Office at Plot No. 2 B, Sector - 126, Noida – 201301.

Ennature Biopharma specializes in the development and manufacture of Natural Active

Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), Nutraceuticals, Natural Food Colours, Standardized
Herbal Extracts and Spice Extracts for the Beverage, Dietary Supplement, Functional
Food, Pharmaceutical and Cosmeceutical industries.

The Division uses State-of-the-Art, non-toxic, high-selectivity Super Critical Fluid

Extraction (SCFE) & green solvent Technology to produce superior quality extracts. In
addition to the existing extraction technologies adopted, company is proposing
Biotransformation Technology also for recovering low value product to high value
product.

The manufacturing facilities are Kosher compliant; Current Good Manufacturing Practice
(cGMP) certified and has been awarded a drug license from the Indian FDA. IGL has also
received accreditation from the Indian Spices Board and is a member of Pharmexcil and
Shellac.

Various natural Plants are used to extract various active compounds through various
extraction processes like SCEF, Aqueous, Aqueous-Alcoholic and Semi-mechanized Steam
distillation processes. Now existing Unit is proposed to modernize with
Biotransformation process for Value addition of existing products (7.0 kg/d). On
campaign basis, the extracted products are categorized as high value as well as low value
products. Meanwhile economics of products is changed and market demand become
decline, therefore such herbal products scenario got changed, so project proponent
proposes to introduce Biotransformation technology for manufacturing of high value
products from low value products, in addition to the existing processes as per market
demand.

Initially Herbal Extraction Unit based on Super Critical Fluid Extraction Technology, for a
capacity of 150 Kg/Day was considered after obtaining NOC from UEPPCB in August’
2006.

Further expansion of the unit was done to 1050 Kg/day capacity of Natural Health
Products after judging the economic and technological feasibility and for that EC was
obtained from MoEF in March’ 2008. Unit has further obtained EC for capacity

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 PROPOSED MODERNIZATION & EXPANSION OF EXISTING HERBAL EXTRACTION UNIT AT PRE-FEASIBILITY
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enhancement (2050 kg/day) and biomass fired boiler vide dated 21.10.2013 and 20.08.2014
respectively from SEIAA, Uttarakhand.

Company is proposing for modernization & expansion of existing Herbal Extraction Unit
based on Super Critical Fluid Extraction (SCFE), Green Solvent Extraction and proposed
Biotransformation Technology along with enhancement in the Utilities to Produce
Natural Health Products by Processing of Herbs in the existing complex.

Under horticulture technology mission as well as herbal movement, State is growing

large number of spices and medicinal herbs. Majority of these one seeing exported
outside the State in a raw form. In the present modernization & expansion Project, in
addition to the existing processes, Value addition of existing products is proposed by
installing Biotransformation Plant & facilities, which will help to produce low value
product to high value product and sell the produce directly to the national as well as
international market as a food and cosmetic ingredients as per market demand. The
existing processing plant is the first of its kind in all the Himalayan state. The total cost of
the proposed Project will be Rs. 1080.00 Lacs. No additional land is required for proposed
project as modernization & expansion will be carried out in the existing complex. Existing
Processing Unit has been supplied by Thar Technologies 730 William Pitty Way
Pittsburgh, U.S.A. This is internationally known for the SCFE technology. Proposed
Biotransformation technology is an indigenous one & evolved by IGL. The tentative raw
materials are being processed by the plants are cited above in Table: 01.01:

S. No. Name of Spices and Herbs Tentative Raw Material Requirement for
Selected Species (in M.T./ Annum)
Existing
1. Ginger 490
2. Turmeric 733
3. Chilly 580
4. Rosemary 188
5. Coleus 430
6. Gloriosa Seeds 1225
7. Green Coffee Beans 215
8. Marigold 1440
9. Vocango Seeds 390
10. Press mud 213
Total 5,904
Extracts from agro-products like aromatic plants and medicinal plants, spices, herbs are
used for various end use applications such as cosmetics, flavours, medicines, perfumes
etc.

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 PROPOSED MODERNIZATION & EXPANSION OF EXISTING HERBAL EXTRACTION UNIT AT PRE-FEASIBILITY
PLOT NO. 02 - 05, PHARMA CITY, SIIDCUL, SELAQUI INDUSTRIAL AREA, DEHRADUN REPORT

The global herbal trade stands at USD 120 billion and is expected to reach USD 7 trillion
by 2050. About 80% of the world population is dependent on medicinal plants for health
care and 20% of the pharma drugs are of plant origin, either extracted from the plants or
synthetic derivatives of these plant species. Despite a steady performance of MAP sector
over the years, India’s share in the world herbal export is insignificant (1.6%) and 2/3rd of
it is in the form of raw herbs. Global market for MAPs is largely dominated by China,
Japan, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK and US. Herbal drugs are used in cardio vascular
(27%), respiratory (15.3%), digestive (14.4%), hypnotics and sedatives (9.3%), miscellaneous
(12%).

Medicinal herbs usage by industry in terms of sales,

2014 (USD billion) detail

7%
12% 1 Essential oil
2 Natural cosmetics
11%
3 Spices and Herbs
70% 4 Pharmaceuticals

Source: Indian Council of Agricultural Research, July 2015

A mixed bag of opportunities and constraints exist for prospective new suppliers to the
international market. The key points may be summarized as:
 The history of the global industry has been characterized by periodic relocation of
major areas of production in response to changes in comparative production costs
and local socio-economic developments. This pattern has been strongly evident in the
past two decades.
 Product quality has always been imperative for success in the Maps product market
while recent changes in the structure of the market are making new demands on
exporters. These new requirements impact on expectations of overall performance in
terms of reliability in honoring contracts, prompt delivery of consignments and
compliance with international regulations on transport of medicinal aromatic plant
products.
 Demand for natural product by the ‘mainstream market’ in North America, Western
Europe and Japan is ‘mature’: population growth is static and their consumer goods
markets are well developed. Any future growth in Maps consumption is expected to

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be modest. Success in penetrating these developed markets is dependent upon

possessing a competitive advantage as a supplier and in identifying buyers who wish
to diversify their supply base for strategic security reasons.
 In global terms, the long-term growth market for Maps lies in increased consumption
by developing countries, along with general improvements in their economies and
increased consumption of consumer products incorporating medicines, food
additives fragrance and flavours or as natural pesticides. This is already evident in the
more populous developing countries, such as India and China, which may transform
from net exporters to net importers of a number of natural products in the future.
 In both the traditional industrialized markets and the emergent new markets, real
growth in consumption over the longer-term will be most marked with oils used for
flavoring purposes. Fragrance oils are confronted with strong competition from less
expensive synthetic formulations, especially in price conscious developing countries.

At present, Ginger, Turmeric, Chili etc. are grown in large area in Uttarakhand and are
being marketed as raw material outside the State also. There are no facilities for standard
value addition to these crops in the State. Once facility proposed in this project is
created, Uttarakhand can become a major high value finished product supplier of these
crops in National as well as International market.

Due to increasingly stringent environmental regulations, Supercritical fluid extraction

(SCFE) has gained wide acceptance in recent years as an alternative to conventional
solvent extraction for separation of organic compounds in many analytic and industrial
processes. In the past decade, SFE has been applied successfully to the extraction of
variety of organic compounds from herbs and other plants.

Standardized herbal extracts, in the form of dry powder, paste and liquid used as active
additives in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries are planned in the project.
Presently the spices and herbal extracts have captured a major consumer sector
application in the various types of diseases preventing & health promotion zero calories
food supplements, natural sweeteners, food supplements, nutraceuticals, antioxidants,
pharmaceutical, body fat reducer, anti-street formulations, harmless food colours, taste
enhancer, perfumery additives, skin care products and even lifesaving anti-cancer & anti-
viral medicines. The time tested ours recent spices and herbs', comprising valuable
potential of herbal products is being studied and validated scientifically for globally
acceptance.

The proposed expansion of Herbal Extraction Unit will help in value addition to the
available herbal plants raw material in the state. This will spread the message among the
farmers or growers towards the cultivation of these spices and herbs in large scale. Once
the unit is installed in the state, this will also provide the good selling price of their raw

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material, which will increase social economic status of the people living in the state.

The project implementation is being done in three phases namely, Cultivation and
Multiplication and Contractual Farming, Processing & Marketing of finished Products.
The Products are being marketed by IGL under a trade name.

India Glycols Limited, the Company based in the State, has started new initiative on
Aromatic and Non-aromatic herbs. It is presently engaged in the developing two gardens
at Ghimtoli (Rudraprayag). Besides this, IGL is also involving the local farmers of the State
under the contractual farming scheme of the company for obtaining the raw materials of
the selected species.

IGL have all India marketing network of sale/ marketing of various types of chemicals in
India and abroad.

1.2 Salient Features of the Project:-

Table: 01.02

Sr. Parameters Description

No.
1. Proposed Project Proposed Modernization & expansion of existing
Herbal Extraction Unit based on Super Critical Fluid
Extraction (SCFE), Green Solvent Extraction and
proposed Biotransformation Technology (value
addition) along with enhancing the existing
Utilities to Produce Natural Health Products by
Processing of Herbs.
2. Plant Capacity Existing: 2050 kg/day
Proposed: Value addition of existing products (7.0
kg/d) by proposed Biotransformation Process.
Total production capacity will remain the same as
2050.00 kg/day.
3. Category of Project as per EIA “Orange” as per Doon Valley Notification, Ist
Notification & Amendments February 1989.
4. Total area of the Plant 14,400 Sq mt.
5. Project Cost 1080.0 Lacs
6. Location Plot No. 02 – 05, Pharma City, “SIIDCUL”, Selaqui
Industrial Area, Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
7. Coordinates of the Site Latitude: 300 22’ 17.64’’ N
Longitude: 770 51’ 24.69’’ E

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Altitude: 535.0 Meters (MSL)

8. Proposed Products Value addition of existing products (7.0 kg/d) by
proposed Biotransformation Process. Total
production capacity will remain the same as
2050.00 kg/day.
9. Water Requirement/Source
Water Requirement after Total water: 248.0 KLD
Expansion Fresh water: 85.0 KLD
Recycled water: 163.0 KLD
Source of water Bore well
10. Water Break-up Process : 50.0 KLD
Utility : 150.0 KLD
Miscellaneous : 3.0 KLD
Domestic : 21.0 KLD
Green-belt : 24.0 KLD
Total : 248.0 KLD
11. Waste Water Management 36.5 KLD of waste water will be generated from the
Waste water generation Domestic & Industrial activities viz. Production
Mode of Disposal Process, Utility i.e. Boiler blow down, Cooling
Tower bleed & miscellaneous purpose after
proposed modernization & expansion. All the
waste water generated from Domestic & Industrial
activities will be treated in the existing STP cum ETP
& reuse in CT, green belt and cleaning/washing
activities.
Existing STP cum ETP will be augmented up to 50.0
KLD Capacity.

Zero discharge will be achieved.

12. Total Employment 450 person after proposed expansion
13. Power Supply/ Start up Power Existing Power demand: 41.0 MW/day
Proposed Power Demand: 300 KWH
(Sources from UPCL)
14. DG Set Existing: 750 (02 Nos.) & 500 KVA (01 No.)
Proposed: 500 KVA – 01 No.
15. Boiler Existing: 5.0 TPH (01 No.) Biomass Fired
Proposed: 6.0 TPH (01 No.) Biomass Fired
(Proposed boiler will be operated on standby of
existing boiler)

Table: 01.03 Summary of water, wastewater, air & solid waste details

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S. Particulars Details
No.
A. Water, waste water details
1. Water supply sources Existing Bore well.
One No. Bore well is also proposed to be drill to fulfill the
water requirement prior to obtain CGWA NOC (as standby
during maintenance).
2. Total water requirement Total water: 248.0 KLD
Fresh water: 85.0 KLD
Recycled water: 163.0 KLD
3. Total waste water Industrial : 19.7 KLD Total – 36.5 KLD
generated Domestic : 16.8 KLD
4. Treatment/Disposal Domestic & Industrial waste water will be treated in the
details existing STP cum ETP (to be augmented up to 50 KLD).
Reuse/recycle of treated water will be adopted & zero
discharge will be maintained.
B. Air pollution details
1. Sources of air pollution Boiler, DG set.
2. Air pollution control units 1. Steam boilers (Biomass fired) – 5.0 TPH x 01 No.
proposed (existing) & 6.0 TPH x 01 No. (proposed)
Bag Filter, cyclone separator & wet scrubber followed
by a stack (42 m height) will be installed for controlling
particulate matter.
2. Green insulated DG set (750 KVA x 02 Nos. (stand-by
basis) & 500 KVA x 01 No. – Existing.

One No of DG SET (500 KVA) is proposed. HSD will be

used as a fuel for the operation of DG sets.

Stack height of 5.0 M above the roof of the D.G. house

to regulate the emission within the permissible norms.
C. Solid/Hazardous wastes
1. Source of solid waste Domestic sources and Manufacturing process.
2 Total quantity of solid Domestic solid waste –90.0 kg/day
waste generated Hazardous solid waste
Sl. Source Quantity of hazardous
No. waste generated /annum
Waste oil from DG set 200 L/annum
1.
& boiler
2. Discarded Containers 250 no’s/annum

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3. Treatment/Disposal of
solid wastes The domestic wastes will be segregated at source and
collected in bins. The organic portion of the solid wastes
will be treated in compost pits and recyclable portion will
be disposed to the recycler for scientific recycling. Approx.
50.0 KG/day Boiler ash will be generated, which will be
disposed as per Fly ash notification.
Hazardous waste will be transported to TSDF as per
Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and
Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016.

1.3 Water requirement and wastewater treatment and discharge details.

I) Quantity of Water required and Wastewater generated

The total quantity of water requirement after proposed modernization & expansion of
the existing Unit will be about 248.0 KLD. However fresh water consumption will be 85.0
KLD. Company is emphasizing for reuse/recycle the treated waste water within industrial
activities. The break-up of the consumption of water is as presented in table below:-

Table: 01.04 Water consumption and discharge

Water requirement details

Sr. No. Particulars Total water requirement (KLD)

1. Domestic Purpose 21.0
2. Green Belt 24.0
3. Utility
Boiler 100.0
Cooling Tower 50.0
4. Industrial Process 50.0
5. Miscellaneous i.e. Vessel Cleaning/Floor washing 3.0
Total 248.0

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Total water requirement: 248.0 KLD

Fresh water requirement: 85.0 KLD
Recycle/reuse water: 163.0 KLD

WATER BALANCE (AFTER PROPOSED MODERNIZATION & EXPANSION)

Sr. Requirement for Water Process Waste water ETP /STP Recycled/
No. Consumption Losses generation losses Reuse

A. Industrial Process 50.0 3.0 5.0 42.0

100.0 5.0 9.0 86.0

Boiler
Utility
Cooling 50.0 47.0 3.0 00
Tower
Miscellaneous i.e. 3.0 0.3 2.7 00
Vessel Cleaning
/Floor washing
Total (Industrial) 203.0 55.3 19.7 128.0

B. Domestic 21.0 4.2 16.8 00

C. Green belt 24.0 24.0 0.0 0.0

Total input water to STP cum ETP 36.5 1.5 35.0

Total (KL/Day) 248.0 83.5 36.5 1.5 163.0

85.0 (Fresh) +
163.0 (Recycle)

Sr. Particulars Total water Total water requirement water

No. requirement (KLD) requirement
(KLD) (Existing) (After proposed (KLD)
Expansion) (Additional)
1. Domestic Purpose 4.0 21.0 17.0

2. Green Belt -- 24.0 24.0

3. Utility

Boiler 80.0 100.0 20.0

Cooling Tower 12.0 50.0 38.0

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4. Industrial Process 12.0 50.0 38.0

5. Miscellaneous i.e. -- 3.0 3.0

Vessel Cleaning
/Floor washing

Total 108.0 248.0 140.0

Recycle 84.1 163.0 78.9

Fresh 23.9 85.0 61.1

Note:

 36.5 KLD of waste water will be generated from the Domestic & Industrial
activities i.e. Production Process, Utility i.e. Boiler blow down, Cooling Tower
bleed & miscellaneous purpose after proposed Augmentation. All the waste
water generated will be treated in the STP cum ETP & reuse in green belt and
cleaning/washing activities.
 Steam condensate (86.0 KLD) will be recycled into Boiler.
 Zero discharge will be achieved.

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1.4 Raw Materials

Various raw materials required for the process are Natural Plant Parts, Supercritical Fluid,
Sodium Methyl Mercaptine, Solvents, Water and Microbial strain. The details are briefed
below.

1.4.1 Natural Plant Parts

The raw material, which are being used for the production of Natural Health Products are
mainly aerial, root and other parts of the herbal and spices plants. These are obtained
directly from the farmers. We are also providing opportunities to the farmers of
Uttarakhand for growing these herbs on contract farming basis. Various herbal species
which are used are detailed below:-

Table: 01.05 various herbal species

Sr. No. Name of Herbs
1. Marigold Flower
2. Press mud
3. Tobacco
4. Artemisia
5. Turmeric
6. Microalge Astaxanthin
7. African voacanga
8. Coleus
9. Chilly/Paprika colour
10. Ginger root Oleoresin
11. Black Pepper
12. Gloriosa
13. Coffee beans
14. Ginger
15. Rosemary

1.4.2 Other Raw Material (Table: 01.06)

Raw Material Qty. Qty. (Proposed) Qty. (Total)

(Existing)
1. Aqueous alcohol / 100 L/ batch 25 L/ batch as 125 L/ batch as make up
Solvent (hexane / as make up make up

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Acetone / Methanol /
IPA/Ethyl Acetate)
2. Carbon di Oxide Fluid / 1000 Kg/day 1000 Kg/day 2000 Kg/day make up
Liquid make up make up
3. Water (fresh) 23.9 M3/ 61.1 M3/ Day 85.0 M3/ Day
Day

1.5 Air Pollution Details

The major air pollution sources from the industry are DG set and boiler. These sources are
provided with stacks of adequate height so as to disperse the emanating flue gases
containing SPM, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen without affecting the ground level
concentrations as per the regulatory requirements.

The sources of air pollution, type of fuel used, fuel consumption and chimney heights for
each of the air pollution sources of the proposed project are indicated in the following
table:-

Table: 01.07 Air pollution sources, fuel consumption and chimney height details

SI. Stack Fuel Fuel No. of Stack Air pollution Predicted

no. attached used consumption stacks height control emissions
to Unit
1. Steam Biom 0.5 MT/Hr 1 42 m AGL Bag Filter, SO2, NOx,
boiler (01 ass approx. cyclone SPM
Nos. 6.0 separator & wet
TPH,) scrubber
2. Green HSD 82 L/hr 1 5 m ARL Stack SO2, NOx,
insulated Approx. for each SPM
DG set DG set
(500 KVA x
01 No.

1.6 Noise Pollution Details

The major source of noise pollution in the industry is the DG set for which acoustic enclosure
is proposed. Also ambient noise levels will be ensured within the ambient standards by
inbuilt design of mechanical equipment and building apart from vegetation (tree
plantations) along the periphery and at various locations within the industry premises.

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1.7 Solid Waste Details

The quantity of solid waste generated from the existing industry is detailed in the following
table.
Table: 01.08 Solid waste generation during the operation phase
Total No. of Employees 450
Assuming per capita solid waste generation rate as 0.2 kg/capita/day
Quantity of solid waste generated 90 kg/day
Organic solid waste : 60 % of the total waste 54 kg/day
Inorganic solid waste : 40 % of the total waste 36 kg/day
Disposal of domestic solid waste The domestic wastes are segregated
at source, collected in bins and
composted.

1.8 Hazardous raw materials used in the manufacturing process

The following raw materials used during the process of proposed modernization &
expansion of existing herbal extraction unit are hazardous in nature according to
Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989.

Table: 01.09 Hazardous Raw Materials

Sr. No. Hazardous raw material used in the solvent extraction process
1. Acetone
2. Hexane
3. Toluene
4. Isopropyl alcohol
5. Methanol

1.9 Hazardous waste generation and its management during the manufacturing process

The hazardous wastes generated during the manufacturing process of herbal extract are
stored at hazardous waste storage area and the hazardous wastes shall be dealt as per
Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016.

The quantities of hazardous waste generated from various processes are shown in the
following tables.

Table: - 01.10 Summary of the total quantity of hazardous wastes:

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Sl. Source Existing Proposed Category Treatment/ Disposal

No. Quantity of Quantity of according to
HW HW Schedule I of
generated generated HW categories
1. Waste oil 1250 L/annum 200 L/annum 5.1 Handed over to PCB
from DG authorized
set recyclers/re-processors
2. Spent 10.0 -- 28.6 Send to authorized
Solvent MT/annum spent solvent re-
processors for recover
& re-use.
3. Discarded 1800 250 33.1 Handed over to
Containers/ no’s/annum no’s/annum authorized
liners recyclers/re-processors
/barrels
4. Used -- 05 -- Hand over to
Batteries no’s/annum authorized re – cyclers

5. E-Waste -- 60 kg -- Handed over to

authorized
recyclers/re-processors

1.10 Environmental Impacts and Management Plan

1.10.1 Environmental management plan during construction phase

Sl. Enviro Predicted Probable source of impact Mitigation measures Remarks

No. nment impacts
al
compo
nents
1. Ambie Negative Fugitive dust emissions  Carrying out the Impacts are
nt air impact inside generated during construction temporary
quality the construction in the activities in closed (Only during
construction beginning followed by construction
manner.
site premises. fabrication, erection of period) in
No negative plant and machinery  Intermittent spraying nature.
impact during later part of the of water.
outside. project.  Use of PPE’s.

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2. Noise Negative Noise generation from  Use of well- Temporary

impact near construction activities and maintained impact only
noise operation of construction equipment. during
generation equipment’s and also from construction
 Use of PPE – ear
sources inside the movement of vehicles phase.
the premises. carrying construction plugs and muffs by
No significant materials to and from the the construction
impact on the project site. workers.
ambient noise
levels in the
surrounding
area.
3. Water No significant
Discharge of sewage from The sewage generated Impact will be
quality impact labours. shall treat in the temporary.
existing STP cum ETP. Local labours
shall be
employed.
4. Land No negative Waste from laborers. Waste from laborers --
impact will be collected and
composted on site.
Non-compostable
waste will be sent for
recycling.
5. Socio- Overall Employment opportunities Locally available man --
econo positive power will be utilized
mic impact to the maximum
possible extent.

1.10.2 Environmental management plan during operation phase

Sl. Environment Predicted Probable source of Mitigation measures Remarks

no. al impacts impact
components
1. Ambient air Minor negative  Process of  Manufacturing process DG sets will
quality impact. manufacturing of involves closed be used only
herbal extract operations in various during
controlled vessels. power
 Particulate and failure.
gaseous  The process area will be
emissions from provided with
DG set and abundant natural light
and ventilation and

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boilers high roofs to disperse

the fumes/gases to the
outside atmosphere;
preventing the increase
of ground level
concentrations (GLC’S)
as it gets dispersed.

 The emissions from DG

& boiler will be let out
through stacks of
heights 5 m ARL and 42
m AGL respectively.
2. Noise Minor negative  Operation of  The conveying system --
impact near machineries shall be maintained by
noise during the following routine and
generation manufacturing periodic maintenance
sources inside process. to reduce noise
the premises. generation in material
 Handling and handling.
conveying of
raw materials  DG set with prebuilt
and semi- acoustic enclosure as
finished per CPCB norms will be
components to installed in dedicated
different areas utility area, where the
of operations access will be
restricted. Also the use
 Operation of DG of PPE (ear plugs) will
set. be mandatory in this
area.

 Green belt at the

project boundary will
further act as noise
barrier and help in
attenuation of noise.
3. Water quality No significant Discharge of  Domestic sewage & Water
adverse impact domestic sewage waste water generated conservation
and industrial from the industrial measures
effluent activities will be treated will be
in in the existing STP encouraged.
cum ETP & treated Steam
water will be condensate

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reuse/recycled in green & process

belt, cooling tower & water will be
cleaning/washing circulated
purpose. Existing STP within the
cum ETP shall be system.
augmented after
proposed expansion.
4. Land No negative  Discharge of  The treated --
impact wastewater. wastewater will be re-
used for cooling tower
 Storage and make-up water, green
disposal of solid belt etc.
wastes.
 The domestic solid
wastes are segregated
at source, collected in
bins and composted
and inert portion will be
handed over to
authorized recyclers.
5. Socio- Overall positive Employment Locally available man power --
economic impact opportunities will be utilized to the
maximum possible extent
based on their skill.

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2.0 INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT/BACKGROUND INFORMATION

M/s India Glycols Limited is proposing for modernization & expansion of existing Herbal
Extraction Unit based on Super Critical Fluid Extraction (SCFE), Green Solvent Extraction and
Biotransformation Technology to Produce Natural Health Products by Processing of Herbs in
the existing complex at Plot No. 02 – 05, Pharma City, SIIDCUL, Selaqui Industrial Area,
Dehradun, Uttarakhand.

Unit has Land Possession (Plot No. 02 – 05) covering an area of 14400 Sqm in Selaqui
industrial area, Pharma City, SIIDCUL and obtained registration and license to work a Factory
issued by Chief Inspector of Factories, Uttarakhand. Unit has obtained EC for expansion
(Expanded Capacity – 150 to 1050 Kg/day) of Herbal Extraction Unit granted by MoEF on
dated 12/03/2008.

Unit has obtained CTE – Fresh for establishment of new unit from UEPPCB on dated
03/08/2006 & further CTE – Expand was also granted by UEPPCB on dated 06/05/2008. Unit
has obtained CCA (Consolidated Consent & Authorization) from UEPPCB for Water, Air and
Hazardous Waste. Unit is submitting regular compliance report w.r.t. EC & CCA conditions as
per due date.

Unit has further obtained EC for capacity enhancement (Expanded Capacity – 1050 to 2050
Kg/day) and installation of biomass fired boiler vide dated 21.10.2013 and 20.08.2014
respectively.

Unit has obtained Fire & Safety Certificate (NOC) and its assessment is being carried out
regularly by competent authority. Unit has Certification of ISO 9001:2008 + HACCP, WHO-
GMP, Organic Certification by Uttarakhand State Organic Certificate Agency (USOCA),
Licence for Storage of CO2 issued by PESO and Licence of Import & Storage of Petrolium
Class A & B & Storage Shed.

2.1 Planning Concept

 Land use Industrial (Non agriculture). Being the approved Industrial Area as Pharma
City, Selaqui industrial area, the care has been taken by SIIDCUL.

 The existing infrastructure i.e. Road and other utilities like electricity; water are
adequately available & supplied by the SIIDCUL, states nodule agency. The stable
power distribution network for the industrial complex where this project is coming
up.

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 It is being the part of integrated industrial complex with many companies operating
in the complex.
 The adequate Infrastructure has been planned by SIIDCUL.

 The site is well connected with roads for movement of raw material and finished
products and other material.

2.2 Identification of Project & Project Proponent

M/s India Glycols Limited, Herbal Extraction Unit is situated at Pharma City, Plot No. 02 – 05,
Selaqui, Industrial Area “SIDCUL” District Dehradun of Uttarakhand State and having its
Corporate Office at Plot No. 2 B, Sector - 126, Noida – 201301.

Ennature Biopharma specializes in the development and manufacture of Natural Active

Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), Nutraceuticals, Natural Food Colours, Standardized
Herbal Extracts and Spice Extracts for the Beverage, Dietary Supplement, Functional Food,
Pharmaceutical and Cosmeceutical industries.

The Division uses State-of-the-Art, non-toxic, high-selectivity Super Critical Fluid Extraction
(SCFE), Green solvent extraction Technology to produce superior quality extracts. Company
is now propose to modernize the existing production process with Biotransformation
Technology also. By adopting the Biotransformation Technology, low value products shall
be further processed to recover high value products as per market demand.

The manufacturing facilities are Kosher compliant; Current Good Manufacturing Practice
(cGMP) certified and has been awarded a drug license from the Indian FDA. IGL has also
received accreditation from the Indian Spices Board and is a member of Pharmexcil and
Shellac.

Various natural Plants are used to extract various active compounds through various
extraction processes like SCEF, Aqueous, Aqueous-Alcoholic and Semi-mechanized Steam
distillation processes. Now existing Unit is proposed to augment with Biotransformation
process to Value addition of existing products (7.0 kg/d). On campaign basis, the extracted
products are categorized as high value as well as low value products. Meanwhile economics
of products is changed and market demand declined, therefore such herbal products
scenario got changed, so project proponent proposes to introduce Biotransformation
technology for manufacturing of high value products from low value products, in addition to
the existing processes as per market demand.

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M/s India Glycols Limited (IGL) is one of the rapidly expanding Companies, situated at A – 1
Industrial Area, Bazpur Road at about 8.0 Kms away from Kashipur Town, District Udham
Singh Nagar of Uttarakhand, having its registered Office at Plot – 2 B, Sector – 126, Noida –
201304, Distt. Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh. India Glycols Limited manufacturers MEG,
DEG, TEG, Ethoxylates and Formulated/Specialty Chemicals.

M/s India Glycols Limited was incorporated on 19th November, 1983 as U.P. Glycols Limited.
It was renamed as India Glycols Limited on 28th August, 1986. By using Molasses as a raw
material, IGL started its commercial production of MEG in the year 1989 with the
collaboration of Scientific Design Co. Inc., USA. In the year 1994, expansion of the Plant was
done to manufacture Ethylene Oxide Derivatives and Condensates. The Plant was
commissioned with the collaboration of Press Industria, Italy. IGL also commissioned Plant
for Formulation / Specialty Chemicals in 1997 in collaboration with Sanyo, Japan.

India Glycols is the first and only Company in the world to have commercialized the
production of Ethylene Oxide, its Derivatives and Glycols from renewable agricultural
resources.

Apart from Chemicals, India Glycols has a significant presence in the Natural Active
Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals space with Ennature Biopharma; a well-established
Natural Gum Division manufacturing Guar Gum and a variety of Derivatives; a Spirits Division
that manufactures Country and Indian-made Foreign Liquor adhering to the highest quality
standards at Gorakhpur and Shakumbari Sugar – a well-established player in the Indian Sugar
Industry.

It has set up a R&D center for product development for various applications. IGL intends to
diversify into the areas of Natural Health Products and has taken on lease Government
Horticulture farms in Rudraprayaga and Ghimtoli of Uttarakhand, which will be used for
research and germ plasma collection center for MAP species. IGL has its Natural Health
Product division based on Medicinal and Aromatic plants, R&D center, Processing and
Extraction Plant in Pharma City, Selaqui Industrial Area of Siidcul, a notified industrial area of
Uttarakhand. Further IGL planned for the expansion of the present licensed production
capacity. For this purpose IGL will require cultivation of selected medicinal and aromatic
plants. Therefore, IGL is initiating contract farming on selected species involving farmers of
Uttarakhand.

2.2.1 Manufacturing Facilities at IGL, Kashipur

The manufacturing Complex consists of the following production Units (Table :- 02.01)

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UNIT PRODUCT
Distillery Ethanol
Bio-gas Methane (Fuel)
Air Separation Units Oxygen Nitrogen
Mono Ethylene Glycol MEG, DEG & TEG
Ethoxylates EO Derivatives
Formulation Specialty Chemicals
Sulphation Specialty Chemicals
Glycol Ether Industrial Solvents
Guar Gum Guar Gum Powder
Bottling Plant IMFL/Country Liquor
Herbal Farms at Ghimtoli Various Herbs

2.2.2 Technical Collaboration (Table :- 02.02)

S.No. Products / Unit Technical Collaboration

1. MEG, E. O. P. & E. O. Derivatives Scientific Design Inc., USA
2. Formulation/Speciality Chemicals Sanyo, Japan
3. Sulphation EJM Consultants, Canada
4. Glycol Ether Sulzer Chern. Tech., Switzerland
5. Aromatic Medicinal Plants Selaqui Centre for Aromatic Plants (HRDI)
Dehradun

2.2.3 Finished Products and their Uses (Table :- 02.03)

PRODUCT : USES
M.E.G. : Polyester staple fibers polyester filament yarn, packaging
material, explosives, coolants wire enamels, unsaturated resins
etc.
D.E.G. : Pesticides, rubber compounding, fluids, plasticizers, etc. brake
T.E.G. : Oil exploration and refinery.
E.O. Derivatives : Ethoxylates Leather, Textile, Wool Scouring, & Surfactants) and
Specialty Pesticides, Agrochemicals, cosmetics
Chemicals : Detergents, Medicines, Emulsifier
Glycols Ether : Solvents for paints, coating, polymers
Guar Gum : Food & its products, Ice-cream, Cosmetics bakery (hair care, skin
care)

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Industrial application: explosives, textile, paper, oiled field

chemicals etc.
Liquor (IMFL & CL) : Beverages
Natural Health : Herbal Preparation and Food Additives, Herbal extracts,
Products Essential Oils

2.2.4 R&D Centre

IGL's R&D function is not only driven by Organizational needs, but more importantly by
Customer needs. Its R&D center employs state-of-the-art equipment that empowers IGL
Scientists and Engineers to consistently deliver customized solutions that meet, and at
times, even exceed customer expectations.

The Company has set up an R & D Centre to cater the requirement of E.O. Derivatives and
their application business. It has been recognized by Department of Science & Technology,
Government of India.

2.2.5 Name and complete address of the proposing and implementing Organization

Working Office: A – 1 Industrial Area Bazpur Road, Kashipur, Distt. U. S. Nagar

(Uttarakhand) India
Contact Person: Dr. Ashutosh Gautam
Contact No.: +919837242463
Email: [email protected]
Head Office: Plot – 2 B, Sector – 126, Noida – 201304, Distt. Gautam Budh Nagar,
Uttar Pradesh
Project Site: M/s India Glycols Limited, Plot No.02 – 05, Pharma City, “SIDCUL”,
Selaqui Industrial Area, Dehradun (Uttarakhand)

2.2.6 The Promoter

M/s India Glycols Limited is a professionally managed Public Limited Company with Mr. U.S.
Bhartia leading the Business Operations. The Company’s Board of Directors are:

Table: - 02.04 List of Directors

Sr. No. Name Designation

1. Shri U.S. Bhartia Chairman & Managing Director
2. Smt. Jayshree Bhartia Director

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3. Shri Autar Krishna Director

4. Shri Pradip K. Khaitan Director
5. Shri Ravi Jhunjhunwala Director
6. Shri Jagmohan N. Kejriwaal Director
7. Shri R.C. Mishra Director
8. Shri Jitender Balakrishnan Director
9. Shri M. K. Rao Executive Director

2.3 Brief description of nature of the Project

Ennature Biopharma specialises in the development and manufacture of natural active

pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), nutraceuticals, natural food colours, standardised herbal
extracts and spice extracts for the beverage, dietary supplement, functional food,
pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries.

The division uses state-of-the-art, non-toxic, high-selectivity super critical fluid extraction
(SCFE) technology to produce superior quality extracts.

The manufacturing facilities are kosher compliant, Current Good Manufacturing Practice
(cGMP) certified and have been awarded a drug license from the Indian FDA. IGL has also
received accreditation from the Indian Spices Board and is a member of Pharmexcil and
Shellac.

The division has established an integrated, multi-process-centric manufacturing set-up

comprising an SCFE facility integrated with solvent and aqueous extraction units located at
Dehradun (at the foothills of the Himalayas, a herbal heritage location).

The multi-process facility produces a wide range of customer-specific products with

efficiency and guaranteed purity. Now existing Unit is proposed to augment with
Biotransformation process to Value addition of existing products (7.0 kg/d). On campaign
basis, the extracted products are categorized as high value as well as low value products.
Meanwhile economics of products is changed and market demand declined, therefore such
herbal products scenario got changed, so project proponent proposes to introduce
Biotransformation technology for manufacturing of high value products from low value
products, in addition to the existing processes as per market demand.

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2.4 Need for the project and its importance to the country and or region

The market for spice and herb extracts consists of Marigold flower, Ginger, Black Pepper,
Tobacco, Microalgae, Artimisia, Turmeric, Coleus and other types of herb extracts. They are
available in both, oleoresin and powdered form, and are in high demand for their flavoring,
seasoning and aromatic attributes. The market has a good trade potential, especially for
small-scale farmers in regions like Asia-Pacific, where climatic conditions are favourable, and
there is a significant local demand for spice and herb extracts. A large proportion of extracts
traded in both, local and export markets, are produced by small-scale farmers.

Globally, the spice and herb extracts market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 7.1% from 2017
to 2022. This market is estimated to be valued at USD 6.91 billion in 2017 and is projected to
reach a value of USD XX billion by 2022.

International Cuisine to Drive the Herb and Spice Market

The key drivers leading to the growth of the spice and herb extract markets are the
increased availability of international cuisines in the major economies, shifting consumer
focus towards natural products, increasing demand for convenience foods and rising
preference for botanical flavors among consumers. Many companies are focusing on natural
herb & spice extracts as they are becoming popular in every segment of the food and
beverage industry and offer plenty of scope for new and attractive taste creations. The
inconsistencies in the prices and high cost of production are primary challenges hampering
the growth of the market.

There is a significant scope for small and medium-sized exporters in the herb and spice
extract market, especially from those belonging to the European region, in case they adopt
sustainability measures. There has been an increased focus and investments in the food and
beverage industry, to develop new flavors and aromas using spice and herb extracts mainly
for convenience foods and confectionery segments. The growing demand for natural
preservatives has opened a line of markets for herb and spice extracts. Many consumers are
becoming aware of the curative properties of herbs and spices extracts. This has led to the
increased market for the use of these extracts in the nutraceuticals and cosmetic industry.

2.5 Demands-Supply Gap

According to WHO, over 80% of the total world population depend on traditional medicines,
mostly plant based, for their primary health care needs. Medicinal plants not only provide
access to affordable medicine for the poor people; they also generate income, employment

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and foreign exchange for the developing countries. In recent years, increasing popularity of
alternative medicine and herbal products has rapidly increased the demand for Medicinal
and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) in the global market.

The medicinal plants sector has traditionally occupied an important position in the
sociocultural, spiritual and medicinal background of rural and tribal lives of India. Besides
meeting national demands, India caters to 12% of the global trade in herbal sector. In recent
years, trade in herbal-based products has quantum leaped, particularly with respect to the
volume of plant materials traded within and outside the country. Although India possesses
one among the 12-mega biodiversity hotspots, the growing demand for medicinal plants is
undoubtedly putting heavy strain on the existing resources, causing a number of species to
become rare, threatened or endangered. Some rapid assessment of the threat status of
medicinal plants using the IUCN-designed CAMP methodology has revealed that about 112
species in Southern India, 74 species in Northern and Central India and 42 species in the high
altitudes of the Himalayas are threatened in the wild. Every year thousands of tonnes of
these plant resources are being exploited from the natural habitat either legally or illegally,
while very little of the benefits flow back to the local communities.

2.6 Imports vs. Indigenous Production

The global herbal trade stands at USD 120 billion and is expected to reach USD7 trillion by
2050. About 80% of the world population is dependent on medicinal plants for health care
and 20% of the pharma drugs are of plant origin, either extracted from the plants or
synthetic derivatives of these plant species. Despite a steady performance of MAP sector
over the years, India’s share in the world herbal export is insignificant (1.6%) and 2/3rd of it is
in the form of raw herbs. Global market for MAPs is largely dominated by China, Japan,
France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK and US.

India has large biodiversity and is endowed with 45,000 plant species out of which about
15,000-20,000 plants are known to have medicinal properties. With a share 46.4%, the US is
the largest importer of medicinal herbs value added products from India in 2013. Other top
importer countries include Pakistan and Germany.

2.7 Export Possibility

Trade in medicinal plants, plays only a small part in the Indian economy, although this is now
an expanding private sector in the country. Trade in medicinal plants consists of a large
variety of commodities, which range from raw plant material, such as root or bark to
processed commodities such as extracts or finished pharmaceutical drugs. Growing

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popularity of herbal medicines in health care systems and the trend of increase in their
export demand are quite evident. Estimated figures reflect 15-20% growth of Indian
pharmaceutical concerns per year. Further, the figures foretelling global trade in medicinal
plant species indicate a steep upward trend in near future.

Marketing of medicinal plants in India till date is inefficient, informal, secretive and
opportunistic. As a result, the raw material supply situation is shaky, unsustainable and
exploitative. This results in depletion of the resource base, exploitation of rural people (who
are the real stewards of the resource), adulteration and non-availability of quality herbal
drugs for domestic consumption as well as for exports. The medicinal plants sector has a
number of stakeholders having divergent interests. Unless coordinated efforts are made,
the sector will not develop. The various players involved in the marketing of Medicinal and
Aromatic Plants Sector are:

• Small and Large Scale farmers,

• Retailers,
• Health authorities,
• Conservation authorities,
• Forestry authorities,
• Policy makers at all levels of Government,
• Communities and Individuals who own or have access to medicinal plant resources.

Around 90% of the medicinal plants used by the Indian Pharmacies today are collected from
the wild/natural sources. Less than 20 species of plants are under commercial cultivation and
many of these have their uses for other purposes like perfumery/condiments/spices. The
bigger supply of the raw material is procured by pharmacies from the drug dealers in the
markets of metro cities and many small cities of the country. These drug dealers of the cities
in-turn procure them from the so-called unknown sources (as it forms a part of their trade
secret). 90% of them ultimately come from natural sources of various parts of the country
collected by unskilled forest dwelling communities and are purchased at a nominal price.
Several medicinal plants have now been assessed as endangered, vulnerable and threatened
due to over harvesting or unskillful harvesting in the wild. Habitat destruction in the form of
deforestation is an added danger. The Government of India has put 29 species, threatened in
the wild, in the negative list of export. The unsustainable ways of harvesting and
unrestricted marketing have led to reduction in population of some of the high demand
medicinal plants leading to sudden escalation in prices of these crude drugs in the market.

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2.8 Domestic/Exports Markets

There is great demand for herbal medicine in the developed as well as developing countries
like India, because of their wide biological activities, higher safety of margin than the
synthetic drugs and lesser costs. Medicinal plants play a great role in food supplements for
care as well as in personal care of the mankind alongside the therapeutically active
substances, thus medicinal plant based industry is a promising sector and enormous
economic growth potential. Nutraceuticals (Health Food) are in great demand in the
developed world particularly USA and Japan. Nutraceutical market in USA alone is about $
80-250 billion, with a similar market size in Europe and Japanese sales worth $ 1.5 billion.
Such huge markets have arisen because of the Dietary Supplement Health Education Act
passed by USA in 1994, which permits unprecedented claims to be made about food or the
dietary supplement’s ability about health benefits including prevention and treatment of
diseases. This act has motivated pharma to include not only compounds isolated from fauna
and flora but also herbal medicines as Nutraceuticals, which is unfortunate. The Indian
herbal pharma companies also see this as a good opportunity and are marketing such
products. However, the importance of medicinal plants in the national economy and their
potential for the rapid growth of herbal products, perfumery and allied industry in India has
been emphasized from time to time. New trends are emerging in the standardization of
herbal raw materials whereby it is carried out to reflect the total content of
phytoconstituents like polyphenols, which can be correlated with biological activity.

2.9 Employment Generation due to the Project

The total direct employment potential w.r.t. the proposed modernization & expansion is
about 50 people. However, apart from this there will be significant non estimated
employment generation at the supplier firms and service industry providing services to the
company. Company is giving preference to people from economically weaker sections for
employment in various semiskilled/ unskilled jobs thereby contributing to their upliftment.
The total employment potential of the existing industry after the proposed modernization &
expansion would be 450 people.

3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 Type of Project

M/s India Glycols Limited propose for modernization & expansion of existing Herbal
Extraction Unit based on Super Critical Fluid Extraction (SCFE), Green Solvent Extraction and
proposed Biotransformation Technology to Produce Natural Health Products by Processing

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of Herbs at Plot No. 02 – 05, Pharma City, SIIDCUL, Selaqui Industrial Area, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand by using proposed Biotransformation Technology and infrastructure facilities.
Various utilities viz. boiler, cooling tower, air compressor & DG set, etc. will be proposed to
install to meet the requirements.

Total capital investment in the proposed project activities will be Rs. 1080.0 Lacs. It includes
construction, plant machineries and installation, environment protection measures cost, etc.

3.1.1 Infrastructure

Land: The Company has acquired 14,400.0 Sq mt land in Government approved industrial
area (SIIDCUL) as Selaqui Industrial area at Plot No. 02 – 05, Pharma City, Selaqui Industrial
Area, Dehradun, Uttarakhand. An area of 2300.00 Sq.m (Part of the existing land) would be
required for proposed modernization & expansion.

Power: The total connected load for smooth operation of the unit has been estimated at
41.0 MW/day which is being sourced from grid (UPCL), However 300 KWH power shall be
required for proposed modernization & expansion of the existing unit.

The company has provision to install one Green insulated DG set 500 KVA to have
continuous supply of power for proposed biotransformation of low value products to high
value products during Failure / Shutdown of power at any point of time will adversely affect
the production and quality of extract product.

Water: Water is required for manufacturing process, domestic utility and Green belt. Initially
total water demand is 248.0 KLD and recycled water is 163.0 KLD. Fresh Water required for
Production of Concentrate Syrup / Powder will be 85.0 KL/D after proposed augmentation,
which will be met from existing Bore wells. One no. bore well is proposed to be drilled,
therefore prior permission from CGWA shall be taken.

Storage: Company has sufficient provision for storage of raw material & finished goods.

Transportation: Adequate resources / infrastructure for transportation of raw Material and

finished goods are available in Uttarakhand.

Connectivity: The Project site is connected by 18 meter wide connecting road to the
Highway.

All the other infrastructural facilities are expected to be adequately available to the Unit.

3.1.2 Technical Know-How

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The manufacturing unit will have technical staffs that are qualified as per the provision of
the Rules, separately for manufacturing and quality assessment. The technical staff shall be
assisted by the supporting staff.

Further, necessary assistance from plant and machinery suppliers would also be taken with
help of qualified Chemists / Consultants to be appointed by the promoters, for successful
implementation and commissioning of the plant.

3.1.3 Construction Activities

In proposed project activity, the plot is vacant hence no demolition work would be done. All
Construction and commissioning activities of proposed project shall be carried out after
getting amendment in Environmental Clearance from MoEF, New Delhi and obtain Consent
to Establish (CTE) from Uttarakhand Environment Protection & Pollution Control Board
(UEPPCB), Dehradun. Erection of various machineries shall start simultaneously.

 Construction of buildings, Plants & infrastructure facilities.

 Construction of sheds and other essential utilities shall be carried out.
 Construction of internal roads for reaching various sections.

Construction materials like brick, steel, sand aggregates, tiles etc. will be procured locally in
the desired quantity as and when required. All construction materials will be transported via
road only. Temporary storage yard will be provided for the storage of construction material.
Storage yard will be covered from all the sides.

Construction work after EC for proposed modernization & expansion of Herbal Extraction
Unit would be done as given below:-

Table:-03.01- Construction Details

S. No. Construction Area (Sq.mt)

1. Plant Buildings (Biotransformation ) 850.00
2. Boiler House, Cooling Tower, Electricity 1250.00
Utilities, DG
3. STP cum ETP 200.00
Total Land 2300.0

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3.2 Location of the Project

Proposed modernization & expansion of Existing Herbal Extraction Unit to Produce Natural
Health Products by Processing of Herbs in the existing complex by M/s India Glycols Limited
at Plot No. 02 – 05, Pharma City, SIIDCUL, Selaqui Industrial Area, Dehradun, Uttarakhand.

No alternate site was considered –

 The basis of selection of this site is that the State of Uttarakhand is providing suitable
Industrial environment with proper infrastructure support.
 The availability of Raw Material, Power and other infrastructure. Our Finished
Products buyers are also located in Uttarakhand State.
Name of the Company M/s India Glycols Limited
Registered Office Plot – 2 B, Sector – 126, Noida – 201304, Distt. Gautam
Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh
Address for A – 1 Industrial Area, Bazpur Road, Kashipur, District U.S.
Correspondence Nagar, Uttarakhand.
Works Office Plot No. 02 – 05, Pharma City, “SIIDCUL”, Selaqui
Industrial Area, Dehradun.

The project site is located at Latitude: 300 22’ 17.64’’ N, Longitude: 770 51’ 24.69’’ E (central)
and Altitude: 535.0 Meters (MSL). Corner coordinates of the existing site is as below:

Sr. No. Direction Latitude Longitude

1. SE 300 22’ 14.71’’ N 770 51’ 24.03’’ E
2. SW 300 22’ 16.16’’ N 770 51’ 21.70’’ E
3. NW 300 22’ 20.60’’ N 770 51’ 25.36’’ E
4. NE 300 22’ 19.34’’ N 770 51’ 27.73’’ E

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Project Site Location

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3.3 Site Description

The proposed plant is situated in Pharma City of SIDCUL at Selakui industrial area, which is
about 15 km away from the city of Dehradun. The area is covered under the notification
issued by the state government for availing various incentives under the income tax and
excise. Proposed Expansion & Modernization of Existing Herbal Extraction Unit based on
Super Critical Fluid Extraction (SCFE), Green Solvent Extraction and Biotransformation
Technology to Produce Natural Health Products by Processing of Herbs is located at Plot No.
02 – 05, Pharma City, SIIDCUL, Selaqui Industrial Area, Dehradun, Uttarakhand. The area is
situated in the survey of India Topo Sheet No. 53F/4 and Coordinates Latitude: 300 22’ 17.64’’
N, Longitude 770 51’ 24.69’’ E. The nearest National Highway N.H. 72 : 1.55 Km SW (Ponta
Sahib Road) away from the site. The nearest Railway station Dehradun is 17.88 Km SE away
from the site. Jolly Grant Airport is 37.15 Km SE (aerial) from the site.

3.3.1 Site Selection

At the existing site adequate transportation facilities are available for transportation of
product to Uttarakhand and other region of country. Hence the proposed project will be
beneficial and techno-economically feasible. Hence, no alternative site is analyzed.

The main features of the site including environmental considerations that make it suitable
for proposed modernization & expansion of existing Herbal Extraction Unit are given below:

 Availability of sufficient stretch of land with flat terrain in industrial Estate (Pharma City,
Selaqui industrial area developed by SIIDCUL)
 No habitation in the plant site, hence no direct R&R issues
 Suitable topography and geography for construction of facilities
 Suitable seismic zone
 The plant site is not falling within the vicinity of any monument or in an archeologically
sensitive area.
 No declared biodiversity parks/sanctuaries are there in the surroundings of the site as
Rajaji National Park is 32.18 km SE away from the site
 Nearness to source of main raw materials
 Location of consumer centre
 Convenient Rail & Road links
 Uttarakhand is providing suitable Industrial environment with proper infrastructure
support.
 Adequate availability of raw material, power and other infrastructure.

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Financial and social benefits with special emphasis on environmental consideration and
benefit to the local people will be kept as top priority for the proposed project.

3.4 Size or Magnitude of Operation

The industry “M/s India Glycols Limited” is a large scale industrial unit with a total capital
investment of Rupees 1080.0 Lacs only for proposed modernization & expansion. Proposed
Annual Production of Natural Health Products (Concentrate Syrup/Powder) will remain
2050.00 kg/day after proposed modernization & expansion since Value addition of existing
products (7.0 kg/day) is proposed by intending Biotransformation Technology.

3.5 Project description with Process details (Schematic diagram/Flow Chart showing the
Project Layout, Components of the Project etc.).

In the proposed project, manufacturing of high value products from low value products by
introducing Biotransformation technology is proposed by installation of some utilities in the
existing complex. Total production capacity will remain the same as 2050.00 kg/day.
Presently Natural Health Products (Concentrate Syrup / Powder) are being extracted from
herbal parts through Super Critical Fluid Extraction (SCFE) and Green Solvent Extraction
technology. On campaign basis, the extracted products are categorized as high value as well
as low value products. Meanwhile economics of low value products is changed and market
demand become decline, therefore such herbal products scenario got changed, so project
proponent proposes to introduce Biotransformation technology for value addition of
existing products, in addition to the existing processes as per market demand.

The finished products are being transported through the existing rail and road network.
Total land acquired by the existing industry is 14,400 Sq. m. proposed production facility
along with the required utilities will be set up in part vacant land of the existing premises.
After proposed modernization & expansion, total water requirement will be about 248.0
KLD. However fresh water requirement will be 85.0 KLD. Water requirement for the project
will be sourced from existing Bore well. One no. Bore well is proposed to be drill to fulfill the
additional water requirement. The unit at full capacity will demand 41.0 MW/day of power,
which already sanctioned by UPCL. 300 KWH Power will be required for proposed
modernization & expansion. Apart from this the company proposes 01 D.G. set of 500 KVA in
order to have emergency power backup. One no. of Biomass fired Boiler (6.0 TPH) is
proposed also to fulfill the desired steam consumption.

Proposed boiler will be operated on standby of existing boiler. Since for smooth operation
of our existing unit, steam consumption is at the tune of 5.0 MT/Hr, however steam

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generation from existing boiler is just 4.0 MT/Hr (80% efficiency). By proposing the
Biotransformation process under the modernization & expansion scheme & smooth
operation of existing operation also, one no. Boiler (6.0 MT/Hr capacity) is proposed.

3.5.1 Products

Natural Health Products.

3.5.2 Raw Materials

Herbal Material Various Plant Parts

Fresh Water 85.0 KL / Day
Power 41.0 MW / Day (Existing) & 300 KWH (Proposed)
Liquid CO2 2000 Kg / Day (as Make up)
Solvents Approximately 125 L per batch (Methanol, Hexane, Acetone,
IPA, and Ethyl Acetate) as make up whenever the batch is
under Process
HSD 282 Ltrs / hr. occasionally (In absence of Power from State
Electricity Board for operation of DG set)
3.5.3 Storage Facility

The division has a strong hold over Products & raw material procurement through owned
and contract cultivation. It has a well-ventilated, well-partitioned raw material storage
structure, which can accommodate up to 300.0 MT of raw material under hygienic
conditions.

Different, raw, herbal materials can be stacked without mixing and contamination.
Temperature regulation controls have also been installed.

3.5.4 Quality Control

Ennature has employed the latest equipment, technology and processes to observe monitor
and quantify the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of finished products.

In order to provide consistent quality extracts the division samples and tests products
throughout the extraction process to ensure guaranteed levels of marker compounds in the
finished products. Additionally, production samples of all products are retained and stability
tests are conducted.

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The Company ensures strict adherence to cGMP regulations in all departments, with in-
house training by accredited staff.

3.5.5 Research and Development

Ennature’s R&D mission is to create world-class capabilities for the discovery and
development of newer natural ingredients based on scientific excellence, innovation and
integrity.The Division’s pilot production plant performs laboratory-based pilot extractions to
guarantee purity and potency prior to proceeding with full-scale extraction, thereby
eliminating the possibility of undesirable results and excessive costs.

Large-scale research is undertaken in the development of plant-based Secondary Metabolite

Products, Nutraceuticals, Phytopharmaceuticals (APIs) and their intermediates, along with
standardized herbal extracts for the global market.

3.5.6 Corporate Aims and Objectives

 To be a leader in Natural Health Products Industries.

 To enter high growth areas.
 To provide the employees a safe, healthy and harmonious work environment where
they can develop and grow along with the Organization.
 To participate in our Nations development and earn valuable foreign exchange by
producing Natural Health Products of vital use.
 To maintain ecological balance in the area surrounding the Plant.
 To ensure the Shareholders and Stakeholders a better return on their investment.

3.5.7 Safety and Environment Policy

M/s India Glycols Limited, Herbal Extraction Unit believes that safety of each employee is a
fundamental responsibility of the Organization. The success of the Company depends upon
the safety and well-being of the employees and their families. Therefore, it is imperative that
workplace hazards be identified, appropriately evaluated and effectively controlled in order
to prevent accident and their consequences.

India Glycols Limited has adopted an environment control model to protect the employees,
public, land, water and other living creatures, industrial environment and offsite
environment.

3.6 Proposed Modernization & expansion

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3.6.1 Plant Capacity

Natural Health Products unit is based on Super Critical Fluid Extraction & Solvent extraction
technology, for a capacity of 2050 kg/day after judging the economically and technological
feasibility. Project proponent proposes to introduce Biotransformation process for value
addition of existing products (7.0 kg/d), in addition to the existing processes along with the
required utilities viz. Biomass fired Boiler (6.0 TPH), Cooling Towers (500 TR x 02 Nos.) &
green insulated DG set (500 KVA).

Raw material requirement are being fulfilled from Uttrankhand, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal
Pradesh and Punjab States.

Production Capacity (Kg/Day)

Product Existing Proposed Total
Natural Health Products 2050 Value addition of existing 2050
(Concentrate Syrup/ Powder) products (7.0 kg/d)

3.6.2 Production Process

The processes for production of Natural Health Products is based on Supercritical Fluid
Extraction (SCFE) & Solvent extraction Technology. In addition, we have augmented also
Supercritical Fluid Extraction and to add Aqueous, Aqueous - Alcoholic, Aqueous - Open Live
Steam Extraction and Semi Mechanized Steam Distillation Process for the production of
Natural Health Products. Now project proponent proposes to introduce Biotransformation
technology also for manufacturing of high value products from low value products as per
market scenario in addition to the existing processes.

Table 03.02 The details related to production process and capacities are given below.

Name of the Process Purpose Production Capacity (Total)

Kg/day
Supercritical Fluid Extraction Extraction of Natural 1400
Health Products.

Aqueous and Aqueous - Extraction of Natural 400

alcoholic Solvent Extraction Health Products.

Steam-water distillation and Extraction of Natural 250

Extraction Unit Health Products.

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Biotransformation Process Value addition of existing 7.0 kg/d

Products
Total Production capacity shall remain 2050 kg/d
Note: - On campaign basis, the extracted products are categorized as high value as well as
low value products. Meanwhile economics of low value products is changed and market
demand become decline, therefore such herbal products scenario got changed, so project
proponent proposes to introduce Biotransformation process for manufacturing of high
value products (7.0 kg/d), from low value products, in addition to the existing processes as
per market demand.
Majority of products are being manufactured by SCFE technology. The other technology also
being used when there is a market demand. The capacity against each process is tentative
which may increase or decrease depending upon the market requirement but total
maximum production capacity will remain 2050 Kg/ day.

3.6.3 Details of Products

More than 50 products are being produced from the existing Plant. Out of which six
products are cover major market share. Products details are given as following:-

3.6.4 Main Products

The main Spices and Herbs are used in Extraction Process of Natural Health Products are
given in Table 03.03:-

S. No. Name of Spices and Botanical Name Natural Health Products/

Herbs Extract
1. Ginger Zingiber officinalis Ginger dry extract
Ginger soft extract
2. Turmeric Curcuma longa Curcumin complex
Turmeric Oil
3. Pressmud Saccaharum officinarum Polocasonol

4. Gloriosa Gloriosa superba Thiocolchicine powder,

Thiocolchicoside
5. Vocanga Vocanga africana Vinpocitine
6. Marigold Tagetas erecta Lutein ester Oleoresin

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3.6.5 Other Products

Most of the natural health products are manufactured on seasonal availability of Herbal Raw
material. Products’ production capacity may vary as per availability of raw material and
market demand of the products. Table 03.04
Sr. No. Product
1. Marigold Flower Colour – Lutein Ester 90%

2. Sugarcane Press mud – Policosanol 90%

3. Tobacco – Nicotine

4. Artemisia – Artemisinin 95%

5. Microalge – Astaxanthin 10%

6. African voacanga – Vincocitin

7. Marigold colour – Lutein Ester 10%, 20%, 30%, & 30%-Post refining

8. Ginger root Oleoresin – Gingerol 30-50%

9. Black Pepper Oleoresin 40/20

10. Turmeric Colour – Curcumin 97%

11. Gloriosa - Thiocolchicoside/Colchicine

12. Coffee beans - Coffee Extract 30-70%

13. Chilly/Paprika colour – Capsanthin 1.6 Lackhs CU

14. Coleus (Forskolin 10-90 %)

15. Black Paper (Pipeine 60 %)

16. Micro algae (DHA 10 - 40 %)

17. Vinca Minor (Vincamine 90 %

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3.6.6 Raw Material

Various raw materials required for the process are Natural Plant Parts, Supercritical Fluid
(liquid CO2), Water and Solvents. The details are briefed below:

3.6.7 Natural Plant Parts

The raw material, which are being used for the production of Natural Health Products are
mainly aerial, root and other parts of the herbal and spices plants. These are obtained
directly from the farmers. We are also providing opportunities to the farmers of
Uttarakhand for growing these herbs on contract farming basis. Various herbal species
which are used detailed below:-

Sr. No. Herbal Species

1. Marigold Flower

2. Sugarcane press mud

3. Tobacco

4. Artemisia

5. Microalge astaxanthin

6. African voacanga

7. Ginger root Oleoresin

8. Black Pepper

9. Chia Seed

10. Chilly/Paprika colour

11. Turmeric

12. Coleus

13. Black Pepper

14. Boswellia

15. Cardamom

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3.6.8 Other Raw Material

Raw Material Qty. Qty. (Proposed) Qty. (Total)

(Existing)
1. Aqueous alcohol / 100 L/ batch 25 L/ batch as 125 L/ batch as make up
Solvent (hexane / as make up make up
Acetone / Methanol /
IPA/Ethyl Acetate)
2. Carbon di Oxide Fluid / 1000 Kg/day 1000 Kg/day 2000 Kg/day make up
Liquid make up make up
3. Water (fresh) 23.9 M3/ 61.1 M3/ Day 85.0 M3/ Day
Day

3.6.9 Stores Inventory

Storage facility is quite sufficient for raw material as well as finished natural herbal products.
Table 03.05

Raw Materials Stored Storage Conditions

Quantity Temperature & State
Pressure
Natural Herbal materials like Not more than 300 tones Stored at room Solid / cut
Dry Flowers of Marigold, Dry are stored. temperature of pieces.
Ginger, Dry Black Pepper, Materials are purchased 23-280C.
Dry Sugar Cane Press mud, as and when required as
Gloriosa seeds etc. per order and also as per
seasonal availability

Liquid Carbon di Oxide 2000 Kg/day make up 5-10 0C at 23 bar Liquid

(10 tones/day recycling certified
through 18 KL tank) Pressure Vessel
(After License
from
Government
Authorities of
Nagpur).

Storage facility for raw materials and products

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Adequate storage facilities are provided for the raw materials, products etc.

Table 03.06:- Details of Storage Facilities

Sl. No. Storage Facility for Facility

1. Raw Materials Warehouse.
2. Products Bonded finished goods store.
3. Industrial /Domestic The waste water generated from industry (Industrial
waste water /Domestic activities) will be treated in STP cum ETP &
recycled in cooling towers as make-up water, green
belt & washing/cleaning purpose.
4. Hazardous Waste TSDF/Authorized recyclers

3.7 Application of Natural Health Products

1. Marigold Colour – Lutein Ester 90%: Orange colour powder. Lutein ester is used, in
the eye care generally for good eye health and to arrest the macular
degeneration, cataracts. Natural colour for chicken as poultry feed.

2. Sugarcane Pressmud – Policosanol 90%: White powder. Latest and only natural
cholesterol lowering drug that is superior without any side effects of synthetic
statins.

3. Artemisia – Artemisinin 95%: White crystalline powder. Atimalarial drug.

4. Microalge – Astaxanthin 10-25%: Orange/red coloured creamy liquid. Highly potent

natural carotenoid than beta-carotene. As nutritional food supplement used as an
antioxidant and reduce the risk of coronary artery/heart diseases, cancer and age
related problems like skin cell degeneration and macular degeneration.

5. African Voacanga – Tabersonine 95%: A yellow powder.Tabersonine is used as a

starting material in the production of the latest drugs Vincamine and Vinpocetine
which are used as cerebral vasodilators to increase the brain blood circulation
and oxygen supply so promote the brain function and memory.

6. Marigold colour – Lutein Ester 20- 40%: Orange colour powder/oleoresin. Lutein
ester is used for the eye care.

7. Ginger Oleoresin – Gingerol 30%: Pale yellowish brown viscous liquid. Used in

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various food preparations; due to its pungent and antiseptic compounds present
in it; like ginger bread, curry powders, certain curried meats, seasonings, table
sausages, soft drinks like cordials, ginger cocktail and carbonated drinks. It is also
used in various alcoholic beverages such as brandy, wine, beer and ales. In
medicine it is recognized and used as agent of antiinflammatory, stimulant
antitussive, flatulent, rubefacient, aphrodisiac and as flavourant.

8. Black Pepper Oleoresin 40/20: Pale yellow-to-yellow viscous flowable

liquid/mass.Used in various food preparations; due to its pungent and flavour
compounds present in it; like curry powders, canned meats, seasonings, table
sausages, soups. It is also used in various alcoholic beverages such as brandy,
wine, beer and ales.

9. Turmeric colour – Curcumin 95%: Pale yellow crystalline powder. Natural food
colour in various dairy foods and beverage drinks. In pharma, after conversion to
Tetrahydrocurcumin, used in arresting certain types of cancer.

10. Chilly/Paprika colour – Capsanthin 160000 colour unit: Reddish orange paste.
Mainly used in various meat and food products like puddings/dressings as
colouring agent.

3.7.1 Application of Selected Natural Health Products Table 03.07

S. No. Spices/Herb Product/Extract Composition / Uses

Standardized to
1 Curcuma longa Curcumin complex 95% curcuminoids Antioxidant
Turmeric Oil 12% curcumin Anti-
inflammatory
2 Zingiber Ginger dry extract 5% Gingerols Digestive aid
officinalis Ginger soft extract 20% Gingerols
3 Gloriosa Thiocolchicoside/ Thiocolchicoside/ Muscle Relaxant/
Colchicine Colchicine Anti Gout
4 Marig0ld Lutein ester 20% Oleoresin, Eye vitamins,
Powder, Beadlets age-related
muscular
degeneration
(AMD)

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5 Pressmud Policosanol Powder Policosanol 50% Use in Leg pain

due to poor
blood circulation
6 Vocanga Vinpocetine Vinpocetine 99% Alzheimer, age
related memory
loss.

3.8 Water Requirement

Water is required for domestic and industrial propose. Initially total water demand is 248.0
KLD and recycled water is 163.0 KLD. Fresh Water required for Production of Concentrate
Syrup / Powder will be 85.0 KL/D after proposed modernization & expansion, which will be
met from existing Bore wells.
Approval for additional abstraction of water will be taken from CGWA.

Sr. No. Particulars Total water requirement (KLD)

1. Domestic Purpose 21.0
2. Green Belt 24.0
3. Utility
Boiler 100.0
Cooling Tower 50.0
4. Industrial Process 50.0
5. Miscellaneous i.e. Vessel Cleaning/Floor 3.0
washing
Total 248.0

3.9 Power Requirement

The power requirement for the operation will be 300 KWH, which shall be met from UPCL.
However daily total power requirement for the unit is 41.0 MW which is already sanctioned
by UPCL. In case of non-availability of UPCL Power 01 no. Silent insulated green DG sets is
proposed to install (500 KVA).

3.10 Steam Requirement

Unit has already one no. of Biomass fired Boiler (5.0 TPH), however to fulfilled the additional
steam requirement, it is proposed to install one no. of Biomass fired Boiler also (6.0 TPH
capacity). Proposed boiler will be operated on standby of existing boiler. Since for smooth

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operation of our existing unit, steam consumption is at the tune of 5.0 MT/Hr, however
steam generation from existing boiler is just 4.0 MT/Hr (80% efficiency). By proposing the
Biotransformation process under the modernization & expansion scheme & smooth
operation of existing operation also, one no. Boiler (6.0 MT/Hr capacity) is proposed.

3.11 Fuel Requirement

Solis herbal waste generated from the extraction process is being used for briquettes
formation and the biomass briquettes will be used as a fuel in the proposed boiler. HSD will
be used as fuel for DG set.

3.12 Details of Major Spices and Herbs Selected For the Project

Details for the various products which are cover major market share are briefed below.

(1) GINGER

Present Approx.
Production in (15,815) M.T
state
Form in which Raw
sold outside the
state
Form in which be Ginger Oil,
sold after Ginger Lipids,
processing of Oleoresin,
SCFE Plant Ginger Paste
etc.

Uses and Industrial Potentials

Ginger Oil

Chemistry of Ginger Volatile Oil

Ginger is valued primarily for its aroma and in some products for its mild pungency and
together these two characteristics contribute to the flavour of the ginger. Ginger oil which is
the stearn volatile oil is responsible for the aroma of ginger and is present generally in the
range of 1.0 to 2.5 percent in the dried rhizomes from different countries. Higher yields up'
to 4.0 percent, however, have been recorded for ginger harvested at early maturity. Ginger
oil is generally prepared by steam distillation of coarsely ground dry ginger and the aroma

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quality and physicochemical characteristics and. composition will depend on the raw
material and its preparations and on the rate and total distillation time.

The chemistry of Zigiber officinale has been the subject of sporadic study since the early
nineteenth century. In common with some other pungent spices, considerable advances
were made in the early part of the twentieth century, but it has only been in recent years
that a fairly clear understanding of the relationship of its chemical composition to its
organoleptic properties has emerged. Ginger, like pepper (piper nigrnm) and the fruits of
Capsicum species, owes its characteristic organoleptic properties to two classes of
constituents: the odour and much of the flavour of ginger is determined by the constituents
of its stearn-volatile oil, while the pungency is produced by non-stearn-volatile components,
known as the gingerols, which possess a 1-(4 'hydroxy-3' -methoxyphenyl)-5 hydroxyalkan-3-
one structure.

Guenther and Connell have summarized the early work on the composition and chemistry of
ginger oil. Dry ginger oil is chacterised by the high proportion of sesquiterpene
hydrocarbons, predominantly zigiberene, a small percentage of mono terpene hydro
carbons and oxygenated compounds. These early studies established limon ene,
zingiberene, fumes ene, ar-curcumene and Bisabolene and the oxygenated compounds, n-
decenal, n-nonanal, citral, methyl heptenone, 1-8-cineone, linalool, d-bomeol, geraniol and
zigiberol. Brookes reported that sesquiterpene alcohol; zingiberol imparted the mild
characteristic odour to the oil.

The total citral (geranial and neral) content of Australian samples varied from 8 to 27% with
an average value of 19.3%, the samples from other areas ranged from a trace to 4%, with an
average of 1.8%. The Australian samples had a "citrus-like" odor. It is well known that Cochin
(India) ginger is valued for its lemony note. Oil from green ginger has a dominant "citrusy"
note which is lacking in the oil from dry ginger. It was found that sun dried and commercial
ginger yielded an oil devoid of "lemony" character while sliced and quickly dried ginger was
"lemony". The very low citrals recorded for oils from countries other than the fresh
Australian samples may be due to losses in sun drying and storage. The curcumene content
of Australian ginger is on the low side.

The aroma and flavour of ginger are determined by the composition of its steam-volatile oil,
which is comprised mainly of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons monoterpene hydrocarbons and
oxygenetated monoterpenes. The monoterpene constituents are believed to be the most
important contributors to the aroma of ginger, and they tend to be relatively more
abundant in the natural oil of the fresh (green) rhizome than in the essential oil distilled from

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dry ginger. Oxygenetated sesquiterpenes are relatively minor constituents of the volatile oil
but appear to be significant contributors to its flavour properties.

Investigations of the aroma and flavour of ginger have been carried out on the steam-
distilled essential oil obtained from dry ginger. This oil not only differs somewhat in its
composition and organoleptic properties from the natural volatile oil of fresh ginger, but can
also differ from the volatile oil present in dried ginger prior to distillation through the
formation of artifacts during the distillation process and subsequent storage.

Ginger oil prepared by steam distillation of dried ginger is obtained as a pale yellow to light
amber mobile liquid whose viscosity increases on aging or exposure to the air. Substantial
changes in the sesquiterpene composition of these stored oils due to polymerization where
also noticed. Most of the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons have been found to be only weekly
odours and are not believed to make any major contribution to flavour. The odour is warm,
but fresh woody and spicy. The initial fresh top note has a peculiar resemblance to orange,
lemon grass and coriander weed oil, while the sweet and heavy undertone is tenacious and
rich. The organoleptic properties of ginger oils vary some what according to the
geographical source 0 the dried ginger. African ginger oil tends to be darker in colour and
exhibits a more fatty sweetness, while the Jamaican oil is usually very pale in color and has
pronounced odour freshness. The initial notes of freshly distilled Jamaican oil have a peculiar
O'robber-like note, similar to that of nutmeg, which hardly ever present in African oil. The
citrus or lemon like top note is a characteristic of Indian ginger oil, and this is even more
pronounced in Australian oil.

The steam volatile oil content of some types of fresh ginger can be well over 4% on a dry
weight basis. However, distillation of the more important dry ginger of commerce usually
provides oil in the Yields ranging from about 1 to 2.5 per cent. The best oil yields are
generally obtained from the partially scraped ginger from Nigeria. High Yields (over 4
percent) may also be obtained from distillation of fresh skin scrapings discarded during the
preparation of dried ginger.

The physicochemical properties of ginger oils can also vary considerably between individual
samples. The optical rotation value is notable variable and this tends to be abnormally low in
oils which have been distilled from old material or in oils which have been stored exposed to
air and light.

Constituents identified in Ginger Oils

Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons Oxygenated monoterpenes

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( -) - zingiberene d-bornoeol
-zingiberene bornyl acetate
(+) -ar-curcumene 1 : 8 - cineole
( -) - bisabolene citrals a & b
- fornesene citronellyl acetate
- selinene geraniol
linalool
- sesquiphellandrene
-terpineol
Sesquiterpene alcohols Miscellaneous compounds
Cis- eudesmol n-heptane
Trans - - eudesmol n-octane
Zingiberol n-nonane
Nerolidol n-propanol
C is- ses quiphellandroI 2-nonanol
Trans- - sesquiphellandrol acetaldehyde
Cis- sabine hydrate propionaldehyde
n-butyraldehyde
Zingiberenol
isovalerraldehyde
Monoterpene hydrocarbons n-nonanal
d-camphene n-decanal
-3-carene acetone
p-cymene nlethylheptanone
cumene nlethyl acetate
d-limonene ethyl acetate
nlyrcene nlethyl caprylate
d-phellandrene diethyl sulphide
-pmene ethyl isopropyl sulphide
-pmene
nlethyl allyl sulphide
sabinene

The sesquiterpene hydrocarbons are the most abundant component group (50 to 66
percnet), the oxygemated sesquiterpene content is modest (upto 17 percent), while the
remainder consists substantially of monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated
monoterpenes. Among the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (-) - zingiberene predominates (20
to 30 percent) and is accompanied by lesser quantities of (-) - bisaboienene (up to 12
percent), (+) -ar-curcumine (upto 19 percent) and famesene (probably the -isomer; up to 10
percent) -selinene and -elemene occur in relatively minor quantities. The quantitative

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balance in the oxygenated sequiterpenene group is less certain but the abundance of
zingiberol has been reported to range from zero to 0.1 percent. With the significant
exception of the citrals, the relative abundance of the low boiling monoterpenen
constituents is generally low and of a similar order (up to about 2 percent). The Australian
oils exhibited high citral contents in the range of 8 to 27 percent (averaging 19.3 percent)
compared with 0.5 to 4 percent for oils from other sources. The ratio of citral a (geranial) to
citral b (neral) in most samples was about 2: 1. The pronounced citrus or lemon-like note of
Australian ginger oil is related to their high citral content.
The principal composition difference between the oils distilled from dried and from fresh
(green) ginger is that the latter usually contains a greater proportion of the lower boiling
components. Mathew et at 1973 have noted that up to 20 percent of the volatile oil can be
lost during the sun drying of Indian ginger, and that the lemon like aroma becomes weaker
in the process. The major oil loss to be expected during the drying of ginger oil of the lower
boiling components, which include the citrals. Fresh green (ginger) of Australia, Cochin and
Calicut are characterized by a pronounced fresh, lemon-like aroma; and it is possible that the
retention of this characteristic in Australian ginger oils arises as much from more careful
drying methods, in which volatile oil losses are minimized as from intrinsic composition
differences between the gingers of Australia and India.

Post distillation changes in the properties of ginger oils can also occur either during storage
or utilization. Exposure of ginger oils to light and air results in an increase in viscosity, the
formation of non volatile (polymeric) residues and a decrease in the optical rotation value. It
was demonstrated that ginger oil is heat sensitive and that detrimental changes in its
composition and in its aroma and flavour can occur on heating above 90°C.

It was suggested that the citrus or lemon like note of ginger oil is associated with the citral
content but the significance of other low boiling components was uncertain and the major
sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were not regarded as important contributors to the aroma.

Ginger Oleoresin

The general definition of an oleoresin is the total soluble extractives in a specified solvent.
Since the concept of oleoresins caught on, small quantities of ginger oleoresin have been
made for a number of years. Even prior to this, ginger flavour essence and ginger beer were
made for the beverage industry, obviously using the alcohol extraction process. Following
this, ginger oleoresin had generally been extracted with ethanol and later with acetone.

Ginger oleoresin should contain principally the aroma and pungency contributed,
respectively, by the volatile oil and the gingerols and related compounds, solvent extraction

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normally employed in oleoresin manufacture extracts other constituents of ginger, namely,

fat, organic acids, sugars, soluble oligo sa cchara dies, co louring matter, waxes etc. These
non-flavour components mostly adversely affect the quality of the oleoresins by dilution, by
restricting solubility and dispersibility, and by development of a rancid and stale flavour
during storage. The ginger oleoresin should be viscous, dark brown or reddish brown, with
the characteristic odour and flavouring dry ginger and free from extraneous matter and
adulterants. Its odour should be spicy, sweet and aromatic. Taste should be warm, pungent,
biting and cool.
Ginger oleoresin is obtained by extraction of dry ginger powder with pure solvent and
subsequent careful removal of the solvent by distillation. It is a mixture of essential oil (oil of
ginger) and the non-volatile ether extract consisting of pungent principles and some
resinous materials. The main groups of pungent components of ginger are known to be the
gingerols, the shogaols and zingerone. Of these the pungency has been rated in the
decreasing order as gingerol, shogaol and zingerone. Ginger oleoresin contains a mixture of
gingerols and shogaols together with various essential oil components, polyphenolic
substances and sugars. The oleoresins may on occasions also contains quantities of
zingerone (Connel and Sutherland, 1969 (Connell, 1970) who showed that gingerols are the
main pungent compounds in green ginger and that they readily dehydrated to the less
pungent shogaols during the. drying of ginger or during the production of oleoresin. It was
further shown by Connell (1970) that gingerols can additionally undergo a retroaldol
reaction to produce zingerone and a mixture of aliphathic aldehydes. The latter reaction
occurs rapidly in oleoresin heated to 200°C and more slowly at lower temperature and is
undesirable since it produce off flavour and also reduces levels of pungency.

Commercial dried gingers have been reported to provide oleoresins in yields of, 3.5-10
percent and to contain 15-30 percent of volatile oil. The pungent-principle content of the
oleoresins is again less certain owing to short comings in analytical methods but it is
believed to be in the range of 17-30 per cent for fresh extracts. Extraction of some cultivars
of ginger with alcohol gives an abnormally high yield (up to 20 percent) of an oleoresin with
a relatively low volatile-oil and pungent-principle content, owing to their dilution by other
extractives. The flaour of alcohol extracts is considered by some workers to inferior to that
of acetone extracts.

The care taken during the preparation and subsequent storage of the dried spice and its
oleoresin has an important influence on the organo-leptic properties, and hence the quality,
of these products. The major storage change with the dried spice, especially when in the
ground state, is the evaporation of some volatile oil which results in a flat odour and flavour,
while the oleoresin is particularly prone to loss of pungency during storage by degradation

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of the gingerols. Heat treatment of the spice and its oleoresin can lead to degradation of
both the volatile oil and the pungent principles, and this factor is of importance when either
material is used in the flavouring of processed foods. It was shown that changes in the
organoleptic properties become noticeable in the spice and the oleoresin at 90°C and the
deterioration becomes more pronounced at higher temperatures.

The main pungent principle is gingerol. It is present in 3 homologous forms with (6) gingerol
being the most abundant. Others are (8) and (10) gingerols. Corresponding dehydrated form
of shogaols, and hydrogenated forms of paradols also contribute to pungency. These could
be partly formed from gingerol during various processing steps especially those involving
heat. Then there is zingerone. It is believed that zingerone level and off flavour go together.
All these collectively known as gingerols and contribute to the pungency of ginger and its
oleoresins. While ginerols are beneficial, other pungent principles like shogaols may actually
be a negative factor.

Connell (1969 and 1970) studied the pungent principles present in fresh and stored ginger
and their importance in ginger products. The major pungent principle was isolated from a
commercially prepared sample of ginger oleoresin and by usual spectroscopic and the
chemical techniques and it was identified as shogaol. Processing and storage of oleoresin
derived from ginger can result in chemical conversion of 50% of the product to other
substances. This is the result of conversion of gingerol to shogaol and zingerone. He further
suggested that shogaol and zingerone does not occur naturally in fresh ginger rhizomes.
Chemical changes of oleoresin at acid pH can occur at 5 times the rate observed at neutral
pH and can be accelerated by elevated temperature. Conversion of gingerol to less pungent
shogaol and hence to non-pungent residues viz undersirable because of loss of pungency,
development of off-flavour and an accumulation of non pungent residues.

The gingerols can undergo a retroaldol reaction at the -hydroxy ketone group to yield
zingerone and aliphatic aldehydes, such as hexanal. This reaction can occur by base catalysis
or by the action of heat, and with oleoresins it proceeds rapidly at temperature above 200°C.
the process is detrimental not only because of reducing the pungency level but also from
the production of off-flavours by the liberated aldehydes.

The Gingerols are prone to a dehydration transformation at the -hydroxy ketone group to
from the corresponding, less pungent shogaols. This reaction is markedly influenced by pH
and temperature. Under alkaline condition, the dehydration occurs readily at room
temperature, but higher temperatures are required under acid conditions. With oleor_sins,
the reaction proceeds at five times the rate under acid conditions than at pH 7.

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ISI requirements for Ginger Oleoresin

SNo Details Characteristic Requirements

1. Essential Oil a. Content, percent (v/w) 16-3 5m/1 00 g
b. Sp. Gr. At 30°C 0.8640 to 0.8758
c. Optical rotation at 20°C -30° to 60°
d. Refractive index at 20°C 1.4880 to 1.4970
2. Gingerol content, - 18
percent by mass mm

Ginger Paste

Ginger paste is viscous product retaining the strong aroma and flavour of the raw material
namely fresh ginger. The volatile content in the product is influenced by factors such as
variety, raw material storage, handling & processing conditions. The product is generally
creamy-white or off-white in colour.

Ginger paste is mainly used as a spice in culinary preparations for imparting a characteristics
fresh garlic flavour. It is a ready to use preparation that can be used in place of fresh ginger
in homes, restaurants and institutional catering.

(2) TURMERIC
(Curcuma longa Linn.)

Present Approx.
Production in (3,469) M.T
State

Form in, which Raw

has been, sold
out side the
State
Form in Which Curcumin,
be sold after Oleoresin,
processing of Essential oil,
SCFE Plant etc.

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Uses and Industrial Potentials:

India has got a well-known reputation as a land of spices from times immemorial. It has been
the largest producer, exporter and consumer of spices. Besides export, domestic
consumption in our country is also steadily increasing day by-day. Spices are grown in about
23.00 lakhs hectares of land with a production of about 25 Lakhs tonnes every year.

Turmeric is one of the most important and ancient spices of India and a traditional item of
export. It is extensively used in the preparation of tasty curried dishes by all classes of
people for its typical flavour and colour. In the western industrialized countries, ground
turmeric is employed in a wide range of processed foods and sauces. Besides it is also used
as dye in certain cotton textiles, in medicine and cosmetics. Further, it is also regarded by
the Hindus as something' sacred' for use in ceremonial and religious functions.

Turmeric belongs to the plant group Curcuma Longa Linn. is a commercial crop of tropics. It is
cultivated extensively in India, Sri Lanka, parts of China, Indo China and Pakistan. India is the
largest producer and exporter of turmeric with an annual production of 5.43 lakhs tonnes
(199697). The main turmeric growing states are Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa,
Tamilnadu, Karnataka, and West Bengal.

In the last couple of years, ever since the new WTO regime, we have been hearing of
different uses of spices being patented by someone or the other in countries abroad.
Attempts have been made to patent purportedly newly discovered cosmetic and
pharmaceutical qualities of spices when they have been used for similar purposes in the
country since time immemorial. There are innumerable treatises on different medicinal and
cosmetic uses of spices dating back to several thousand years even before the birth of
Christ. Vedic scriptures refer to these qualities of spices. More knowledge lies buried in the
native systems of medicine practiced ever day in every household across the length and
breadth of this country. Some of these are specific to different regions and linguistic and
ethnic groups. In fact use of spices for such purpose is truly inter-woven with the warp and
weft of daily traditional Indian living. There are several instances where the secret potentials
of spices and other medicinal plants are kept confined to close doors being passed on only
from the father to the son within the family. This has been viewed by modem researchers as
unethical and even antisocial. Such a view is quite unfair and this should actually be viewed
as the native system of patenting in the days bygone when no formal patenting procedures
were available. Many of these uses have now been subject to scientific investigation and
voluminous material is available on the various uses of practically every spice. It is in this
background that the policy makers should think seriously to come out with certain policies

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for exploiting spices in terms of foreign exchange earnings by way of exporting in form of
value added products.

Yield, Curcumin, Oleoresin, Essential Oil and dry weight of different Varieties.
Dry
Average yield Curcumin Oleoresin E. Oil
Variety Recovery
Fresh (T/ha) % % % %
Suvema 17.4 4.0 13.5 7.0 26.0
Suguna 29.3 4.9 13.5 6.0 12.4
S udarshana 28.8 7.9 15.0 7.0 12.0
Prabha 37.47 6.5 15.0 6.5 19.0
Co-l 30.00 3.2 6.7 3.2 19.5
Pratibha 39.12 6.2 16.2 6.2 18.5
Krishna 9.20 2.8 3.8 2.0 16.4
S ugandham 15.00 3.1 11.0 2.7 23.3
BSR-l 30.70 4.2 4.0 3.7 20.5
Roma 20.70 6.3 13.2 4.2 31.0
Suroma 20.00 6.4 13.1 4.4 26.6
Rajendra Sonia 4.80 8.4 13.0 5.0 18.0
Ranga 29.00 6.3 13.5 4.4 24.8
Rasmi 31.30 6.4 13.4 4.4 23.0
Mango Ginger 28.00 0.1 6.4 0.8 18.7
(Amba)
BSR-2 32.00 4.8 - 4.0 20.0

Source. (1) Annual Report NRCS / IISR 1991-96 (2) Spices Varieties, Edison et al.

Oils and Oleoresins

Constituents

Structure and composition

Cured and dried turmeric of commerce both in bulb and finger forms is bright yellow to dull
yellow in appearance with a rough or polished surface. The bulb form is generally 3 cm. in
diameter and 4.5-cm. long, while the fingers are tapering cylinders 2.5-7.5 cm. in length and
7.15 mm. thick. Both have a number of transverse annulations, route scars, and cut surfaces
where the two growth form and secondary branches are separated. When cut or fractured,
the break is clean, not splintering or fibrous. In the transverse cut surface, the endoderm is

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clearly seen as a light yellow circle, separating the darker yellow cortex and central cylinder,
in spite of the spread of an orange yellow or brownish yellow colour over the entire surface,
due to boiling during curing process.

Chemical composition

Apart from common plant constituents such as protein, fat and fibre, turmeric contains deep
yellow pigments, the curcumonoide and the volatile oil.

Turmeric Oleoresin

Oleoresins, as the name implies are generally mixture of compounds, volatile oils and other
active ingredients, non-volatile fatty and resinous materials, extractable by solvents used
singly, in sequence, or in combinations.

Chemistry of Turmeric colour (curcumin)

The yellow colour of turmeric is the principal functional property valued in the East, and
because of this importance of colour, the spice has been known a Yellow root, Indian
saffron, etc.

Chemical composition of Turmeric

When subjected to chemical analysis, turmeric was found to yield essential oils, (2.4 - 4.0%),
fatty oils (1.7 - 3.3%), total ash content (4.7 - 8.2%) besides curcuminoids, proteins and
carbohydrates.

Curumin (Diferuloylmethane) which gives the yellow colour to the rhizomes is mainly
responsible for the biological activity. The yield of curcumin generally ranges between 2.5 -
5% on dry weight basis.

Chemistry of Turmeric

The other two are etho - demethoxy curcumin (p. hydroxy cinnamoyl feruloyl methane) and
bis-demethoxycurcumin (bis (p-hydroxy cinnamoyl) methane). The former is an amorphous
orange yellow product with a mp of 168C and a moledular weight of 330. The latter
crystallizes as a yellow plate, mp 224-C and molecular weight 308. Although they separate on
TLC on silica plate, they have similar extraction, characteristic tictoral quality and similar
response to most common chemical pre-agent including reaction with boric acid. Some

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minor component, possibly geometric isomers of the above were also reported. The
curcumin content of various turmeric cultivars has been determined to be about 1.8 - 5.4%.

Uses of Turmeric

Turmeric (rhizomes or powder) is an auspicious article in all religious observance of Hindu

household. It is a normal constituent of condiments, curry powders and prepared mustards.
It is also used for dying wool, silk and unmordanted cotton to which it imparts a yellow
shade in an acid bath. It is also used in dyeing cotton, sometimes in combination with other
natural dyes like indigo and safflower to impart different shades. Until recently, turmeric
was in use in England for dyeing wool and silk in the formation of Olive browns and other
compound colours.
It is used as a colouring matter in pharmacy, confectionary and food industry. Turmeric
paper is an official re-agent in the British Pharmacopoeia for testing alkalinity. A diluted
tincture of turmeric is suitable for use as a fluorescence indicator.

In Indian systems of medicine, turmeric is used to some extent as a stomachic, tonic and
blood purifier. It is also prescribed as an anti periodic alternative. Mixed with warm milk, it s
said to be beneficial in common cold. The juice of the fresh rhizome is used as an
antiparasitic formany skin affections. Externally, it is applied to indolent ulcers, and a paste
made from the powdered rhizome along with lime forms a remedy for inflame joints. A
decoction of the rhizome is said to relieve thae pain of purulent ophthalmia. Oil of turmeric,
distilled from dried rhizome has feeble antiseptic properties. It is an antacid and in small
doses acts as a carminative, stomachic properties. It is an antacid and in small doses acts as a
carminative, stomachic, appetizer and tonic. In large doses, (2 to 4 cc of concentrated
solution), however, it appears to act as an antispasmodic inhibiting excessive peristaltic
movements of the intestines.

Juice of the fresh rhizome is applied to recent wounds, bruises and leech bites. Internally, it
is used as an anthelmintic. The root is usefully administered in intermittent fevers. In doses
of 15-20 grains twice a day, it is given for flatulence, dyspepsia and weak state of the
stomach; it is used both externally and internally in skin diseases due to impurity of the
blood. The past of turmeric and the leaves of Justicia adhatoda with cow's urine is rubbed
on the skin in prurigo (Chakradatta). Several other combinations of the above type are in
vogue,such as turmeric and nim leaves, turmeric and the ashes of plantain tree etc. Turmeric
is also given internally with cows' urine in prurigo and aczema. Mixed with gingelly oil it is
applied to the body to prevent skin eruptions. Turmeric paste mixed with a little lime and
saltpeter and applied hot is a popular application to sprains, bruises, wounds and
inflammatory troubles of the joints. In small pox and chicken pox, a coating of turmeric

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powder or thin paste is applied to facilitate the process of scabbing, and decoction of
turmeric (1 ounce of the bruised root to 20 ounces of water) is applied as a lotion to relieve
the burning in catarrshal and purulent opthalmia, popularly known as "Country Sore Eye",
and conjunctivities. A piece of rag soaked in it and kept constantly over the affected eye
relieves the burning and moderates the urgency of the symptoms. Turmeric powder is
sprinkled on ulcers to stimulate them to healthy action. It is used to smear hands and face of
women and is called in Tamil. "Kappu manjal". Ghee mixed with powdered turmeric is given
to relieve cough. A paste of turmeric alone or combined with the pulp of neem leaves is used
in ring worm, obstinate itching, eczema and other parasitic skin diseases. In piles, ointment
made of turmeric, hemp leaves, onions, and warm mustard or linseed oil gives great relief
when the piles are painful and protruding.
In premphigus and shingles the part first smeared with a thick coating of mustard oil and
then dusted on with turmeric powder is cured with in 3 or 4 days in catarrh and coryza. The
inhalation of the fumes of the burning turmeric from the nostrils causes a copious mucous
discharge and gives instant relief; the fumes are also given to relieve hysterical fits. The
inhalation is taken at night and no fluid is allowed for some hours afterwards. Smoke
produced by sprinkling powdered turmeric or burnt charcoal will relieve scorpion sting when
the part affected is exposed to the smile for a few minutes. Turmeric and alum powder in
the in the proportion 1 :20 is blown into the ear of chronic otorrhoea. With borax as a paste,
it is applied to reduce indolent swellings. It is given in urinary diseases. Internally turmeric is
given in affections of the liver and injaundice. The powder made out of turmeric, long
pepper, ginger, cardamom (10 grains each) (in Powder) and black pepper powder (5 grains)
is a good digestive.

The confection called Haridrakhanda is recommended to obstinate skin complaints. To

prepare the same take turmeric (tolas), clarified butter (tolas), milk (16 seers), sugar (12
tolas) and boil them together over a gentle fire, in an earthen pot. Then add blackpepper,
long pepper, ginger, cinnamon, cardamom, tejpatra, baberang seeds, root of Ipomea,
Turpethum, the three myrobalans, flowers of Mesua ferrea, tubers of Cyperus rotundas and
prepared iron each 8 tolas in fine powder and prepare a confection. Dose: - one tola every
morning in prurigo, boils, urticaria and chronic skin eruptions (Bhaishjyratnavali). A cure is
effected in 7 days.

(3) Press mud / Sugarcane wax

Sugarcane wax is a wax extracted from

sugarcane.

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Sugar cane

Botanical Name and Economical Uses of Sugarcane in India

Botanical Name: Saccharum officinarum

Production
Sugarcane is used almost exclusively to produce sugar. The content of wax in Sugar cane is
approximately 0.1% of the sugar cane. Due to the low content of wax it is strenuous and
capital intensive. This makes the economically viable extraction in Major Sugar cane
producing countries like Brazil, India, China, Thailand, Pakistan and Mexico. The sugar cane
wax is produced from the filter residue remains of sugar production called bagasse. During
the processing of sugar cane juice contains a large number of impurities are in the form of
precipitates and these impurities are separated using filteration process. Both type of
filteration process .i.e. batch type filter presses or rotatory vacuum filteration process
produces cakeis an important perennial grass of Poaceae family, indigenous to tropical
South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is cultivated worldwide due to the economical and
medicinal value of its high yielding products. Sugarcane juice is well known as a raw material
for the production of refined sugar and its wax is considered as a potential substitute for the
expensive carnauba wax, which is of cosmetic and pharmaceutical interest. Refined sugar is
the primary product of sugarcane juice, but during its processing, various other valuable
products are also obtained in an unrefined form, such as, brown sugar, molasses, and
jaggery. Sugarcane juice is widely used in India in the treatment of jaundice, hemorrhage,
dysuria, anuria, and other urinary diseases. Herein, we have summarized the different
phytoconstituents and health benefits of sugarcane and its valuable products. The
phytochemistry of sugarcane wax (obtained from the leaves and stalks of sugarcane),
leaves, juice, and its products has revealed the presence of various fatty acid, alcohol,
phytosterols, higher terpenoids, flavonoids, -O- and -C-glycosides, and phenolic acids. The

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future prospective of some of the sugarcane products has been discussed, which needs a
phytopharmacological study and has a great potential to be a valuable medicinal product.

Sugar cane press Mud produced during extraction of sugar as an impurity has multiple uses
like fertilizer, animal feed and industrial uses for extraction of sugar cane wax. Different
sugarcane cultivars have been evaluated in terms of their usefulness as a source of
Policosanol from the press mud. This is a valuable wax component that may have beneficial
effects on human health. Policosanol is the common name that refers to a group of long‐
chain (C20–C30) aliphatic primary alcohols that are of great interest since their effects include
reduction of platelet aggregation, reduction of low‐density lipoprotein levels in blood,
inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, and prevention of atherosclerosis development, Improve
function of cardiac musscles, lessen vescular constriction, Lower blood pressure and
improve the hypotensive effect which also display ergogenic properties.
The Sugar cane wax is also a major source of triacontanol, a long chain fatty alcohol which
regulate plant growth. Press mud conatins 10-15% triacontanol . This is purified by
esterification and crystallization in suitable solvent.

Chronology:
Around 1840, for the first time the American pharmacist Avequin was able to produce
sugarcane wax out of the bagasse in a relatively pure form. In his quantitative analysis he
found that there is just 0.1 % of the whitish to dark yellow wax in sugarcane. In 1909, more
than 60 years later, the Frenchman A. Wynberg was granted a patent for the production of
sugarcane wax by extracting it out of the bagasse. During World War I, one of the first
companies that produced large amounts of sugarcane waxes established in the South
African province Natal. Already in 1924, 6000 tons of dark sugarcane wax was produced
there. This amount was mainly used for the production of candles for the Russian Orthodox
Church. Because of the Russian Revolution and the associated war against the church the
consumption of sugarcane wax decreased so much that the company had to be closed. In
the following period, sugarcane wax was produced in the USA, mainly in Louisiana where
there were up to 22 sugarcane wax producers. Already in 1922, M. Rindl described
applications for sugarcane wax in detail, for example as substitute for Carnauba, Bee and
Montan waxes.

Ingredients
Sugarcane wax consists of the following ingredients:

-about 70 % of alcohols of long-chain hydrocarbons having chain lengths of C 18 to C 36,

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-Fatty Acids having chain lengths of C 18 to C 32, ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids and aromatic
carboxylic acids.

- Fatty ester of long chain Fatty alcohols and diols.

- Hydrocarbons

-Aldehydes of Hydrocarbons

Untreated sugarcane wax contains up to 25 % of resin and moreover, up to 60 % polycosanol

(octacosanol) which can be extracted from sugarcane wax in the pure form.

Characteristics
Sugarcane wax is indigestible and harmless to health. In case of accidental consumption it is
excreted. In its refined form it has a light yellowish colour. Due to the high melting point of
75 to 80° C it remains stable even if exposed to direct sunlight. Sugarcane wax offers a good
oil and solvent retention for anionic bright emulsions.

Applications

Food
Until the 1960s, sugar cane wax was added to the production of chewing gum as an edible
wax. In this process the sugar cane wax acted as elastomer or as plasticizer and consistency
regulator. In 1943, J. W. Schlegel and L. Lang were granted a patent to flour donuts with
sugar.The ground sugar was mixed with 0.4 % of sugar cane wax. Thus, the donuts became
fat- and water-repellent and kept their fresh appearance longer. Also chocolate was thinly
coated with sugarcane wax. The gloss durability improved, the melting reduced and the
packing was relieved as well. In order to keep vegetables and fruits fresh or to make it look
fresh emulsions from sugarcane wax mixed with other natural waxes were prepared. The
vegetables or fruits were immersed in the emulsions or sprayed with wax emulsions.

POLICOSANOL – A NATURAL CHOLESTEROL NORMALIZING SUPPLEMENT

Policosanol is a unique natural product derived from sugar cane OR it can be derived from
beeswax & rice bran. It has proved effective at reducing cholesterol levels and for many
individuals may be a reasonable natural alternative to the commonly prescribed “statin-
type” cholesterol-lowering drugs.

Heart attack and stroke have been associated with high levels of a type of cholesterol
known as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (?bad? cholesterol) and low levels of high-density

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lipoprotein (HDL) (?good? cholesterol). Reversing these trends can lower the risk for these
and other artery-related diseases.

Policosanol is a supplement that can normalize cholesterol as well or better than drugs,
without side effects.(1) Efficacy and safety have been proven in numerous clinical trials, and
it has been used by millions of people in other countries. Policosanol can lower LDL
cholesterol as much as 20% and raise protective HDL cholesterol by 10%. This compares
favorably with cholesterol-lowering drugs which have the drawback of side effects such as
liver dysfunction and muscle atrophy. Policosanol is free of these side effects.

Policosanol works by blocking the synthesis of cholesterol. It does not inhibit the HMG-CoA
enzyme like the ‘statin? cholesterol-lowering drugs, but it may inhibit a different enzyme. Its
exact mechanism is not known.

What makes policosanol exciting is that it has other actions against heart disease in addition
to lowering cholesterol. Unlike the Statin drugs, policosanol helps stop the formation of
artery lesions. This was proven in studies on rabbits fed a diet designed to create high
cholesterol:

In most policosanol-treated animals, atherosclerotic lesions were not present, and in others,
thickness of fatty streaks had less foam cell layers than in controls.

One of policosanol’s important actions is to inhibit the oxidation of LDL. Oxidized LDL is
dangerous. It promotes the destruction of blood vessels by creating a chronic inflammatory
response. Oxidized LDL can also provoke metalloproteinase enzymes. These enzymes
promote blood vessel destruction, partly by interfering with HDL’s protective effect. Studies
show that rats treated with policosanol have fewer foam cells, reflecting less inflammatory
response causing less blood vessel destruction.

Another action of policosanol is to reduce the proliferation of cells in the lining of the
arteries. Healthy arteries are lined with a smooth layer of cells so that blood can race
through with no resistance. One of the features of diseased arteries is that this layer
becomes thick and overgrown with cells.

As the artery narrows, blood flow slows down or is blocked completely. Policosanol was
tested for its ability to stop the proliferation of these cells. According to a study the results,
policosanol’s ability to stop cell overgrowth ?is in agreement with the antiproliferative
effects reported for other lipid-lowering drugs, such as most of the statins.

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Policosanol also inhibits the formation of clots, and may work synergistically with aspirin in
this respect. In a comparison of aspirin and policosanol, aspirin was better at reducing one
type of platelet aggregation (clumping together of blood cells). But policosanol was better
at inhibiting another type. Together, policosanol and aspirin worked better than either
alone. A related effect is that significant reductions in the level of thromboxane occur in
humans after two weeks of policosanol. Thromboxane is a blood vessel-constricting
eicosanoid produced by platelets. (Note: eicosanoids are powerful chemicals created in cells
that can do things like create fever to kill infections, make blood vessels in lungs expand so
you can breathe, and reduce inflammation. The body could not function without
eicosanoids. Problems arise when eicosanoid reactions are disrupted by drugs, disease, poor
diet and other factors that interfere with their natural balance).

Dosage of Policosanol

The dosage recommended in the literature is 5mg to 20mg daily. Most positive results are
seen with daily doses of 20mg. We suggest one 10mg capsule once daily if needed as a
preventative and one capsule twice daily after meals for a diagnosed clinical problem. The
literature further states that there is NO added benefit with dosages greater than 20mg per
day.

Summary of Non-toxic Benefits of Policosanol:

1. Lowers & normalizes cholesterol without life-threatening side effects

2. Significantly elevates HDL while the Statin drugs have little or no effect

3. Inhibits the formation of harmful lesions in arteries while the Statins are not nearly as
effective

4. Powerfully prevents oxidation of LDL cholesterol which causes atherosclerosis

5. Enhances the benefits of exercise – the Statins make most people tired

6. Reduces artery complications in people with artery diseases, i.e. prevents harmful
changes in blood vessels in those with coronary heart disease

7. Produces a 45% improvement in clinical coronary heart disease patients

8. Dramatically reduces damage to the heart following a heart attack

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9. Reduces thromboxane A2 which promotes inflammation & atherosclerosis

10. Safe for liver; will not elevate the liver enzymes & has been shown to protect the liver
from powerful toxins

11. Substantially reduces the extent of brain injury if you have a stroke

12. Lowers fibrinogen levels that can cause the blood to be too thick

13. Lowers glucose levels (Statins can increase blood glucose)

14. Shown to lower blood pressure in hypertensive people (Statins have no effect)

15. Does not interfere with sex life like the Statin drugs can

16. Does not deplete the heart-dependent CoEnzyme

17. Reduces Lipoprotein(a) in most people [Lp(a) levels above 10 shows that the arteries are
hardening]

18. Reduces the inflammatory hormone-like substance called Prostaglandin (PGE-2 – the bad
prostaglandin)

19. Has been shown to improve exercise tolerance; specifically, improves treadmill exercise-
ECG testing performance of coronary heart disease patients

20. It seems to work extremely well in patients over the age of 60 because the 60-year old
liver has a harder time detoxifying the statin drugs than a younger aged liver

21. Extensive testing shows no carcinogenic effect (does not cause cancer) while the statin
drugs have been shown to cause cancer

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Compost Fertilizer production from Sugar Press Mud (SPM).

Current Applications:
Sugarcane wax is not only suitable for technical applications but also for applications in the
food industry. So, sugarcane wax can be used as care product (shoe, floor and car care), in
the leather and plastics industry as well as for applications in the additive and cosmetics
industry. Furthermore, it is applicable in the paints and printing inks industry and for the
production of candles.

The Policosanol owing to its lipid lowering properties could be used as an alternative to
atrovastatin The tolerability of policosanol in elderly population is very high.

(4) Gloriosa (genus)

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Gloriosa is a genus of 12 species in the plant family Colchicaceae, and include the formerly
recognised genus Littonia. They are native in tropical and southern Africa to Asia, and
naturalised in Australia and the Pacific as well as being widely cultivated The most common
English names are flame lily, fire lily, gloriosa lily, glory lily, superb lily, climbing lily, and
creeping lily.

They are tender, tuberous rooted deciduous perennials, adapted to summer rainfall with a
dormant dry season. All parts of the plant contain colchicine and related alkaloids and are
therefore dangerously toxic if ingested, and contact with the stems and leaves can cause
skin irritation. Various preparations of the plant are used in traditional medicines for a
variety of complaints in both Africa and India. Plants have leaf tip tendrils.

Botany
Kingdom: Plantae
Class :Angisperms
Subclass : Monocots
Order:Liliales
Family: Colchicaceae
Genus : Gloriosa

Gloriosa superba

Gloriosa superba is a species of flowering plant in the family Colchicaceae. Common names
include flame lily, climbing lily, creeping lily, glory lily, gloriosa lily, tiger claw, and fire lily.

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Biology: This species is a perennial herb growing from a fleshy rhizome. It is scandent,
climbing using tendrils, the stem reaching 4 meters long. The leaves are mainly alternately
arranged, but they may be opposite, as well. They are somewhat lance-shaped and tipped
with tendrils, and they are up 13 to 20 centimeters long. The showy flower has six tepals
each up to 5 to 7.6 centimeters long. They are generally bright red to orange] at maturity,
sometimes with yellowish bases. The margins may be quite wavy. The six stamens also are
long, up to 4 centimeters, and each bears a large anther at the tip that drops large amounts
of yellow pollen. The style may be more than 6 centimeters long. One flower may weigh
over 2.5 grams.[8] The fruit is a fleshy capsule up to 6 to 12 centimeters long containing red
seeds. Cultivars of this popular garden plant may vary from these wild-type characteristics;
the cultivar 'Lutea' has all-yellow tepals, 'Citrina' is yellow with red markings, and 'Nana' is a
dwarf. Whitish forms are known, as well.

The plant likely is pollinated by butterflies and sunbirds. It grows in many types of habitat,
including tropical jungles, forests, thickets, woodlands, grasslands, and sand dunes. It can be
found at as high as 2500 meters in elevation.

Gloriosa Tubers

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Gloriosa Seeds
Habitat and Ecology:
This species is a perennial tuberous climbing herb. Naturally it occurs in semi-shade areas or
in open spaces in sparse savanna woodlands, grasslands, deciduous woodlands, shrublands,
sand dunes, in abandoned fields or at the boundaries of cultivated grounds and roadsides. It
grows in deciduous woodlands such as Acacia woodland, Terminalia woodland, and in
Madagascar in dry forest with baobabs (Adansonia grandidieri) or in sand dunes often with

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Pandanus spp. The species has been found in littoral primary forest (Equatorial Guinea), in
secondary scrub (following shifting cultivation) and secondary forest. The plant grows in
sandy-loam soil and it is very tolerant of nutrient-poor soils. Gloriosa superba is propagated
vegetatively (but the rate is very slow, as only two tubers are produced per year), or from
seeds (which can remain dormant for six to nine months). Plants propagated from seeds
take three to four years to bloom. Pollination is probably by butterflies and sunbirds. It
occurs from sea-level up to 2,500 m asl. Chemical research has shown that all parts of this
plant are extremely poisonous and ingestion could be fatal.
Toxicity
This plant is poisonous, toxic enough to cause human and animal fatalities if ingested. It has
been used to commit murder, to achieve suicide, and to kill animals. Every part of the plant is
poisonous, especially the tuberous rhizomes. As with other members of the Colchicaceae,
this plant contains high levels of colchicine, a toxic alkaloid. It also contains the alkaloid
gloriocine. Within a few hours of the ingestion of a toxic amount of plant material, a victim
may experience nausea, vomiting, numbness, and tingling around the mouth, burning in the
throat, abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea, which leads to dehydration.[10] As the toxic
syndrome progresses, rhabdomyolysis, ileus, respiratory depression, hypotension,
coagulopathy, haematuria, altered mental status, seizures, coma, and ascending
polyneuropathy may occur. Longer-term effects include peeling of the skin and prolonged
vaginal bleeding in women. Colchicine is known to cause alopecia. One case report
described a patient who accidentally ate the tubers and then experienced hair loss over her
entire body, including complete baldness.[11] Poisonings can occur when the tubers are
mistaken for sweet potatoes or yams and eaten. The plant can be dangerous for cats, dogs,
horses, and livestock, as well.

Human uses

The alkaloid-rich plant has long been used as a traditional medicine in many cultures. It has
been used in the treatment of gout, infertility, open wounds, snakebite, ulcers, arthritis,
cholera, colic, kidney problems, typhus, itching, leprosy bruises, sprains, hemorrhoids,
cancer, impotence, nocturnal emission smallpox, sexually transmitted diseases, and many
types of internal parasites. It is an anthelmintic. It has been used as a laxative and an
alexiteric. The sap is used to treat acne and head lice In a pregnant woman, it may cause
abortion. In parts of India, extracts of the rhizome are applied topically during childbirth to
reduce labor pain.

Other uses for this plant include arrow poison in Nigeria and snake repellent in India. Some
cultures consider it to be magical. The flowers are part of religious rituals.

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This species is the national flower of Zimbabwe. In 1947, Queen Elizabeth II received a
diamond brooch in the shape of this flower for her twenty-first birthday while traveling in
Rhodesia, now called Zimbabwe

Medicinal use of Gloriosa superba

The plant is rich in chemical components like alkaloid. The seeds of Glory Lily contain high
level of colchicines. The medicinal value of it is discussed below: Flame lily is a poisonous
plant, due to presence of toxic alkaloid like colchicine. All parts of the plant, (stem, leaves,
flowers, fruits, and tubers) are poisonous, but tubers are extremely poisonous.

The toxicity of this plant is enough to cause human and animal fatalities if ingested. Within a
few hours of the ingestion of a toxic amount of plant material, a victim may experience
nausea, vomiting, numbness, and tingling around the mouth, burning in the throat,
abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea, which leads to dehydration.

Flame lily has many medicinal properties like colchicine, gloriosine, pungent, bitter, acrid,
heating, anthelmintic, laxative, alexiteric, abortifacient etc.

Flame lily used in the treatment of snake bites, scorpion stings, parasitic skin diseases,
urological pains, colic, chronic ulcers, piles, gonorrhoea, gout, infertility, wounds, arthritis,
cholera, kidney problems, typhus, itching, leprosy, cancer, nocturnal emission, abdominal
pains, head lice, sexually transmitted diseases, and many other diseases.

Flame lily also used as a tonic, anti-periodic, anti- helminthic, anthelmintic, and laxative.

The drug is sometimes used for promoting labor pains. The leaves when applied in the form
of a paste to the forehead and neck, are reported to cure asthma in children. The leaf juice is
used against head lice, and also as an ingredient in arrow poisons. The sap from the leaf tip is
used for pimples and skin eruptions.

Colchicine and its glycoside bears medicinal properties like anti-inflammatory action.
Colchicne is widely used as an experimental tool in the study of cell division, as it can inhibit
mitosis, induce polyploidy, and has been used in the treatment of cancer.

The tuber has commonly been used as a suicidal agent among women in rural areas and it
has also been used for homicide. The flowers are used in religious ceremonies.

 It gives ease from the neuralgic pain.

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 It cures skin diseases and itching in the skin.

 It kills worms in the body.
 It gives comfort from abdominal pain.
 In India, it is used locally to decrease labour pain during pregnancy.
 It is also used in the treatment of piles and chronic ulcer.
 The extract from the root is used as a tonic that can add vigour to the body.
 As a rich source of colchicines, the seeds of Glory Lily are used in the treatment of
rheumatism and gout.
 The tubers are used against snake bite.
 The extract is used to kill lice.
 The tuber is used for the cure of cancer and leprosy.
 Africans use the extract from the leaves in the arrow because of its poisonous nature.
 The tuber is used for the treatment of kidney problem.
 This can also be used to reduce sexually transmitted disease.
 The tuber of this is used to kill helminthes in our body without causing any damage to
the body.
 Because of laxative nature, it is used as home remedy for constipation. Use Pure
Triphala Juice to cure constipation permanently.
 It is used against nocturnal emission.
 It also cures hemorrhoids disease.
 The extract of the root is used as a pesticide in agriculture.
 It is also helpful in the treatment of ulcer, piles and soars.
 This is also helpful for the treatment of smallpox.
 Indians use this as sedative in digestion and respiratory disorder.
 The tuber powder can be mixed with oil and applied on the skin to avoid pimples. Use
Herbal Roots Neem Face Pack – Anti Acne / Pimple Care.
 The extract is also used to cure sprains and impotence.
 It gives comfort against inflammation.

Conservation and invasion

In general, this plant is common in the wild. It is in great demand for medicinal use, so it is
cultivated on farms in India, but most plant material sold into the pharmaceutical trade
comes from wild populations . This is one reason for its decline in parts of its native range. In
Sri Lanka it has become rare, and in Orissa it is thought to be nearing extinction.[5] On the
other hand, it has been introduced outside its native range and has become a weed which
may be invasive. In Australia, for example, it now can be found growing in coastal areas of
Queensland and New South Wales3. It also is cited as an invasive species in the Cook Islands,
French Polynesia, Kiribati, and Singapore

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In cultivation

The plant can be propagated sexually by seed or vegetatively by dividing the rhizome.
Problems during cultivation include inadequate pollination, fungal diseases such as leaf
blight and tuber rot, and crop pests such as the moths Polytela gloriosa and Chrysodeixis
chalcites.[13] It is also a crop that is slow to propagate; each split tuber produces only one
extra plant in a year's time. In vitro experiments with plant tissue culture have been
performed,[20] and some increased the yield.

Both the fruit and the rhizome are harvested. The fruits are dried and split, and the seeds are
removed and dried further. The seeds and rhizomes are sold whole, as powder, or as oil
extracts.

(5) Voacanga africana

Voacanga africana is a small flowering plant in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae, that grows
to 6 m in height. It is native to tropical Africa. The small tree has leaves that are up to 30 cm
in length, and the tree produces yellow or white flowers, which after being successfully
pollinated bear fruit with a green exocarp and yellow mesocarp surrounding the seeds. The
fruit naturally splits in half when it is ripe

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Voacanga Africana Voacanga Africana inflorescences

flowers in bud
Classification:
Kingdom: Plantae
Class: Angisperms
Subclass: Eudicots
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Genus: Vocanga
Voacanga africana is a small tropical African tree that grows to 6m in height. Its bark and
seeds are used in Ghana as a poison, stimulant, aphrodisiac and ceremonial psychedelic.
Growth and development

Voacanga africana plants develop according to the architectural growth model of

Leeuwenberg determined by a monopodial orthotropic trunk, which ends in a terminal
inflorescence. After flowering the 2 uppermost axillary buds develop into branches, so that
the growth is sympodial. The infructescence seems to be axillary. Voacanga africana flowers
mainly at the end of the dry season.

Ecology
voacanga africana occurs in the understorey of open forest, often secondary forest, and in
gallery forest in savanna areas. It is often gregarious in coastal forest. It occurs from sea-
level to 1100 m altitude.
Propagation and planting
Voacanga africana is readily propagated by seed; vegetative propagation using cuttings is
possible but success rates are generally low. It is not frost resistant, but plants will survive if
protected for the first 3 years. Dry seeds store well under cool conditions. Seed storage
behaviour is orthodox; viability is maintained for more than 3 years in airtight storage at

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ambient temperature with 11–15% humidity. Seeds are pressed into seedling trays filled with
pure river sand, covered with a shallow layer of sand or compost and kept moist
Harvesting
Fruits of Voacanga africana are picked from the tree when mature. The follicles are opened
by hand to release the pulp with the seeds. The pulp is gently squashed in water to release
the seeds, which are dried in the sun. Bark should preferably be collected at the end of the
growing season in view of the higher alkaloid content. Roots are simply cleaned to obtain
the root bark. Careless harvesting, even of fruits, often leads to the destruction of the tree
Handling after harvest
Dried seeds are pulverized and the powdered material is usually subjected to extraction for
alkaloids by standard methods. Other more sophisticated methods have been patented. A
kg of seed yields 25–30 g tabersonine. Trunk bark, after being removed in strips, is dried.
Patented extraction procedures have been developed to obtain cardioactive components
from the bark
Uses:- Different plant parts of Voacanga africana are used medicinally throughout its
distribution area. The latex or decoctions or infusions of the stem bark, leaves or roots are
put on wounds, boils and sores, and used to treat gonorrhoea, eczema, fungal infections
and scabies. They are also taken to treat heart problems, hypertension and rheumatic
afflictions. The latex is put in teeth to treat caries or dripped in the eye to cure ophthalmia.
In Senegal a leaf decoction is drunk as a tonic and against fatigue. A root decoction is drunk
three times daily to treat post-partum pains and hernia. In Côte d’Ivoire a decoction of the
leaves is applied as a wash against diarrhoea, put into a bath against oedema, and is used as
a friction and in a drink in the treatment of leprosy. Pulp from the leaves or stem bark is
applied to soothe convulsions in children and the juice is put in the nostrils as a tranquilizer.
In Cameroon the fruit is used in infusion to treat peptic ulcers. In DR Congo the bark in
decoction is taken against intestinal worms, but this is considered a dangerous remedy. An
infusion of the twigs is applied in bronchitis. A paste of the roots is applied to the head to kill
lice. The dried and powdered roots without the outer bark are mixed with porridge and
taken against kidney troubles and menstruation problems in women. In Tanzania the fruit
and seeds are extracted with cold water and the extract taken against internal sores. The
seeds are also used to treat high blood pressure. The root bark of Voacanga species is
generally ingested to combat fatigue and increase endurance of drummers and hunters and,
in higher doses, also for magic and religious purposes.
Pharmaceutical companies in Europe extract tabersonine from the seeds, which is readily
converted into vincamine, a compound widely used in medicines for geriatric patients.
Seed extracts are also used in medicines to treat heart diseases, to lower blood pressure and
to treat cancer.

In Senegal the fruits are considered edible. In West Africa the copious latex has been used
for adulterating Hevea rubber and children use it to make balls to play with. As it is sticky, it

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is used to catch birds. In Zambia and Ghana wood is burnt to obtain salt. Voacanga
africana supplies poles for building purposes but the wood is considered inferior. Arrows and
knife sheaths are made from the branches. In DR Congo, the wood is used to make musical
instruments. The wood is also used for firewood. Good fibre can be obtained from the bark
and is made into rope. In Nigeria, a yarn is made, which is mixed with cotton or other fibres
to make mats. In Tanzania Voacanga africana is planted for ornamental purposes because of
its sweet-scented white flowers
Vinpocetine extracted from Voacanga. It facilitates cerebral metabolism by improving blood
flow to the brain, boosting brain cell ATP production, and increasing utilization of glucose
and oxygen by neurons. It also enhances the synthesis of some neurotransmitters that
influence critical brain functions such as mood, focus, and memory recall. Vinpocetine is
used as a drug in Eastern Europe for the treatment of cerebrovascular disorders and age-
related memory impairment. Vinpocetine is not approved in the United States for
pharmaceutical use, but it can be sold as a dietary supplement used to treat thinking and
memory problems, such as Alzheimer's disease. Research has shown that the effects of this
compound go beyond mere prevention and turn it into a memory enhancing supplement.
Properties and Uses :
Indole alkaloids are by far the most important compounds of Voacanga spp. Voacanga
africana has been studied most extensively. The total amount of alkaloids in root bark is 5–
10%, in trunk bark 4–5%, in leaves 0.3–0.45% and in seeds 1.5–3.5%. The main alkaloids of the
root bark are corynanthean-ibogan class dimers, chiefly voacamine, voacamidine and
voacorine; vobtusine (a rare plumeran-plumeran class dimer) has also been isolated. Among
the monomers found, the ibogan class voacangine and voacristine (= voacangarine) are the
most important constituents; the plumeran class tabersonine has also been found. In the
stem bark, voacamine and congeners predominate; vobtusine has also been identified. The
leaves contain mainly dimeric alkaloids of both the voacamine and vobtusine groups; but the
monomeric plumeran class voaphylline is the main alkaloid. The alkaloid composition of the
seeds is very different, and consists almost exclusively of tabersonine.
The alkaloids show a vast range of pharmacological activities. Tabersonine is only slightly
toxic. It has about a quarter of the hypotensive activity of reserpine (which is commonly
used to treat high blood pressure), and a spasmolytic effect on the smooth muscle of the
intestine. It has no tumour-inhibiting activity. High doses of voacangine bring about
convulsions and asphyxia, but in lower doses voacangine exhibits mostly rather moderate
central nervous sytem-stimulant activity. It exhibits some cataleptic activity. In regular
doses, it has anticonvulsant activity, increases hexobarbital sleeping time in mice and
decreases body temperature. In addition, it has local analgesic activity, hypotensive
properties and causes bradycardia. The hydrochloride salt of voacangine has significant
diuretic activity.

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Most of the pharmacological work on voacamine and voacorine has focused on their
cardiotonic properties. Voacamine shows little tendency to accumulate, and is less toxic
than cardiac glycosides such as digitoxin. Voacamine sulphate resembles cardiac glycosides.
When tried clinically on patients with chronic cardiac insufficiencies of various origins, it
caused considerable improvement in their clinical status and in haemodynamic parameters,
while there was little effect on the heart rate. The alkaloid was effective both orally and
intravenously. In high doses both voacamine and voacorine are hypertensive, due largely to
peripheral vasoconstriction. These compounds also have parasympatholytic and
sympatholytic properties, bringing about contraction of smooth muscle fibres, and they are
also central nervous system depressants. Voacamine, voacorine and voacamidine are all
cytotoxic in the P-388 cell culture assay. In experiments with rats and mice, parenteral and
oral administration of these compounds slowed the growth of transplanted and primary
induced neoplasms. Vobtusine causes hypotension as a result of peripheral vasodilatation
and a direct depressant action on the heart. In moderate doses initial agitation is followed
by a sedative effect; high doses may bring about convulsions and death. Vobtusine is of no
clinical interest.

Tabersonine, the major alkaloid from the seeds, is readily converted to vincamine and
vincamine derivatives. Vincamine shows protective activity and improves performance in
animal models of cognitive dysfunction produced experimentally by cerebral ischaemia, and
by amnesia producing agents. Subsequently, vincamine was shown to increase cerebral
blood flow as a result of cerebral vasodilatation and may also enhance cellular respiration. It
has become very popular in Europe especially for geriatric patients and for patients suffering
from cerebral arteriosclerosis; there is improvement in the EEG and clinical status, it
ameliorates disturbances of attention, memory and mood.
The aqueous extract of the root bark showed antibacterial activity, anti-amoebic activity
against Entamoeba histolytica and antispasmodic activity on the guinea-pig ileum. This triple
action may well explain its traditional use as an antidiarrhoeal. The fruit extract contains a
compound with cytoprotective and ulcer-healing properties. Finally, the stem bark was
tested for molluscicidal activity on the freshwater snail Bulinus globulus, but was found to be
only moderately effective.

Leaf-cell suspension cultures of Voacanga africana, grown for 20 days under standard
conditions, yielded 6 alkaloids. Tabersonine, lochnericine and minovincinine were the major
ones. Voafrine A and B, dimers of the plumeran-plumeran class not previously detected from
nature, were also produced. These compounds are of pharmacological interest because of
they are related to vincaleucoblastine (vinblastine).

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The seed oil is a by-product of the commercial extraction of tabersonine for vincamine
synthesis. The main fatty acids are palmitic (15–20%), stearic (7–16%), oleic (49–60%) and
linoleic (15–20%) acid. The oil has cosmetic and nutritional value
The essential oils from Voacanga africana seeds at different extraction stages were
investigated. In the chemical composition analysis, 27 compounds representing 86.69-
95.03% of the total essential oils were identified and quantified. The main constituents in
essential oils were terpenoids, alcohols and fatty acids accounting for 15.03-24.36%, 21.57-
34.43% and 33.06-57.37%, respectively. Moreover, the analysis also revealed that essential oils
from different extraction stages possessed different chemical compositions. In the
antioxidant evaluation, all analysed oils showed similar antioxidant behaviours, and the
concentrations of essential oils providing 50% inhibition of DPPH-scavenging activity (IC50)
were about 25 mg/mL. In the antimicrobial experiments, essential oils from different
extraction stages exhibited different antimicrobial activities. The antimicrobial activity of oils
was affected by extraction stages. By controlling extraction stages, it is promising to obtain
essential oils with desired antimicrobial activities

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Alzheimer‫׳‬s disease (AD) neuropathology is

strongly associated with the activation of inflammatory pathways, and long-term use of anti-
inflammatory drugs reduces the risk of developing the disease. In S. Tomé e Príncipe (STP),
several medicinal plants are used both for their positive effects in the nervous system
(treatment of mental disorders, analgesics) and their anti-inflammatory properties. The goal
of this study was to determine whether a phenotypic, cell-based screening approach can be
applied to selected plants from STP (Voacanga africana, Tarenna nitiduloides, Sacosperma
paniculatum, Psychotria principensis, Psychotria subobliqua) in order to identify natural
compounds with multiple biological activities of interest for AD therapeutics
Vinpocetine is a derivative of the alkaloid vincamine. Like vincamine, it is found in small
amounts in the seeds of periwinkle as well as other plants, such as voaconga and Crioceras
longiflorus. Throughout the world, vincamine has been used to treat senile dementia with
significant success. Studies have found vinpocetine to demonstrate many of the same
functions as those of vincamine, but without the side effects. Moreover, it has been shown
to be at least two times (and up to three or four times) more potent than vincamine for
improving cerebral circulation, memory, and other functions in humans. No interactions with
pharmaceutical drugs have been reported.

Numerous scientific studies have shown vinpocetine to be of benefit for the prevention and
improvement of many different kinds of ailments. It enhances cognitive functions, including
those involving long- and short-term memory, and it has also been shown to be valuable in
protecting heart, visual, and hearing functions, among other benefits.

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In broadest terms, vinpocetine is a powerful memory enhancer. It achieves this principally

by facilitating cerebral metabolism and improving blood flow in the brain. It works by
causing mild dilation of blood vessels, thereby allowing for increased cerebral blood flow,
which results in increased oxygenation and glucose utilization.

This makes vinpocetine an ideal candidate not only for the improvement and prevention of
certain disease processes in need of increased blood flow and oxygenation, but also for
athletes who want to enhance their performance by increasing brain oxygenation, such as
skiers, mountain climbers, and high-altitude hikers.

In addition to more efficient brain circulation, vinpocetine has been found to increase brain-
cell energy through its effect on the production of ATP (the cellular energy molecule).

Since many brain disorders have been found to be caused by poor circulation or by neuronal
damage due to inadequate oxygen and inadequate amounts of energy, it makes sense to
consider vinpocetine in one's daily cognitive supplement program.

Benefits of Vinpocetin: A product from Vocanga:

Acclaim for vinpocetine's use is widespread throughout the world - in Europe, Japan, Korea,
China, and elsewhere. Unequivocally, vinpocetine has some extraordinary characteristics.
There is strong evidence that vinpocetine can help:

Improve Cognition

 Improve memory, long- and short-term

 Enhance alertness, awareness, and preparedness
 Act as a neuroprotector
 Prevent or reverse ischemic (lack of oxygen) damage to brain, muscle, liver, and
elsewhere
 Diminish senile cerebral dysfunction

Improve Hearing Function

 Prevent or relieve hearing loss due to various causes

 Prevent or relieve tinnitus (ringing/buzzing in the ears)
 Prevent or relieve vertigo (dizziness)

Improve Visual Function

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 Improve night vision

 Improve wound healing of eyes due to burns
 Prevent or relieve glaucoma
 Prevent or improve age-related macular decline

Improve Cardiovascular Function

 Diminish atherosclerotic plaque

 Improve cardiac output and nutritive blood flow to various organs
 Improve dilation of blood vessels
 Increase the flexibility of red blood cells
 Scavenge toxic metals in the body, such as aluminum and lead
 Vinpocetine have been taken at amounts of 10 to 30 mg/day, and some at 40 mg/day.
All studies done at 30 mg/day showed additional benefits compared with lesser daily
amounts. Depending on your body chemistry, you could start with 10 mg/day and
work up, or you could start with 30 mg/day. My suggestion for most people is work
up to 30 or 40 mg/day over a couple of weeks or more. Too much, too soon of many
supplements can disrupt normal intestinal flora (bacteria) and most commonly cause
gastrointestinal upset or diarrhoea.

(6.0) Marigolds (Tagetes erecta)

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Description
Tagetes species vary in size from 0.1 to 2.2 m tall. Most species have Pinnate green
leaves.Blooms naturally occur in golden, orange, yellow, and white colors, often with
maroon highlights.Floral heads are typically (1-) to 4–6 cm diameter, generally with both ray
florets and disc florets. In horticulture, they tend to be planted as annuals, although the
perennial species are gaining popularity.
Depending on the species, Tagetes species grow well in almost any sort of soil. Most
horticultural selections grow best in soil with good drainage, even though some cultivars are
known to have good tolerance to drought.
Classification:
Kingdom:Plantae
Class-Angisperms
Sub class: Eudicots
order: Astarales

Family: Astaraceae

Genus: Tagetes

Habitats
Shores, ponds, springs, quiet waters in streams, ditches, wetlands, wet meadows, waterside
swamps and meadows which are prone to flooding, damp hollows in broad-leaved forests,
snow-bed sites, sometimes underwater.

Cultivation and uses

Tagetes patula flowers

Depending on the species, marigold foliage has a musky, pungent scent, though some
varieties have been bred to be scentless. It is said to deter some common insect pests, as
well as nematodes. Tagetes species are hence often used in companion
planting for tomato, eggplant, chili pepper, tobacco, and potato. Due to

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antibacterial thiophenes exuded by the roots, Tagetes should not be planted near
any legume crop.[8] Some of the perennial species are deer-, rabbit-, rodent-
and javalina or peccary-resistant. T. minuta (khakibush or huacatay), originally from South
America, has been used as a source of essential oil for the perfumeand industry known as
tagette or "marigold oil", and as a flavourant in the food and tobacco industries. It is
commonly cultivated in South Africa, where the species is also a useful pioneer plant in the
reclamation of disturbed land.
The florets of Tagetes erecta are rich in the orange-yellow carotenoid lutein and are used as
a food colour (INS-number E161b) in the European Union for foods such as pasta, vegetable
oil, margarine, mayonnaise, salad dressing, baked goods, confectionery, dairy products, ice
cream, yogurt, citrus juice and mustard. In the United States, however, the powders and
extracts are only approved as colorants in poultry feed.
Marigolds are recorded as a food plant for some Lepidoptera caterpillars including the dot
moth, and a nectar source for other butterflies. They are often part of butterfly
gardening plantings. In the wild, many species are pollinated by beetles.

Marigold Facts
Marigold is herbaceous plant that belongs to the family Asteraceae. This plant originates
from Mexico and South America. Cultivation of marigold started in 16th century, when
Spanish explorers brought marigold from South America to Europe. Marigold requires full
sun and well drained soil for successful growth and development. It doesn't tolerate frost.
Compounds isolated from marigold have application in medical, cosmetic, textile and food
industry. Marigold is usually cultivated in ornamental purposes. It doesn't require special
conditions for successful cultivation, which makes it very popular among the gardeners
worldwide.
Interesting Marigold Facts:
Marigold has erect stem that can reach 6 to 48 inches in height (depending on the variety).
Marigold has oblong and lanceolate leaves with whole margins. Some varieties of marigold
have leaves with toothed edges. Leaves are spirally arranged on the branches.
Marigold is usually yellow, orange, red and maroon in color. Each flower consists of large
number of petals that overlap. Biggest petals are located on a periphery and smallest in a
center of a flower. Flowers contain both male (stamen) and female (pistil) reproductive
organs.
Cultivated varieties of marigold include multicolored plants and those with double flower
heads. Most types of marigold have spicy aroma.
Marigold produces flowers all year round under optimal weather conditions. Majority of

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marigold species bloom during the summer and fall. Removal of old flowers from the stem
stimulates development of new flowers. Marigold produces dry fruit called achene.
Dyes extracted from the marigold flowers are used in textile and food industry.
Essential oils extracted from the marigold show protective effects on the skin. They are used
in cosmetic industry for the production of creams and lotions.
Marigold is rich source of lutein, substance that acts beneficially on the human eye. Thanks
to this substance, marigold can be used in treatment of age-related macular degeneration.
Marigold in a diet of chickens leads to incorporation of lutein into the eggs and facilitates
treatment of macular degeneration. Eggs rich in lutein have brightly colored yolk.
Indigenous people of Mexico (Aztecs) believed that marigold has protective properties and
used it for treatment of burns that resulted from lightning strike.
Some gardeners plant marigold in their vegetable gardens to protect vegetables from the
pests. Insect repelling properties of marigold are not scientifically proven yet.
Marigold has edible flowers. They are often used as an ingredient of salads and for
decoration of sweet desserts.
Marigold is susceptible to fungal disorders which usually manifest on a root and stem. Also,
marigold is often on a target of spiders and grasshoppers.
Medical studies showed that marigold contains substances with anti-viral, anti-bacterial,
anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory properties.
Wild types of marigold are perennial plants (live more than 2 years). Cultivated marigold is
an annual plant (it completes its life cycle in one year).

Medicinal uses: The main components of the marigold are: essential oil, flavonoids (rutin
and narcissina), resin, mucilage, carotenoids , triterpenoids and saponins. The typical
coloring of the flower is constituted by a pigment having as main components beta-
carotene, lycopene and vilaxantina.

Due to their antioxidant properties, uses for marigolds include:

1. Homemade Skin Treatment
Ointment can be used to soothe sunburns, warts, bites, acne and ulcerations, in addition to
healing wounds, dry skin and blisters.
2. Digestive-Soothing Tea
Tea can be made with marigold flowers to lower symptoms caused by inflammatory bowel
diseases/colitis. Marigold tea is also beneficial for treating gastritis, acid reflux and ulcers, as
well as reducing stomach or menstrual cramps.
3. Immune-Boosting Formula

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Marigold (calendula) drops or extract are sometimes used to manage symptoms of coughs,
sore throats, or fevers.
4. Eye, Genital or Skin Infection Treatment
Salves made with marigold have long been used to treat fungal infections of the genitals,
feet, eyes, mouth, skin, and also to lower hemorrhoids, anal tears and candida.
Some of the active ingredients found in marigolds (calendula) that give it these capabilities
include: (4)
 Plant sterols known as calendulin
 Calendic acid
 Polysaccharides
 Linoleic acid
 Carotenoids
 Flavonoids
 Triterpenes saponins, such as triterpenoid
 Tocopherols
 Oleanolic acid glycosides

Benefits and Curative Properties of Marigold

The therapeutic properties of marigold (or calendula ) are varied and, in particular, one of its
characteristics for internal use is to have a valid antispasmodic effect, while, in the form of
decoction, it's very useful in case of gastric ulcer. Marigold has anti-inflammatory properties,
it's a soothing of menstrual pain and has benefits in order to regulate the flow.

As for external use, usually in the form of ointments, marigold has excellent healing
properties, antiseptic and antibacterial. To be reckoned, among the many properties, the
one anticancer that lately researchers attribute to this interesting plant, in particular as
regards the cancerous gastric.

In the dermatological sector marigold is used in powder form, which is then inserted in the
preparation of creams to treat acne and skin blemishes.

Marigold is used for stomach upset, ulcers, menstrual period problems, eye infections,
inflammations, and for wound healing. It is antiseptic. If the Marigold flower is rubbed on
the affected part, it brings relief in pain and swelling caused by a wasp or bee. A lotion made
from the flowers is most useful for sprains and wounds and a water distilled from them is
good the sore eyes. The infusion of the freshly gathered flowers is beneficial in fever.
Marigold flowers are mostly in demand for children ailment. Externally it is used in the
treatment of alopecia. Internally it is used to treat bladder and kidney problems, blood in the

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urine, uterine bleeding and many more.

Other uses: Bright yellow and orange Marigold flowers are used to make garlands. They are
even used to decorate the religious places. The leaves of its flowers are used as salads.
Yellow dye has also been extracted from the flower, by boiling. The burning herb repels
insects and flies. Pigments in the Marigold are sometimes extracted and used as the food
colouring for humans and livestock.

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Marigold is important source of carotenoids Lutein, Zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin etc. The

carotenoids bear antioxidant properties and very important for eye health. Good nutrition is
important to keep your eyes healthy and functioning their best throughout your lifetime.
Two very important eye nutrients that may reduce your risk for macular degeneration and
cataracts have names you may not be familiar with: lutein (LOO-teen) and zeaxanthin (zee-
ah-ZAN-thin).

Lutein and zeaxanthin are two types of carotenoids (kuh-RAH-teh-noids), which are yellow
to red pigments found widely in vegetables and other plants. Though lutein is considered a
yellow pigment, in high concentrations it appears orange-red.

Lutein and zeaxanthin appear to absorb excess light energy to prevent damage to plants
from too much sunlight, especially from high-energy light rays called blue light.

In addition to being found in many green leafy plants and colorful fruits and vegetables,
lutein and zeaxanthin are found in high concentrations in the macula of the human eye,
giving the macula its yellowish color. In fact, the macula also is called the "macula lutea"
(from the Latin macula, meaning "spot," and lutea, meaning "yellow").

Recent research has discovered a third carotenoid in the macula. Called meso-zeaxanthin,
this pigment is not found in food sources and appears to be created in the retina from
ingested lutein.

Lutein and zeaxanthin appear to have important antioxidant functions in the body. Along
with other natural antioxidants, including vitamin C, beta-carotene and vitamin E, these
important pigments guard the body from damaging effects of free radicals, which are
unstable molecules that can destroy cells and play a role in many diseases.

In addition to important eye and vision benefits, lutein may help protect against
atherosclerosis (buildup of fatty deposits in arteries), the disease that leads to most heart
attacks.

Eye Benefits of Lutein and Zeaxanthin

It is believed that lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin in the macula block blue light from
reaching the underlying structures in the retina, thereby reducing the risk of light-induced
oxidative damage that could lead to macular degeneration (AMD).

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A number of studies have found that lutein and zeaxanthin either help prevent AMD or may
slow progression of the disease:

 Research published in Nutrition & Metabolism found that a nutritional supplement

containing meso-zeaxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin effectively increased the optical
density of the macular pigment in eyes of the majority of human subjects. The
macular pigment is believed to offer protection against the development of macular
degeneration.
 Studies published in American Journal of Epidemiology, Ophthalmology and Archives of
Ophthalmology found higher levels of lutein and zeaxanthin in the diet are associated
with a lower incidence of AMD.
 Two studies published in Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science found that
eyes with greater levels of macular pigments were less likely to have or develop
macular degeneration.
 In research published in Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, the study authors
conclude that lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin filter short-wavelength light
and prevent or reduce the generation of free radicals in the retinal pigment
epithelium and choroid. They also suggest that a mixture of these carotenoids is
more effective than any one of the individual carotenoids at the same total
concentration.
 In a study published in the journal Optometry, participants with early AMD who
consumed 8 mg per day of dietary zeaxanthin for one year improved their night
driving and their visual acuity improved an average of 1.5 lines on an eye chart.

3.13 Raw material availability of Spices & Herbs in Uttarakhand

Table 03.08

S. No. Name of Spices and Herbs Production in Uttarakhand

(in M.T.)
1. Ginger 15,815
2. Turmeric 3,469
3. Chilly 4,062
4. Stevia 180
5. Rosemary 85
6. Chamomile 140

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3.14 Quality specification of process finished products

Table 03.09

S. No. Spices/Herb Product/Extract Composition / Uses

Standardized to
1 Curcuma longa Curcumin complex 95% curcuminoids Antioxidant
Turmeric Oil 12% curcumin Anti-inflammatory
2 Zingiber Ginger dry extract 5% Gingerols Digestive aid
officinalis Ginger soft extract 20% Gingerols
3 Gloriosa Thiocolchicoside/ Thiocolchicoside/ Muscle Relaxant/ Anti
Colchicine Colchicine Gout
4 Marig0ld Lutein ester 20% Oleoresin, Eye vitamins, age-
Powder, Beadlets related muscular
degeneration (AMD)
5 Pressmud Policosanol Policosanol 50% Use in Leg pain due to
Powder poor blood circulation
6 Vocanga Vinpocetine Vinpocetine 99% Alzheimer, age related
memory loss.

3.15 Tentative raw material requirement for selected Species

S. No. Name of Spices and Herbs Tentative Raw Material Requirement for
Selected Species (in M.T./ Annum)
Existing
1. Ginger 490
2. Turmeric 733
3. Chilly 580
4. Rosemary 188
5. Coleus 430
6. Gloriosa Seeds 1225
7. Green Coffee Beans 215
8. Marigold 1440
9. Vocango Seeds 390
10. Press mud 213
Total 5,904

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3.16 Advantages of existing technology installed in the project

3.16.1 Technology of Super Critical Fluids
The production of new safe and functional foods, obtained by clean environmentally sound
processes are new goals of the food industry. Animal feed and fertilizers are traditional uses
of agricultural by-products. These by-products may be turned into functional food
components (flavours, pigments, antioxidants, antimicrobial preservatives) depending on
different factors. One of them is the extraction technology applied, which must be highly
efficient, mild, safe, clean and sustainable. Extraction processes are ubiquitous in the food
industry. Extraction with solvents is a process of contact in equilibrium. Its efficiency varies
with the solvent viscosity and diffusivity of the solutes. These parameters are unfavourable
for liquid solvents, which are also toxic in many instances. High temperature helps improve
the extraction yields but then some active components may be lost. Supercritical CO2 was
applied to the extraction of food grade components in the early 90’s. Supercritical fluids
occur in a state between gas and liquid and show properties belonging to both states,
namely high solvating power (liquid) and high transport capacity (gas). Solids and liquids
may be extracted and fractionated with supercritical CO2 at different pressures and
densities. This technique offers four major advantages over classic solvent extraction: easily
adjustable selectivity (pressure, temperature), high mass transfer rate, on-line fractionation
and spontaneous elimination of the solvent. CO2 is safe, residue free, non-flammable and
inexpensive. The establishment of new extraction and fractionation processes using
supercritical CO2 involves physico-chemical modeling and experimental design for the
prediction of conditions of maximum solubility and mass transfer. Whilst this technology is
not yet thoroughly extended within the food industry mainly because equipment costs are
high and regulations against potentially harmful solvents are still too permissive, there are
numerous examples of bioproducts extracted from by-products and residues using
supercritical CO2. These include flavours from apple by-products, tocopherols from olive by-
products, lycopene from tomato paste, skin and seeds, polyphenols from grape seeds
antioxidants from tamarind seed coat and astaxanthin from crab shells.

In the last decade, new trends have emerged in the food industry. These trends include an
enhanced concern for the quality and safety of food products, increased preference for
natural products over synthetic ones, and broadened regulations related to nutritional and
toxicity levels of active ingredients. Consumers are more educated and health conscious
than ever before, and are demanding higher quality products for consumption. These trends
have driven supercritical fluid technology to become the primary alternative to traditional
solvent extraction for the extraction and fractionation of active compounds.

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Supercritical fluid extraction is an extraction process using a supercritical fluid as a solvent.

When a fluid is taken above a particular temperature and pressure (critical point of the
respective fluid), it exists in a condition called the supercritical fluid state. The physio-
chemical properties of a fluid in the supercritical state are in between those of a typical gas
and liquid. For example, the density of a supercritical fluid can be changed by varying the
pressure on the fluid. As a result, a supercritical fluid can have a density that ranges
between those exhibited by gases to liquid-like values when the fluid is compressed at high
pressures. Carbon dioxide is certainly the most popular fluid because of its physiological
compatibility, non-toxicity, inflammability, easy availability, convenient critical parameters
(Tc= 31 degrees Celsius, Pc=7.38 MPa), inexpensiveness and environmental friendliness.

Supercritical fluid processing shows numerous advantages when compared to traditional

organic solvent extraction. In traditional extraction, for example, the residual solvent is
unavoidable and is usually measured in parts per million (ppm). In supercritical fluid
extraction, however, there is no residual solvent in the final product. This translates into
lower operating costs because of the reduction in post-processing steps, clean-up and
safety measurements.

Extracts processed with CO2 technology are also more desirable than extracts processed
with other solvents. Supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 delivers the most natural-smelling
and -tasting extracts because there are no volatiles removed in a residual solvent removal
post-processing step. Additionally, because CO2 processing requires low temperatures,
there is less deterioration of heat sensitive components in the extract. Furthermore, since
there is no oxygen in the process, the potential for oxidation of the extract is significantly
minimized.

A broad range of selectivity and dissolving power can be obtained in supercritical fluid
extraction just by manipulating the operating conditions-such as pressure and temperature-
allowing targeting of specific compounds of interest. This tuning capability is extremely
important because recent trends in the herbal industry indicate an extract is often more
effective and much safer to use than the whole herb itself. Studies comparing supercritical
fluid extraction and alcohol extraction indicate that the overall extraction yield obtained by
alcohol solvents is often higher. However, the reason cited is because unwanted
compounds such as waxes, tannins and chlorophyll are also extracted. In other words, the
total volume extracted may be greater with alcohol solvents but the percentage of desired
active compound in that extract may be lower. Since supercritical fluid extraction is highly
selective, the purity of the desired active compounds in the total extract is higher and closer
to the total yield, leaving much less waste and no need for additional processing steps.

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This has benefits for an array of products. For instance, many spices are known for their
therapeutic value. The active ingredients present in such spices can be grouped in two
categories. The volatile fraction- essential oils-is responsible for the flavour of the spice,
while the non-volatile fraction-oleoresins-contains most of the compounds responsible for
the spice's medicinal attributes. As opposed to processing with organic solvents or by steam
distillation, supercritical fluid technology can, in a single step, selectively extract the
oleoresin and essential oil fractions and then separate them by sequential depressurization.
Furthermore, most raffinates (i.e., the material left over after extraction) have a highly
marketable value due to the content of fibre and protein, which are not soluble in CO2.
Several spices, including ginger, turmeric and chili, are processed commercially using
supercritical fluid

One important group of bioactive compounds is antioxidants. The antioxidants used in the
food industry can be grouped into natural antioxidants and synthetic antioxidants, with the
latter including butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tertiary
butylhydroquinone (THBQ) and propyl gallate (PG). Both types of antioxidants play a very
important role in the food market. The driving force behind their prominent role is the
demand for natural food ingredients free of chemical additives. Some herbs and spices
exhibit antioxidant properties, including rosemary, sage, and black pepper.

Traditional extraction methods such as solvent extraction, aqueous alkaline extraction and
steam distillation are not selective, so antioxidant extracts often show color (chlorophyll)
and have a strong flavour. Therefore, further purification steps are often required for the
extract and final food product to remove unwanted residuals. Supercritical CO2 extraction,
on the other hand, inherently increases selectivity and allows for fractionation of the
extract. For example, the active compound in rosemary can be extracted with supercritical
CO2 into two fractions by modifying pressure and temperature. The first fraction includes
the antioxidants (carnosol and carsonic acid), which can be enriched by supercritical CO2 to
high concentrations without chlorophyll, while the second fraction is mainly essential oils.

In addition to their properties as natural food colors, carotenoids also play an important role
as food ingredients due to their provitamin A activity and antioxidant function. Carotenoids,
however, may be oxidized in traditional processing. In most cases, supercritical fluid
extraction reduces the potential for oxidation. Also, since CO2 has a low critical
temperature, it can effectively process thermolabile carotenoids.

Supercritical fluid technology offers tremendous advantages, such as the absence of any
organic solvent residues and selective extraction and fractionation of different compounds.
All of these advantages are almost impossible to obtain easily from conventional processes

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at low operating costs. Therefore, supercritical fluid technology is an ideal tool for the
processing of active compounds for use in food products and dietary supplements.

3.16.2 Technical Source

This technology for setting up the extraction unit is being provided by the Thar
Technologies, 730 William Pitty Way Pittsburgh, PA 15238 of USA. Who is among one of the
leading supplier in this filed. This company has successfully completed many such
assignments in worldwide. Thar technologies are a global leader in the design, development,
and manufacture of solvent-free pilot and process scales supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE)
systems. Tha'rs expertise has been applied to a wide variety of applications, including spices,
food, flavors, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, solvent removal, coating, impregnation and
vegetables oil refining.

HRDI, Centre for Aromatic Plants, Selaqui, Dehradun is also working as consultant institute
for the development of herbs and spices processing plant for IGL and this institute is fully
equipped with sophisticated equipments and expertise in Aromatic Sector.

3.17 Manufacturing Process

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a separation technology that uses supercritical fluid
solvent. Every fluid is characterized by a critical point, which is defined in terms of the critical
temperature and critical pressure. Fluids cannot be liquefied above the critical temperature,
regardless of the pressure applied but may reach the density close to the liquid state. A fluid
is considered supercritical when its thermodynamic state is greater than its critical point. For
example, CO2 is supercritical above 304.20K and 7.3 MPa. Supercritical fluids (SCFs) have
infinite compressibility because the coexistent vapor and liquid phase have the same
pressure but different molar volume.

SCFs have desired properties that make it suitable for challenging extraction processes.
Properties of SCFs change with a slight variations in pressure or temperature near the critical
point. They exhibit high density, like liquids, and low viscosity similar to gases. High density
of SCFs contribute to greater solubilization of compounds while low viscosity enables
penetration is solids and allows flow with less friction. Surface tension and heat of
vaporization significantly decreases for SCFs.

Supercritical carbon dioxide is one of the commonly used SCFs. It has gained importance as
a "green" or environmentally friendly solvent. Supercritical CO2 is considered the most
promising replacement for conventionally used solvents like hexane.

Addition of a solvent modifier like ethanol can change the selectivity of compounds in

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carbon dioxide, which can be useful for selective separation. CO2 may be recycled by
filtration and repressurization. Control of solvent strength by adjusting solvent properties
and environmental compatibility makes Supercritical CO2 useful in processing industries such
as food & herbs industry.

Properties of supercritical fluids can be adjusted by controlling density or pressure. Viscosity

of a fluid increase abruptly from the vapor phase to liquid phase when plotted against the
pressure. However, the plot of viscosity against the density shows no abruptness because
this scale does not show the weak critical divergence of viscosity. Density changes sharply
with pressure in the supercritical region due to a large compressibility. Process engineers
generally avoid this region of large compressibility because can cause appreciable effects.
However, if the process control is achieved, considerable fractionation capabilities are
possible particularly for lower molecular weight compounds with greater volatility near
critical point.

Density may be determined from an equation of state (EOS), which describes vapour
pressure and the distribution coefficient of liquid mixtures. An EOS is the mathematical
relation between volume, pressure, temperature and composition. The capability of EOS to
describe density is limited and their analytical behaviour at the critical point is not well
established. Experiments performed using SCFs face the challenge of adequate knowledge
of density behaviour. Density, enthalpy, entropy and dielectric constant of the supercritical
fluid are intermediate between those of a vapour and liquid but isothermal compressibility;
isobaric expansion coefficient and heat capacity are not intermediate between those of a
vapour and liquids.

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Supercritical fluid extraction is widely used in a variety of industries, including natural

products, food and flavours, pharmaceuticals, nutraceutical, polymers, chemicals and
clearing. Unlike traditional solvent based processing, no solvent is used in SFE. This
translates into lower operating costs because of the reduction in post-processing steps,
clean up and safety and assurance measurements. Most importantly, SFE provides extracts
with no residual solvent, keeping the product natural.
Presently, India Glycols Limited has Super Critical Fluid Extraction Technology for the
production of natural health products. The more technologies viz. Aqueous and Aqueous
Alcoholic Recycling Batch Extraction Process, Aqueous Open Vessels Live Steam Heated
Extraction Process & Semi-Mechanized Steam Distillation Process have also been proposed.
The process details are given as under.

3.17.1 Super Critical Fluid Extraction Technology

The herbal materials like roots/stems/leaves after powdering are loaded into the Extraction
Vessel. Then the purchased CO2 gas a byproduct of molasses industry is passed as chilled

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liquid/fluid into the extractor vessel at controlled temperature and pressure (60 0C/250 bar).
The dissolved herbal active materials like colors/flavors/oils are taken by fluid carbon dioxide
into the separator vessel (S1/S2/S3). The CO2 in the separator vessel at controlled
temperature converted into gas and recycled back into CO2 tank and reused continuously.
The finished goods are collected from separator vessel (S1) and the Extracted Herbal Solid
Waste Powder is taken out from the extractor vessel. The solid herbal waste obtained here
after extraction is used in briquettes formation for used as a fuel in Biomass fired Boiler.

3.17.2 Aqueous and Aqueous Alcoholic Recycling Batch Extraction Process

The powdered/pulverized raw materials like dry or dehydrated marigold flower/sugarcane

press-mud/vegetables/fruits/turmeric were extracted in water/aqueous alcohols/solvents.
The soluble color or Nutraceutical is recovered by removal of the water/aqueous
alcohol/solvent on climbing film evaporator or falling film evaporator under vacuum. The
completely recovered water/alcohol recovery the product obtained. Is further processed or
purified by crystallizing the product in a suitable solvent. The product obtained here is called
natural color or Nutraceutical, may be here supplied in the paste form or further dried to get
the powdered form. The solid herbal waste obtained here after extraction is used in
briquettes formation for used as a fuel in Biomass fired Boiler.

3.17.3 Aqueous Open Vessel Live Steam Heated Extraction Process

The raw materials, dry/dehydrated herbs/vegetables/fruits are taken into extraction tanks
after powdering or as such and then boiled with the live steam in water. Here the solution
obtained is called “Decoction”, this decoction is filtered and the resultant liquid is reduced
to lesser volume using evaporator (Calendria) to get the paste called “Thick Paste (TP/herbal
extract)”. The final water/moisture percentage, will be adjusted, by evaporating the water
from the product in the reactor/scrapped surface film evaporator. Here, the thick
paste/concentrate may be marketed directly as herbal/fruit/vegetable extract in the form of
paste. Even, it may be dried using, flash/spray/steam vacuum drier to get the dry powder
(DP). The solid herbal waste obtained here after extraction is used in briquettes formation
for used as a fuel in Biomass fired Boiler.

3.17.4 Semi-Mechanized Steam Distillation Process

The raw/fresh herb procured is loaded in the steam distillation vessel and then steam
distilled by direct / live steam. The oil and steam vapor collected is passed through
condenser for condensation. The oil and condensed water are separated in the oil / water
separator. Here the oil obtained is called essential oil (crude flavor/essence). Here the

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essential oil obtained is the crude flavor/fragrance may be further converted into vale added
fragrance/flavor/aroma chemical by fractional distillation. In some cases, crude essential oil,
may sold as such without fractional distillation. In case, to manufacture the mint from
essential oil of menthe oil is chilled, to –25±2 degree centigrade in a deep freezer and the
obtained mint crystals were filtered on the centrifuge to get the mint. The solid herbal waste
obtained here after extraction is used in briquettes formation for used as a fuel in Biomass
fired Boiler.

The heat energy here used is steam energy from the existing Biomass fired Boiler, to cook
the material for producing the oil and water vapor.

3.17.5 Biotransformation Process (Proposed)

Biotransformation of alkaloid isolated from Gloriosa superba seed incorporating green

processing carried out to produce Active pharmaceutical ingredient Thiocolchicoside.

To initiate the conversion feed and nutrient along with the necessary seed added at
controlled temperature and pressure. After completion of the process the active material is
separated by microfiltration technique.

The column isolation followed by crystallization / filtration and dying of crystals lead to final
product which are packed and dispatched/ stored under GMP practice.

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3.17.6 Process Flow Diagrams

Steam

Sterilization
Microbial
Strain Cooling

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3.17.7 Flow Diagram of Thiocolchicoside by proposed Biotransformation Process

Colchicine/Thiocolchicine
7.0 Kgs Water
5.0 -6.0 KL W
Nutrient and Salt A
T
E
Biotransformation R

R
E
Water -
Micro-filtration 12.0-13.0 KL C
I
R
C
U
L
Reject Filtrate A
(600-800L) 16-18 KL T
I
O
N

Water
Treatment Column Purification

Crystallization/Filtration Concentration

Drying

Finished Product Packing Dispatch

7.0 Kgs

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3.18 Process Flow Diagrams (Existing Process)

3.18.1 Super Critical Fluid Extraction (SCFE) of Natural Health Products

Herbal Raw Material

(Roots/Stem/Leaves
)

Grinded/Powdered
form of Material

Liquid CO2
Super
Critical
CO2 CO2
R
Solid Herbal Parts E
(After Extraction) Extractor Vessels Re-Pressurization C
Y
C
L
I
N
Filtration G

Gaseous CO2
Briquette formation Separator Vessels
(S-1, S-2, S-3)
Dissolve Herbal Active Material

Steam/Hot
Water

Used as a Fuel in
Boiler Collection of Finished Products Formulation
Semi Solids/Paste

Condensate
PRODUCT Water for
As Such (Powdered Form) Boiler

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3.18.2 Aqueous and Alcoholic Process

Process Flow Diagram

Aqueous and Alcoholic Process

Herbal Raw Material

Grinded Form of Material Water/Aqueous/Alcohol/Solvent

Powdered/Pulverized
Form of Material

Extractor Vessels

Removal, Recycling & Reuse

Solid Herbal Rising/Wiped Film
Parts Evaporator (Under Vacuum)

Briquettes Recovery of Soluble Products

Formation Herbal Natural Products (Paste Form)

Steam/Hot
Water
Used as a Fuel in
Purification Drier
Boiler

Finished Products Product Condensate

(Powdered Form) Water for
Boiler

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3.18.3 Aqueous-Open Vessels Heated Extraction

Process Flow Diagram

Herbal Raw Material

Grinding of Material

Powdered Raw Material

Extractor Vessels Hot Water or Steam + Water

Solid Herbal Parts Purification

(After Extraction)

Filtration Liquid for

Briquettes formation Filtration
Lesser Volume of
Evaporation

Used as a Fuel in Boiler Evaporation Steam

Condensate Water

Crystallization

Drier Finished Products

Note: In case of special demand, this product will be further evaporated or dried for powdered or crystallized product.

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3.18.4 Semi- Mechanized Steam Distillation

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

Raw/Fresh
Herbs/Grass/Mentha/Lemon
Grass Material
(Roots/Stem/Leaves)

Hot Water or Steam

Steam Distillation Vessels

Solid Herbal Parts Herbal Oil & Steam Vapors

(After Extraction)

Condenser
Briquettes formation

Separator vessel Water

Used as a Fuel in
Boiler

Essential Oils (Crude

Flavors/Essence)

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3.19 Machinery & Equipment Details

The detailed list of machinery & equipment’s proposed for modernization & expansion of
the existing Plant are appended in the Tables below:-

Table 03.10: List of proposed machinery & equipment’s

Equipment & Utility Details

S. Equipment name Capacity Qty.

No.
Utility Equipment
1 Biomass Briquette fired Boiler 6 Ton/Hour 01
2 Cooling tower 400 TR 02
3 Cooling tower 100 TR 02
4 Air Compressor 189 CFM at 10 bar 02
Process Equipment
1 Process Vessel 5 KL 01
2 Filtration 1 KL/Hour 01
3 3 KL storage tank 3000 L 02
4 10 Kl storage tank 10000 L 01
5 Rotary extractors 8 KL 8000 L 02
6 Falling film evaporator/WFE 800 L/Hour 01
7 Storage tank 10 KL 10000 L 04
8 Rotary extractors 1.5 KL 1500 L 01
9 Centrifuge 36 inch 36 inch 01
10 Reactor 3 KL 3000 L 01
11 Reactor 750 L 750 L 01
12 LL extractor 1 KL 1000 L 01

3.20 Resource Optimization/Recycling and Re-Use envisaged in the Project

3.20.1 Solvent Recovery & Re-use

Various solvents viz. Aqueous alcohol, Hexane, Acetone, Methanol & IPA are used during
the process of manufacture of Herbal Extracts. The solvents are being recovered and
recycled during the process of manufacture of products. The solvent lost during the process
of solvent distillation is mainly due to organic thermal disintegration and in form of residue left

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behind from the bottom un-distilled product. Evaporation loss is minimized by the passage of
chilled water through the condenser.

Solvent Management Plan

 The solvent distillation system is designed so as to achieve minimum 99.0 % recovery

of solvent.
 Pure solvent, crude solvent and distilled (recovered) solvent are stored only in
storage tanks and we are not using drums at any stage in the Solvent Management
System.
 Wherever required, the solvents are directly pumped into day tanks from the storage
tanks and shall be charged into the process vessels without involving any manual
handling.
 All the pumps are mechanical seal type to avoid any leakage of solvent.
 All necessary fire fighting systems has been provided with alarm system. Flame proof
wiring and flame proof electrical accessories are provided to avoid any mishap.
 All the storage tank and day tank are connected to a vent system through cooling
water and chilled brine condensers to prevent loss of solvents in the atmosphere.
 All the distillation column vents are also connected to cooling water/ chilled brine
condensers for maximum possible recovery of the solvents. All the vents are
connected to a common carbon absorber for removing traces of solvent from vent
gases.
 Residue generated from the distillation are sent to TSDF site.

3.20.2 Recycle/Re-use of Treated waste water

19.7 KLD of waste water will be generated from the Industrial Processes i.e. Production
Process, Utility i.e. Boiler blow down, Cooling Tower bleed & miscellaneous purpose after
proposed augmentation. All the waste water generated from Industrial Processes will be
treated in the STP cum ETP.

Domestic sewage (16.8 KLD) will also be treated in the existing STP cum ETP & reuse in the
existing greenbelt & in CT, Vessel Cleaning/Floor washing.

Existing STP cum ETP will be augmented up to 50.0 KLD Capacity.

Water from Industrial process & steam condensate (128.0 KLD) will be recirculated within
the Ind. Process & utility.
Zero discharge will be achieved.

3.20.3 Re-use of Solid Herbal Waste

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Solid Herbal Parts i.e. Biomass obtained after extraction is being used in briquette formation
& utilized as a fuel in the proposed boiler.

Fig: 03.01 Schematic of Spent Solvent Management System

3.20.4 Domestic Solid Waste Re-Use

The total quantity of domestic wastes generated is about 90.0 kg/day which will be
segregated at source, collected in bins and composted. The composted waste will be used
as manure for landscape development.

3.21 Water, Energy/Power Requirement & Source

3.21.1 Water

The water demand will be met from existing bore well. The requirement of water for the
unit is for domestic, industrial purposes. Details are appended in section 3.9.1 later in the
report.

3.21.2 Power

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The total connected load for smooth operation of the unit has been estimated at 41.0 MW
which is being sourced from grid (UPCL), However 300 KW power shall be required for
proposed modernization & expansion of the existing unit.

The company has provision to install one Green insulated DG set 500 KVA to have
continuous supply of power in the manufacturing of proposed biotransformation process
during Failure / Shutdown of power at any point of time will adversely effect the production
and quality of extract product.

3.22 Wastes Generated & Scheme for their Management/Disposal

3.22.1 Water demand and wastewater/effluent discharge

Source of water supply: Ground water i.e. Bore well

Total number of employees: 450 Nos.
Per capita water demand: 45 LPCD

Water is required for domestic and industrial propose. Initially total water demand is 248.0
KLD and recycled water is 163.0 KLD. Fresh Water required for Production of Concentrate
Syrup / Powder will be 85.0 KL/D after proposed modernization & expansion, which will be
met from existing Bore wells.
Approval for additional abstraction of water will be taken from CGWA.

The break-up of the consumption of water is as presented in table 03.11 below:-

Sr. Particulars Total water Total water requirement water

No. requirement (KLD) requirement
(KLD) (Existing) (After proposed (KLD)
Expansion) (Additional)
1. Domestic Purpose 4.0 21.0 17.0
2. Green Belt -- 24.0 24.0
3. Utility
Boiler 80.0 100.0 20.0
Cooling Tower 12.0 50.0 38.0
4. Industrial Process 12.0 50.0 38.0
5. Miscellaneous i.e. -- 3.0 3.0
Vessel Cleaning
/Floor washing
Total 108.0 248.0 140.0
Recycle 84.1 163.0 78.9
Fresh 23.9 85.0 61.1

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Total water requirement: 248.0 KLD

Fresh water requirement: 85.0 KLD
Recycle/reuse water: -163.0 KLD

Sr. Requirement for Water Process Waste water ETP /STP Recycled/
No. Consumption Losses generation losses Reuse
A. Industrial Process 50.0 3.0 5.0 42.0
Boiler 100.0 5.0 9.0 86.0
Utility Cooling 50.0 47.0 3.0 00
Tower
Miscellaneous i.e. 3.0 0.3 2.7 00
Vessel Cleaning
/Floor washing
Total (Industrial) 203.0 55.3 19.7 128.0
B. Domestic 21.0 4.2 16.8 00
C. Green belt 24.0 24.0 0.0 0.0
Total input water to STP cum ETP 36.5 1.5 35.0
Total (KL/Day) 248.0 83.5 36.5 1.5 163.0
85.0 (Fresh) +
163.0
(Recycle)
Note:

 36.5 KLD of waste water will be generated from the Domestic & Industrial Processes
i.e. Production Process, Utility i.e. Boiler blow down, Cooling Tower bleed &
miscellaneous purpose after proposed Augmentation. All the waste water generated
from Industrial Processes will be treated in the STP cum ETP & reuse in green belt and
cleaning/washing activities.
 Steam condensate (86.0 KLD) will be recycled into Boiler.
 Zero discharge will be achieved.

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Fresh Water 64.0 KLD Water Requirement (for Total Recycled water
Requirement Process & Green Belt) (163.0 KLD)
85.0 KLD 227.0 KLD

Domestic Green belt Cleaning/washing Ind. Process Boiler Cooling Tower

21.0 KLD 24.0 KLD (50.0 KLD) (100.0 KLD) (Make up 50.0 KLD)
3.0 KLD

Losses (4.2 Losses Losses Losses Losses

KLD) (0.3 KLD) (3.0 KLD) (5.0 KLD) (47.0 KLD)

Process – 47.0 KLD Recycled Water

Condensate – 95.0 KLD (128.0 KLD)

16.8 KLD 3.0 KLD

2.7 KLD

14.0 KLD

STP cum ETP Treated (Recycled)

36.5 KLD Water 35.0 KLD
Losses
(1.5 KLD)
Total water requirement: 248.0 KLD
Fresh water requirement: 85.0 KLD
Recycle/reuse water: 163.0 KLD

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3.22.2 Process Effluent Characteristics

The characteristics of the waste water generated as boiler blow down, cooling tower bleed
& vessels washing & water re circulation facility during the process of manufacture of Herbal
products for the emerging scenario are described in the following table’s.
Table 03.12: Waste water characteristics (expected)

Wastewater characteristics Before After treatment in STP

treatment cum ETP
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), ppm 300 – 500 <30
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), ppm 15000 – 16000 <100
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), ppm 2100 – 2200 <60
Suspended solids, ppm 150 –2 50 <10
pH 4.0 – 7.0 7.0 to 7.5

3.22.3 Treatment Scheme for Waste Water

Brief Treatment Process Description

STP cum ETP:

As per advice of UEPPCB Officials during their site visit, we have installed 10 KLD capacity of
STP cum ETP of advance technology for recovery of treated water in a scientific manner. It
to be augmented at the tune of 50 KLD capacity. The major advantage in this Plant is that it
can treat sewage in one common unit for final utilization in Boiler & as make up water for
Cooling Tower. It is also capable to treat the waste water generated from process due to
any emergency.

STP cum ETP has following Components:

 Screen Chamber
 Oil & Grease Trap
 Collection Tank STP
 Mixing Chamber
 Biological Tank (Aerobic)
 Dosing Units & Clarification Unit

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 Photo Chemical Oxidation with Ozone & UV for oxidation

 Ionization Unit
 Multi grade Sand bed filter ETP
 Ultra Filtration Unit
 High recovery RO Unit
Process Description:

The effluent from the entire contributing unit is brought by pipe to the STP through the
screen chamber and oil & grease trap. All the screening materials and oil has removed from
this chamber and Effluent flow to the Collection tank. From the collection tank the
wastewater goes into Mixing Chamber. Now it is pumped with the help of centrifugal pump
into adjoining Biological Tank on a controlled rate.

In the bio reactor tank wastewater is mixed with microorganisms in presence of dissolved
oxygen. Microorganisms will assimilate organic impurities. The bottom of the bio reactor
tank is supplied through two positive displacements (roots type) air blowers (1working
+1standby) located outside the tank. Submerged air diffusers will provide mixing and oxygen
for the needs of microorganisms. The blowers are sized to maintain dissolved oxygen level
in the bioreactor tank of approximately 2 mg/lit.

From the bio reactor tank mixed liquor is flow by gravity into adjoining double acting
Clarifier Unit. The solids got settled in the Clarifier. A sludge pump is provided for pump the
settled sludge from the Clarifier back to the bio reactor tank. Additional sludge used as
manure for green belt development.

From the Clarifier treated wastewater is flow by gravity into adjoining Buffer tank to
maintain its parameter. This tank has been used as intermittent tank to pump treated water
to Photo chemical oxidation Unit followed by ionization Unit & Buffer tank.

From the Buffer tank treated water is pumped to multi grade sand bed filter followed by
fully auto operated Ultra Filtration Unit for further reduction of suspended solids.

Finally treated water from UF Unit pass through high recovery R.O. Unit having energy
efficient high recovery sea water membrane for recovery of Permeate water (TDS level <50
mg/l). This treated water is suitable for reuse in Cooling Tower as make up water, Green belt
& cleaning/washing purpose.

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SCHEMATICS OF STP cum ETP ON ZLD CONCEPT

Oil & Grease Effluent

Effluent Screen Chamber
Trap Collection Tank

S
Dosing
Unit
T
Buffer Tank / Double Acting
P
Biological Tank Mixing Chamber
Collection Tank Clarification
Unit
Sludge

Air Used in Green belt

diffusion C
U
Photo Chemical Multi grade Sand M
Ionization Unit Buffer Tank bed Filter
Oxidation / Ozonation
Unit

Dosing
pH correction Unit

Treated Water for Permeate Storage High Recovery Ultra Filtration E

(TDS-<50 mg/l) Unit with
Reuse for make-up
Water for CT, G-
RO Unit
backwash
T
belt & washing
Reject
Provision P

Used into Green

belt/discharge into Drain
during Rainy Season

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3.23 Rain Water Harvesting System

Rainwater harvesting in the present scenario holds vast potential in controlling runoff and
resulting water logging problems besides assuring an alternative source of water and a
supplement to existing natural resources in a wide variety of circumstances.
A rainwater harvesting system comprises components of various stages namely-
 Transporting rainwater through pipes or drains.
 Filtration
 Storage in tanks for reuse or recharge.

Fig. 03.02- Design of Typical Recharge Pit

Two major systems that are ideal for industrial developed areas of are artificial ground water
recharge, and roof top rainwater harvesting (The mode NBC-2005). The mode of harvesting
are basically site specific and depends the amount of precipitation, availability of total
number of rainy days, nature of storage structures, nature of aquifers etc.
In general CGWB norm suggest not to artificially recharging if water table is less than 8 M.
Also recharging is not recommended for aquifers with TDS levels higher than 4000 mg/L or
high levels of chemical composition like Nitrate, Fluoride, and Arsenic etc.

In this project it has been planned to provide 02 Nos rainwater harvesting recharge pits
(Trench) and 02 No. rain water harvesting tank. Rainwater collected from the rooftop would
be diverted by drain pipes to a settlement / filtration tank, from which it would flow into the

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recharge pit. Water filters would be provided prior to the chamber to arrest and separate
any suspended matter present in the rain water. The recharge pits are designed with three
concentric circular chambers in which the outer chamber is filled with sand, the middle one
with coarse aggregate and the inner most layer with pebbles.

Fig. Cross section of Recharge Trench

Any surplus runoff which overflows the recharge pits would be collected in the unpaved
areas and allowed to get absorbed. Also there would be proper storm water drainage
network to collect the excess storm water runoff.

3.23.1 Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) Calculation

Based on the area statement, the total roof/surface area receiving the rainfall is as follows:
Total Plot Area: 3600 m2 (04 nos.)
Proposed ground coverage area of the Unit receiving: 2300 m2
Proposed covered area (above Sheds) of the Unit: 510 m2

As per data available, the annual rainfall in Dehradun: 2073.3 mm

Total rainy days in a Year: 80 days
Average rainfall per Day: 2073.3/80 = 25.92 mm/day

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The intensity of rainfall considered is 25.92 mm/hr, (Heavy rain fall) which generally occurs in
one hour (for the purpose of calculations, the higher value of rainfall intensity is being
considered in view of unpredictable nature of rainfall for arriving at total storage volume)
Therefore, intensity of rainfall: 25.91 mm/hr
RUN-OFF (Discharge)
Q = 10*C*I*A
Where:
Q: run off in cubic meters/hr
C: Co-efficient/Impermeability factor of the surface
I: Intensity of rainfall (25.92 mm/hr)
A: Total drainage area in hectare
Co-efficient of Run off/Impermeability Factor [C]

S. No. Description of Surface Value of run off coefficient

factor of the surface (C)
1. Terraces, Hard paved surfaces 0.9-0.95
2. Paved Surfaces, roads 0.85-0.90
3. Gravel path, loosely paved walk, rocky surface 0.70-0.85
4. Brick paved, Compact ground 0.50-0.70
5. General Ground 0.50-0.60
6. Natural Ground, sloping ground 0.20-0.50

Run Off Calculation:

(i) Run off from ground coverage area of the proposed Unit
Q1 = 10*0.8*25.92*2300/10000 (since 1 hectare = 10000 m2)
= 47.69 m3/hr
(ii) Run off from covered area (above Sheds) of the proposed Expansion
Q2 = 10*0.9*25.91*350/10000
= 11.89 m3/hr
Total run off discharge (Q): Q1 + Q2 = 47.69 + 11.89 = 59.58 m3/hr

Considering the first flush of rainwater after a dry period shall be allowed to run to waste as
it will be contaminated with dust, bird droppings etc.
Total run off = 0.9 * 59.58 = 53.62 m3/hr
Considering retention storage of rain water harvesting is 30 min
Total capacity of RWH Storage: 53.62 *30/60 = 26.81 m3
The total no. of RWH proposed: 02
Capacity of each RWH: 13.405 (approx.14.0 KL)

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Vent
Sedimentation Tank
Manhole

Coarse Sand

Charcoal

Pebbles

Gravels

Filtration Tank

Recharge pit
well

Fig. 03.03 SCHEMATIC FOR RAIN WATER HARVESTING

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3.24 Air pollution Sources

The major air pollution sources from the industry are DG set and boiler. These sources are
provided with stacks of adequate height so as to disperse the emanating flue gases
containing SPM, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen without affecting the ground level
concentrations as per the regulatory requirements.

The sources of air pollution, type of fuel used, fuel consumption and chimney heights for
each of the air pollution sources of the proposed project are indicated in the following
table:-

Table: 03.13 Air pollution sources, fuel consumption and chimney height details

SI. Stack Fuel Fuel No. of Stack Air pollution Predicted

no. attached used consumption stacks height control emissions
to Unit
1. Steam Biom 0.5 MT/Hr 1 42 m AGL Bag Filter, SO2, NOx,
boiler (01 ass approx. cyclone SPM
Nos. 6.0 separator & wet
TPH,) scrubber
2. Green HSD 82 L/hr 1 5 m ARL Stack SO2, NOx,
insulated Approx. for each SPM
DG set DG set
(500 KVA x
01 No.

3.25 Noise Pollution Details

The major source of noise pollution in the industry is the DG set for which acoustic enclosure
is proposed. Also ambient noise levels will be ensured within the ambient standards by
inbuilt design of mechanical equipment and building apart from vegetation (tree
plantations) along the periphery and at various locations within the industry premises.

3.26 Solid Waste Details

The quantity of solid waste generated from the existing industry is detailed in the following
table.

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Table: 03.14 Solid waste generation during the operation phase

Total No. of Employees 450

Assuming per capita solid waste generation rate as 0.2 kg/capita/day
Quantity of solid waste generated 90 kg/day
Organic solid waste : 60 % of the total waste 54 kg/day
Inorganic solid waste : 40 % of the total waste 36 kg/day
Disposal of domestic solid waste The domestic wastes are segregated
at source, collected in bins and
composted.

50.0 KG/day Boiler ash will be generated, which will be disposed as per Fly ash notification.

3.27 Hazardous raw materials used in the manufacturing process

The following raw materials used during the process of proposed modernization &
expansion of existing herbal extraction unit are hazardous in nature according to
Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989.

Table: 03.15 Hazardous Raw Materials

Sr. No. Hazardous raw material used in the solvent extraction process
1. Acetone

2. Hexane

3. Toluene

4. Isopropyl alcohol

5. Methanol

3.28 Hazardous waste generation and its management during the manufacturing process

The hazardous wastes generated during the manufacturing process of herbal extract are
stored at hazardous waste storage area and the hazardous wastes shall be dealt as per
Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016.

The quantities of hazardous waste generated from various processes are shown in the
following tables.

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Table :- 03.16 Summary of the total quantity of hazardous wastes:

Sl. Source Existing Proposed Category Treatment/ Disposal

No. Quantity of Quantity of according to
HW HW Schedule I of
generated generated HW categories
1. Waste oil 1250 L/annum 200 L/annum 5.1 Handed over to PCB
from DG authorized
set recyclers/re-processors
2. Spent 10.0 -- 28.6 Send to authorized
Solvent MT/annum spent solvent re-
processors for recover
& re-use.
3. Discarded 1800 250 33.1 Handed over to
Containers/ no’s/annum no’s/annum authorized
liners recyclers/re-processors
/barrels
4. Used -- 05 -- Hand over to
Batteries no’s/annum authorized re – cyclers

5. E-Waste -- 60 kg -- Handed over to

authorized
recyclers/re-processors

3.29 Environmental Impacts and Management Plan

3.29.1 Environmental management plan during construction phase

Sl. Enviro Predicted Probable source of impact Mitigation measures Remarks

No. nment impacts
al
compo
nents
1. Ambie Negative Fugitive dust emissions  Carrying out the Impacts are
nt air impact inside generated during construction temporary
quality the construction in the activities in closed (Only during
construction beginning followed by construction
manner.
site premises. fabrication, erection of period) in
No negative plant and machinery  Intermittent spraying nature.
impact during later part of the of water.

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outside. project.  Use of PPE’s.

2. Noise Negative Noise generation from  Use of well- Temporary
impact near construction activities and maintained impact only
noise operation of construction equipment. during
generation equipment’s and also from construction
 Use of PPE – ear
sources inside the movement of vehicles phase.
the premises. carrying construction plugs and muffs by
No significant materials to and from the the construction
impact on the project site. workers.
ambient noise
levels in the
surrounding
area.
3. Water No significant
Discharge of sewage from The sewage generated Impact will be
quality impact labours. shall treat in the temporary.
existing STP cum ETP. Local labours
shall be
employed.
4. Land No negative Waste from laborers. Waste from laborers --
impact will be collected and
composted on site.
Non-compostable
waste will be sent for
recycling.
5. Socio- Overall Employment opportunities Locally available man --
econo positive power will be utilized
mic impact to the maximum
possible extent.

3.29.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN DURING OPERATION PHASE

Sl. Environment Predicted Probable source of Mitigation measures Remarks

no. al impacts impact
components
6. Ambient air Minor negative  Process of  Manufacturing process DG sets will
quality impact. manufacturing of involves closed be used only
herbal extract operations in various during
controlled vessels. power
 Particulate and failure.
gaseous  The process area will be
emissions from provided with
DG set and abundant natural light

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boilers and ventilation and

high roofs to disperse
the fumes/gases to the
outside atmosphere;
preventing the increase
of ground level
concentrations (GLC’S)
as it gets dispersed.

 The emissions from DG

& boiler will be let out
through stacks of
heights 5 m ARL and 42
m AGL respectively.
7. Noise Minor negative  Operation of  The conveying system --
impact near machineries shall be maintained by
noise during the following routine and
generation manufacturing periodic maintenance
sources inside process. to reduce noise
the premises. generation in material
 Handling and handling.
conveying of
raw materials  DG set with prebuilt
and semi- acoustic enclosure as
finished per CPCB norms will be
components to installed in dedicated
different areas utility area, where the
of operations access will be
restricted. Also the use
 Operation of DG of PPE (ear plugs) will
set. be mandatory in this
area.

 Green belt at the

project boundary will
further act as noise
barrier and help in
attenuation of noise.
8. Water quality No significant Discharge of  Domestic sewage & Water
adverse impact domestic sewage waste water generated conservation
and industrial from the industrial measures
effluent activities will be treated will be
in in the existing STP encouraged.
cum ETP & treated Steam

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water will be condensate

reuse/recycled in green & process
belt, cooling tower & water will be
cleaning/washing circulated
purpose. Existing STP within the
cum ETP will be system.
augmented after
proposed expansion.
9. Land No negative  Discharge of  The treated --
impact wastewater. wastewater will be re-
used for cooling tower
 Storage and make-up water, green
disposal of solid belt etc.
wastes.
 The domestic solid
wastes are segregated
at source, collected in
bins and composted
and inert portion will be
handed over to
authorized recyclers.
10. Socio- Overall positive Employment Locally available man power --
economic impact opportunities will be utilized to the
maximum possible extent
based on their skill.

3.30 Environment Management Cell

An Environment Management Cell has been already constituted to review, assess and
monitor the progress of Environmental Management Plan implementation. Plant in- charge
is head the cell. If necessary, the cell invites experts from the plant or outside.

Considering the importance of the pollution control and environmental protection, a set of
personnel are identified from different units of the plant such as infrastructure,
construction, technical, operations, maintenance, industrial safety, waste management,
human resource and contract and material management wings of the project, who are also
work full time for implementation of various components of Environment Monitoring
Program such as the maintenance and operation of pollution control systems, monitoring of
pollutants including development of green cover.

The group is meet periodically and monitors the progress made with respect to Environment
management plan implementation and initiates the measures as and when required.

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3.30.1 Environment Monitoring Program

Monitoring of environmental factors is enable us to identify the changes in the

environmental impacts at various locations. To ensure the effective implementation of the
EMP, monitoring of ambient air quality, stack emissions, analysis & monitoring of water
environment and noise level is being carried out regularly & it shall be further proceed as
specified by statutory authority.

Table :- 03.17 Environmental Monitoring at Work Zone

Sr. Place of monitoring Parameters of Frequency of
No. pollution monitoring
1. Stack emission Temperature, Velocity, Gas Carried out Quarterly
discharge, PM, NOx and
SO2
2. Ambient air quality at plant PM2.5, PM10, NOx, SO2 , O3, Quarterly at 4
boundary and nearby Pb, CO, NH3, C6H6, As, Ni, locations
habitation BaP
3. Monitoring of surface and As per IS:10500 and CPCB Carried out once in 3
ground water quality norms months
surrounding areas of product (seasonal)
storage site
4. Noise monitoring near fans, Leq dB(A) Workzone noise
product house, raw material levels once in a
yard and plant boundary month, Ambient
noise levels once in 3
months
5. Effluent generated within the pH, SS, TDS, COD, BOD. DO, Daily
plant temperature, oil and grease

Note: The monitoring will be carried out as per Consent conditions and in consultation with
UEPPCB. In future the EC compliance condition will also be included.

Capital and recurring cost earmarked for environmental protection measures:

Cost for Proposed project activity is Rs. 1080.00 Lacs. Cost of EMS is 50.0 Lacs (Proposed
Scenario).

Expenditure earmarked towards the local area development, Social Welfare programme and
Ecological conservation (ESC): 2.5 % of the project cost i.e. 27.0 Lacs.

3.30.2 Risk Reduction Measurement & Recommendation in view of Safety Consideration

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There is a full-fledged safety section forming part of the plant. This is catering the needs of
safety supervision of all units coming under the operating plant. The main responsibilities of
this cell are as follows:

All construction work places will be inspected for any unsafe conditions and unsafe
practices. Any unsafe condition or unsafe practices will brought to the notice of project
management enabling remedial actions to be taken.

 Existing Storage site is confined & identified properly.

 Containment dykes with proper sloping and collection sumps are provided so that any
spillages in the bulk storage and other handling areas is not stagnate and is quickly lead
away to a safe distance from the source of leakage. This reduces the risk of any major
fire on the bulk storages and the risk to the environment is minimized/ eliminated.
 Inspection of the storage tanks as per prefixed inspection schedule for thickness
measurement, joint and weld efficiency etc.
 Provision of flameproof electrical fittings / equipment’s.
 Proper maintenance of earth pits.
 Strict compliance of security procedures like issue of identity badges for outsiders, gate
passes system for vehicles, checking of spark arrestors fitted to the tank lorries etc.
 Strict enforcement of no smoking.
 Periodic training and refresher courses to train the staff in safety fire fighting.
 Employee training and education are being carried out.
 Emergency drills are being carried out periodically to ensure preparedness.
 Many operations involve use of flammable materials and these needs to be documented
as SOPs. These are made and kept updated on priority.
 Loose drums of waste materials, often solvent laden, must be removed from the
working areas and close watch kept.
 Proper Earthing needs to be provided through plug type systems or through the
agitators/liquid.
 All personnel should be trained in handling emergency situations and shall be apprised of
their role in handling emergency situation and to ensure adequacy of the emergency
procedures simulated exercise should be carried out.
 Adequate number of caution boards highlighting the hazards of chemicals are provided
at critical locations.
 Monitoring of occupational hazards like noise, ventilation, chemical exposure etc. are
being carried out regularly and its record are maintained.

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 Good housekeeping, use of PPE, Engineering controls, Enclosure processes, display of

safety boards, SOP of loading / unloading, local exhaust ventilation, safety shower etc.
are important safety measures have taken.
 Prepare & display the safe operating procedure for hazardous chemicals storage,
handling & transporting or using.
 Reduce the level of physical activity by sharing workload with other or by using
mechanical means.
 Water storage of adequate capacity to meet the requirements of water for firefighting
purposes.
 Fire hydrants and automatic sprinkler system. Diesel driven pumps and headers to supply
water to fire hydrant network.
 Adequate Portable fire extinguishers, sand bucket, wheeled fire & safety equipment shall
be provided at the required places.
 Equipment required for personal safety like blankets, gloves, apron, gum boots, face
mask helmets, safety belts, first aid boxes etc. shall be provided.

4.0 Site Analysis

4.1 Connectivity:

Modernization & expansion of existing Herbal Extraction Unit is proposed. It is based on

Super Critical Fluid Extraction (SCFE), Green Solvent Extraction and proposed
Biotransformation Technology to Produce Natural Health Products by Processing of Herbs
at Plot No. 02 – 05, Pharma City, “SIIDCUL”, Selaqui Industrial Area, Dehradun. The nearest
National Highway N.H. 72 : 1.55 Km SW(Ponta Sahib Road) away from the site. The nearest
Railway station Dehradun is 17.88 Km SE away from the site. Jolly Grant Airport is 37.15 Km
SE (aerial) from the site.

4.2 Land Use:

M/s India Glycols Ltd. has acquired 14,400 Sq. m land covering Plot no. 02 - 05 in Government
approved industrial area (SIIDCUL) at Pharma City, Selaqui Industrial Area, Dehradun.

4.2.1 Site Selection:

At the existing site adequate transportation facilities are available for transportation of
product to Uttarakhand and other region of country. Hence the proposed project will be
beneficial and techno-economically feasible. Hence, no alternative site is analyzed.

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The main features of the site including environmental considerations that make it suitable
for proposed Expansion & Modernization of Existing Herbal Extraction Unit are given below:

 Availability of sufficient stretch of land with flat terrain in industrial Estate (Pharma City,
Selaqui industrial area developed by SIIDCUL)
 No habitation in the plant site, hence no direct R&R issues
 Suitable topography and geography for construction of facilities
 Suitable seismic zone
 The plant site is not falling within the vicinity of any monument or in an archeologically
sensitive area.
 No declared biodiversity parks/sanctuaries are there in the surroundings of the site as
Rajaji National Park is 37.15 km SE away from the site
 Nearness to source of main raw materials
 Location of consumer centre
 Convenient Rail & Road links
 Uttarakhand is providing suitable Industrial environment with proper infrastructure
support.
 Adequate availability of raw material, power and other infrastructure.

Financial and social benefits with special emphasis on environmental consideration and
benefit to the local people will be kept as top priority for the proposed project.

4.3 Topography:

Proposed Expansion & Modernization will be carried out in the existing Herbal Extraction
Unit, which is based on Super Critical Fluid Extraction (SCFE), Green Solvent Extraction and
proposed Biotransformation Technology to Produce Natural Health Products & situated at
Plot No. 02 – 05, Pharma City, “SIIDCUL”, Selaqui Industrial Area, Dehradun.

The area is located in the survey of India Topo Sheet No. 53F/4 and Coordinates Latitude: 300
22’ 17.64’’ N, Longitude: 770 51’ 24.69’’ E.

The site lies in seismic zone IV as per Seismic zonation & intensity Map of Uttarakhand and
has the low seismic potential.

There is no Capable Fault within the study area. The seismic zone map of Uttarakhand is
shown in the Fig. – 04.01.

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Fig – 04.01: Seismicity Map of Uttarakhand State

4.4 Existing Land Use Pattern:

The existing industrial land is in “SIIDCUL” Pharma City, Selaqui industrial area, District
Dehradun (Uttarakhand). The land break-up details are shown in Table – 04.01

Table – 04.01: Land break-up details

S. No. Construction Area (Sq m.) Area (%)

1. Built up area for Plant & 4510.0 31.32
Facilities (ground coverage)
2. Roads and Drains 2712.00 18.83
3. Greenbelt 3423.00 23.77
4. Common Plot Area 3755.00 26.08
Total Land 14,400.00 100.00

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Fig: 04.02 Pie chart of Land use

Pie Chart showing the Land use Pattern of M/s IGL

Built up area for Plant &

Facilities (ground
coverage)
26% 31% Roads and Drains

Greenbelt
24% 19%

Common Plot Area

4.5 Existing Infrastructures:

It is a proposal of expansion & modernization of existing unit so infrastructure such as

Drinking water facility, First-aid facility, Toilet facility are adequately available and shall be
provided during construction and operation phase. Proposed Plant facilities will be
developed inside the plant premises once all the statutory clearances are obtained.

Land: The Company has acquired 14,400 Sq mt land in Government approved industrial area
(SIIDCUL) as Selaqui Industrial area at Plot No. 02 – 05, Pharma City, Selaqui Industrial Area,
Dehradun, Uttarakhand However 2300 Sqm of land is required for the proposed
modernization & expansion.

Power: The total connected load for smooth operation of the unit has been estimated at
41.0 MW which is being sourced from grid (UPCL), However 300 KW power shall be required
for proposed modernization & expansion of the existing unit.

The company has provision to install one Green insulated DG set 500 KVA to have
continuous supply of power in the manufacturing of proposed biotransformation of low
value products to high value products during Failure / Shutdown of power at any point of
time will adversely affect the production and quality of extract product.

Water: Water is required for manufacturing process, domestic utility and Green belt. Initially
total water demand is 248.0 KLD and recycled water is 163.0 KLD. Fresh Water required for
Production of Concentrate Syrup / Powder will be 85.0 KL/D after proposed modernization &
expansion, which will be met from existing Bore wells.

Storage: Company has sufficient provision for storage of raw material & finished goods.

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Transportation: Adequate resources / infrastructure for transportation of raw Material and

finished goods are available in Uttarakhand.

Connectivity: The Project site is connected by 30 meter wide connecting road to the
Highway.

All the other infrastructural facilities are expected to be adequately available to the Unit.

4.6 Soil Classification:

The nature and soil type play an important role in agriculture and have direct relation with
groundwater recharge. Physiography, climate, drainage and geology of the area are the
factors responsible for the nature and type of soil and soil cover. The soil type also depends
upon the slope and rate of erosion. The soil types of district Dehradun are given in Table
04.02.

Table 04.02. Soil Types, District Dehradun

Physiography Characteristics Taxonomic Classification
Mountains Moderately deep, well-drained, thermic Loamy skeletal, Dystric
coarse loamy soils on steep slopes, Eutrochrepts, Fine loamy
strong, stoniness, associated with lithic and typic Hapludolls-
shallow excessively drained, loamy Loamy skeletal typic
skeletal soil. Udrothants
Soils on Upper Deep, well-drained, coarse loamy cover, Udifluventic
piedmont plains fragmental soils on heavy gentle slope
Ustochrepts
with loamy surface and slight erosion.
Typic Ustipsamments
Associated with excessively drained soils
with loamy surface and slight to
moderate erosion
Deep, well- drained, fine to coarse loamy Udic Ustorchrepts
surface and slight to moderate erosion
Soil on Lower Deep, well- drained, coarse loamy cover Udifluventic
piedmont plains over fragmental soils on nearly level
Ustochrepts
plains with loamy surface.
Udic Ustochrepts
Associated with deep, well drained, fine
loamy soil with loamy surface.

Deep, well drained, fine silty soil on very

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gentle slopes with loamy surface and Udic Haplustolls

slight erosion

Deep, well drained, fine to coarse loamy

Udic Ustochrepts
surface and slight to moderate erosion,
silty soil with loamy surface

4.7 Climatic Data:

The district has within its limits lofty peaks of the Outer Himalayas as well as the Dun Valley
with climatic conditions nearly similar to those in the plains. The temperature depends on
the elevation. The climate of the district, in general, is temperate. In the hilly regions, the
summer is pleasant but in the Doon Valley, the heat is often intense. The temperature drops
below freezing point not only at high altitudes but also even at places like Dehradun during
the winters, when the higher peaks are under snow.

Temperature

The summer starts by March and lasts up to mid of June when the monsoon sets in.
Generally, the month of May and early part of June is hottest with mean temperatures
shooting upto 36.2˚C at Dehradun and 24.8˚C at Mussoorie. The maximum temperature rises
to over 420 C at Dehradun while at Mussoorie it doesn’t exceed 32˚C. Winter starts from
November and continue upto February. The highest maximum temperature recorded at
Dehradun was 43.9˚C on June 4, 1902 and that at Mussoorie was 34.4˚C, on May 24th 1949.
The mean daily maximum temperature during winter is 19.1˚C at Dehradun and 10.2˚C at
Mussoorie. The mean daily minimum temperature in January is 6.1˚C at Dehradun and 2.5˚C
at Mussoorie. In Mussoorie the temperature drops to about -6˚C to -7˚C when snow fall
occurs. The lowest minimum temperature at Dehradun during winter was - 1.1˚C, on February
1st, 1905 and January 1945 while at Mussoorie it was -6.7˚C, on February 10th 1950. Monsoon
starts by the mid of June and lasts upto September.

Rainfall

The district receives an average annual rainfall of 2073.3 mm. Most of the rainfall is received
during the period from June to September, July and August being the wettest months. The
region around Raipur gets the maximum rainfall, while the southern part receives the least
rainfall in the district. About 87% of the annual rainfall is received during the period June to
September.

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Infrastructure is the basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of
a society or enterprise or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function.

The term typically refers to the technical structures that support a society, such as roads,
water supply, sewers, electrical grids, telecommunications and so forth and can be defined
as "the physical components of interrelated systems providing commodities and services
essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living conditions.

Viewed functionally, infrastructure facilitates the production of goods and services, and also
the distribution of finished products to markets, as well as basic social services such as
schools and hospitals; for example, roads enable the transport of raw materials to a factory.

5.0 PLANNING BRIEF

5.1 Planning Concept (Type of Industries, Facilities and Transportation etc.) Town and
Country Planning/ Development Authority Classification:

This is an existing Herbal extraction unit. Under horticulture technology mission as well as
herbal movement, State is growing large number of spices and medicinal herbs. Majority of
these one seeing exported outside the State in a raw form. In the present modernization &
expansion Project it is proposed to Process the international accepted Biotransformation
Methodology, which will help to produce value added products from existing low value
product and sell the produce directly to the national as well as international market as a
food and cosmetic ingredients as per market demand.

5.2 Population Projection

Total Manpower engaged during operation of the existing herbal extraction Unit of
natural health products will be 450. However, apart from this there will be significant
non estimated employment generation at the supplier firms and service industry
providing services to the company. Company shall be giving preference to people from
economically weaker sections for employment in various semiskilled/ unskilled jobs
thereby contributing to their upliftment.

Table:-05.01 Employees Details

Sl. No Category No. of Functional Area
Employees
01. Key Managerial Staff 12 Finance, Marketing, Production,
Quality control, R&D, Logistics etc.
02. Administration 08 Office

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03. Plant Staff 80 Production Process, Maintenance,

stores, Safety & Un skilled workers
04. Skilled & semiskilled 200 Production Process
05. Contract Workers 150 Plant activities
Total 450

5.3 Green Belt Development

Local native species suitable for this region will be planted in compliance of conditions of
environmental clearance. With a view to attenuate air pollutants, to resist noise propagation
from proposed DG set and uptake of treated effluent to some extent, the green belt all
around the periphery of project sites and in vacant areas (33% of the total acquired land) will
be developed. Tree plantation will be undertaken in a large scale on land vacated after
cessation of construction activities. Open spaces, where tree plantation is not possible will
be planted with flowering herbs and grass which act as soil binders and also helpful in
preventing erosion of topsoil. Proposed green belt will be being strengthened regularly.

Locally available Tree Species and other Aromatic Plants are sown in linear parallel fashion all
along the periphery at 2.5 M c/c spacing. Green belt also developed along with the roads as
well as the fence and all the open land available at premises. Different Plant Species belong
with a number of relevant characteristic features viz. tolerance or towards air pollution,
habit growth rate, flowering phenology, canopy shape and approximate surface area etc.

Plants are grown in such a way to function as Pollutants sinks as well as it improve the
aesthetics of the area and provide possible habitats for Birds, thus increasing hospitable
nature also.

As per the concern of proposed Project new trees will be planted to strengthen the existing
Green belt. The Species of Trees that were sown under the Green belt development plan,
based on SPM, SO2 and Noise consideration, which are as following:
Table 05.02:–
Sl. No. : Name of Plant / Tree Sl. No. : Name of Plant / Tree
1. : Hibiscus-rosa-sinensis 24. : Phoenix sylvestris
2. : Duranta spp. 25. : Grevilea robusta
3. : Lawsonia inermis 26. : Ficus carica
4. : Saraca indica 27. : Ficus benghalensis
5. : Bougainvillea spectabilis 28. : Magnolia champaca
6. : Polylthaia longilodia 29. : Syzygium cumini
7. : Jasmanium oriculantum 30. : Bauhinia variegate
8. : Ficuss infectoria 31. : Saraca indica

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9. : Ficuss religiosa 32. : Acacia nilotica

10. : Ficus elastica 33. : Tamarindus indica
11. : Tectona grandis 34. : Calistemon viminalis
12. : Terminalia arjuna 35. : Pyrus eyrifolia
13. : Cassia fistula 36. : Psidium guajava
14. : Poinsetia regia 37. : Morous alba
15. : Delonix regia 38. : Punica granatum
16. : Nerium odorum 39. : Bombax ceiba
17. : Rosa indica 40. : Hyctantches arbortristis
18. : Bamboosa spp. 41. : Molus domestica
19. : Grevillea robusta 42. : Caryota urens
20. : Araucaria columnaris 43. : Barringonia asistica
21. : Calistemon viminalis 44. : Codonopsis pilosula
22. : Albizia lebbeck 45. : Casuarina equisetifolia
23. : Anthocephalus cadamba 46. : Limenia acidissima

The Plant Complex (Plot No.2 & 5) covers a total land area of 7200 Sq.m. Green belt has
already been developed approx. 24.0% of the total land area & planted approximately 480
Plants of different Species. Additional measures will be taken to strengthen the existing
Green. The total area of Green belt is approx. 1723.0 Sq.m.
 No. of Trees Planted in 100 Sq. M Area : 25 Nos.
 As Green belt already developed in 1723.0 Sq. M Area
 Total No. of Plants shown : 430 Nos.

Total No. of Trees Planted under Green belt Development : 480 Nos.
Survival Rate : 80 – 90%
Mortality Rate : 10 – 20%
Land Area Covered/ Proposed under Green belt Development

Plant Location : Green belt Area (Sq.M)

Plant Periphery / Lawn : 1723.0
Plantation behind Plot No. 03 – 05 (10.0 x 180.0 m) : 1800.0
Further Plantation done : 1700.0
Total Land under Green cover : 5223.0
Total Plot Area (Existing & Proposed Expansion) : 14400.0
Green Area : 36.97%

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GREEN BELT PHOTOGRAPHS

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5.4 Assessment of Infrastructure Demand (Physical & Social):

M/s India Glycols Limited, is proposing for modernization & expansion of existing Herbal
Extraction Unit based on Super Critical Fluid Extraction (SCFE), Green Solvent Extraction and
proposed Biotransformation Technology to Produce Natural Health Products by Processing
of Herbs in the existing complex at Plot No. 02 – 05, Pharma City, SIIDCUL, Selaqui Industrial
Area, Dehradun, Uttarakhand.

Planning Concept
 Land use Industrial (Non agriculture). Being the approved Industrial Area as Pharma
City, Selaqui industrial area, the care has been taken by SIIDCUL.

 The existing infrastructure i.e. Road and other utilities like electricity; water are
adequately available & supplied by the SIIDCUL, states nodule agency. The stable
power distribution network for the industrial complex where this project is coming
up.

 It is being the part of integrated industrial complex with many industries operating in

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the complex.
 The adequate Infrastructure has been planned by SIIDCUL.

 The site is well connected with roads for movement of raw material and finished
products and other material.
5.4.1 System Design for High Productivity:

The productivity of the Unit and associated auxiliary objectives are achieved by adopting the
following principles:-

Use of equipment and systems of design, performance and high availability which shall be
fully established by a considerable record of successful operation for similar service
conditions in all plant facilities. Use of only proven design concepts, conservative designs,
strict implementation of quality assurance norms during design, manufacture as well as
installation and commissioning stage. Strict compliance with the project, company approved
pre-commissioning and commissioning procedures as well as standard checklists forming
will be a part of commissioning documents for the project.

5.4.2 Sizing of Critical Equipment- Margins & Redundancy/Standby:

Adequate margins will be provided while sizing all important auxiliaries and sub-systems to
ensure operation of the Unit at ultimate capacity under the worst conditions and taking into
consideration normal wear & tear.

5.4.3 Design for Efficient Operation:

Centralized maintenance system will be followed. All repairs of capital nature, heavy
maintenance jobs and plant civil maintenance will be done by engaging specialized external
agencies.

Implementation of computer systems including local area network (LAN) with standard
user friendly software’s in the field of financial management, personnel management,
materials management, order scheduling, sales and marketing management, management
information systems (MIS), production planning and control, maintenance and spares
planning, etc. shall be considered to increase work efficiency and to reduce manpower
requirement.

5.4.4 Operation Performance Management System (OPMS):

The operation of the plant will be optimized by implementation of OPMS. This system will
clearly define the responsibilities of all key O & M personnel including the shift-in-charge.

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This will also cover the system of daily reporting to the project company Corporate Office
and monthly O&M review meetings.

5.4.5 Operation & Maintenance Philosophy:

Most of the key positions in operation and maintenance of the proposed plant at different
categories will be manned by the qualified persons having experience in the similar field.
However, depending on the type of equipment /facilities along with the degree of
automation contemplated, the operation and maintenance personnel of the plant so
recruited will require specific need based training which is carried out on site by the
respective equipment supplier during equipment erection, start up and commissioning of
different plant units.

5.5 Amenities/Facilities:

5.5.1 In-Plant Facilities:

The following facilities are provided in this plant:

a. Administrative Building, Service Building

b. Construction offices and stores
c. Time and security offices
d. First Aid and firefighting station
e. Canteen
f. Toilets and change rooms
g. Car parks and cycle/ scooter stands
h. Training Centre

Office space are provided as per good practice and canteens, toilets and restrooms
according to norms laid down in relevant factories act. The above facilities are also be
adequately furnished and equipped.

5.5.2 Employment Generation:

The total direct employment potential w.r.t. the proposed modernization & expansion is
about 50 people. However, apart from this there will be significant non estimated
employment generation at the supplier firms and service industry providing services to the
company. Company is giving preference to people from economically weaker sections for
employment in various semiskilled/ unskilled jobs thereby contributing to their upliftment.
The total employment potential of the existing industry after the proposed modernization &
expansion would be 450 people.

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The project has enhanced the prospects of employment. Recruitment for the unskilled
workers for the plant is from the nearby villages. The basic amenities viz. roads,
transportation, electricity, drinking water, proper sanitation, educational facilities, medical
facilities, entertainment, etc. shall be developed as far as possible.

5.5.3 Peripheral Developmental Activities:

M/s India Glycols Limited will undertake various activities around the project site as a mark of
their Corporate Social Responsibilities viz. Education, Water Supply, including Drinking
Water, Health Care, Environment, Social Empowerment, Sports and Culture.

6.0 REHABILITATION & RESETTLEMENT (R & R) PLAN:

Not Applicable

7.0 PROJECT COST ESTIMATES:

Initiated Project cost is estimated as under:
Table – 05.03: Cost of Project
Details : Rs. in Lacs
Land : 0.0
Building / Shed : 180.0
Plant & Machinery : 900.0
Total : 1080.0
Means of Finance:
Details : Rs. in Lacs
Internal Accrual (self) : 1080.0
Total : 1080.0

The proposed project will become beneficial to the surrounding area or community in terms
of infrastructural development, social development, employment and other benefits. The
proposed project has a potential for employment of skilled, semiskilled and unskilled
employees during construction phase as well as operation phase. A total of 450 nos. of
person is likely to get employment due to the project. The project will spend 2.5 % of project
cost for socio-economic development & for nearby educational institutes.

8.0 ANALYSIS OF PROPOSAL:

Project will create direct & indirect employment opportunities within the surrounding
region. Unit will use good faith efforts to employ local people from the nearby villages

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depending upon the availability of skilled & un-skilled man-power surrounding the project
site.
In operation phase, the proposed project would require significant workforce of non-
technical and technical persons. Migration of highly education and skilled experience will
result in increase of skill in the surrounding villages. In addition, the proposed project shall
enhance the prospects of employment.

It can be concluded from the matrices that the resultant impact is beneficial in the interest
of common man, the society, the state and as the country as a whole. The benefits can be
summarized as below:

 The proposed project will provide quality product to the users.

 There should be positive impact on the socio-economic condition of the area in terms
of direct and indirect employment due to the proposed modernization & expansion
project.

 Numbers of local trained persons are likely to find jobs.

 Country will save valuable foreign exchange as import of these products will be
reduced by corresponding amount.

 These products also have export potential. Hence, possibility of earning foreign
exchange.

 The project will spend 2.5 % of project cost for socio-economic development.

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