ay Op Cry] = fo ae on any do [auto Webs + +9inbn” | Ia ty 4 Gea be + 4 nbn -) (Garr + Qnabot aunts 2 bo that + bndn TE) =T (bey + bit + bn) by T Gn) = bTH)4 & Tha 4 4 afr) = BGne 4 + 2m) (dupes Pot a2 + + bakit Qos +m) - ¢ D0 bday 4 + pt Cb Aiz. 4 bert + ap Chem ¢heam + > es + baa a Bre | [To], biter + be Gor + thy tam Evan (i) 2, Cy ‘(4,7 [i re] dimenconcel yelor paces Hleorem). Li V ond Ui be pindte ‘t he fietl F, ss upper ‘dim Vem and aime, tn wo Mam C F) where Mam CE) is Ihe L(y, We {omorpla eel f oll nym malricee Ova r. Vi and. ] | f bao JV z am? be an ordewel 2 Froop bef Ae l%, L | eal Orse OF U. | Be i a i he an ordlereal i ‘Scanned wth CamScanettet ply) PF, CF) be oe 7 wit=[T,” v Tetcuw) Wip Line’ pur 8 Te L(y U), “thew Sta) = Zag yfj) The) Zegpie A B J. [4], (0S = [ay] ee C54 Tae) = Start Tee) - pie" 4) 2% 9) 8 & Thus [sat a 3 7 ile _ (ai) aLog] £5), +[t}, Coe R(Z 99) i Zi bo [a5] > Faas) + ela) Kish Mesa et) a[est bs ye [es]> [er = es] a(t], = b,. pst k p(T) wD wis tl Suppose w(S)= oe hy = bry aeWH) wa ober Let (Jason Magia © FD and Te) =n Pp 4 ay Bes Tl) =n By + Be Bet Tin) = Gon rt iad a C= Lala « fh wT) Cojollary:- Lez V be a prt ; space oven the pried F and dinVe 7+ MCP) denote the vector Apace oven © lon LOyv) £M,(E) 4 all nen patric % tar V. mre fof hey tas beam orderecl bavia Fv ) dlefrnesl bo ¢ f : 80 £ bario AY” V. Jel Ve, bey ong be ordereel d Te b, Teh c bya bear > 4 bndn . by a T . by | LSJ Cd, |*| : New . 7 ; bet + Lat = Zolberede 1 5 CS4T) ge Start TOl= a [oeede (ede0e) 2CE] LU, ae) [Sty ‘Scanned wth CamScanet¥ Let LeF . RC St) = kEow = ZAkY Kk, bo) Now (RSet) = (es, -[ea]= eld ° eLs]a opesped= &lI,+0 7s 2 k4cs)+ ¢(T) A tb HN Suppose Ff e(S)e t(D 9 (sJ,2 07), sh - 4 we Gabe Vee? ares Sr bese = S eget 2 Sa) = ° [hen tol, Let Lede mM, CF) [r),-[edn 4 (eseT) =LeStT > \ { T Coe cea a tha 2a] ° sana? ee | Le Fee ee and bel / ee ewe | hot Tih @ “owe peer Pe oboe i E> B27e%$ | | Jé o ca, tw | Let B be lie tHandard ordered bare Ff | : = = 164 0% | C 2 Now TCG)a TChO)= (y2)= Te) = TO!) = £07 ©. 0) = OG + 06, ie So the matrix ef Tin Ihe ovelereel barvia B ‘Seanne wih CamScanetExomph L ~ | CPE - Ue be Vv the Pace o%- all paiynan uN Uv sfunitions pen Rk IR inte I Fhe i y= Cot cana vey GS 4st fe Me Space 4 pelprorsint du Se b %, mitten: 4 degree vee ov li, B be Di maps in to Vi Leb the differential eperter 44 lhe sjont gertion’® Lhe ordered baie fpr V comet 4,8 fafa dpinedl tg ove % ‘Scanned wth CamScanetPay = "Haart: Wl A= 2h4, eo, - yeas be a basta I” V, then br sreLyy, LT, 25), [Ty a? ba baw oq tinea rans formactiCr n and L4G Prof. As Te eVY an mt eon Seqye Zbace fr Vo Tn Teed z4 | CI, La} -[4] cat where AL] [Jp = [bel’= Cog) -B where a-Leel No or te)e S(Tte))= SS; ay §)= | 54 iE ees) = 2 (Zane J 2955) Since gaz Lon] where Sie ® [st], + cae)’= Bate (5,1, | Example: Let U: BCD Rue) ) ¥y uty= Sand. | TER OR)—3 BUR) by THN = J Lunde Verity | wh aen | | Sus as tweet ae Bef 1% ¥ ef. oe Pun eat bu 4 cn?4 ax? 7 by acx pode” ul) = Olt) pO? oe | Ue (Dt ceo LE elo yw) = out aat 5 Ui) ott ota) t i SAH so Oot ° 2 ° wo oe3 7% x T= Sides [at exe om4 163)-4 2) 4 000) ° ° r ? C30) + yee) 4 000) Te) eal tdez ] = %h 2 OCI) 400A) +030) + Te) [eae . “a= % ocr) 4000) pOCH) tal) ° ° (71 oe 5 pfs: Bo lon 2 C8 bs e ° y v ® oa S a — ear 0 ° 9 8 ue ° oo 6 (00 [oo 90 ono |e]o1 of -@ oo fs ool ie x (Day 2 uCTe)2 Uf rae = ULE = Wore le 14 00y 4 0032) (UTM UlTon)= Uf at Ul [2 UCL) = x= oF bot to = US S (UTAH) UTE) ULL bar) = UL Hf aU B)exro.trere ° ° in. -|-° 2) -0ENS ETSY Cloage tba Dein Hon / ae Lt pefel, auf bea bane aya valor pace and Li Be} Bi Pr . Pad be anolhey basta. ( Far ince A Q bang, yt asa eachy vector in Hae nes batis B con be v7! Lineay com binition of ta vectors nS, og Pre Aor p Godt» + Amdo Pom Pins 42%? . ot Qaely Po = Oni dt Ae de + + Inn dn Let P be the trams pore op te above matrix of co efficiou Gi ae he [rj] whee Pye 32 Tan Pb calleel henge © the old bare ft thet io Pe wabri) fr" of basio matrix (or transition 77 ty Ha nenr basio B. Fheorer| Ul P be He change of m a bas Azpa%,d.,. aap Be bario Bf p, poo oP} | in @ Vecker apace Vi Then $7 anq vector xeV, we have pLvJp=LvJ, on4 dunce (W] 5 PM basis Cbyansi tion) ra frit | Proofs Now | p= May 4 att = Fn dy | pr apy ¢ Geet + onda +t Fan dy 2 ant a Onde 4: ‘Seanne wih CamScanetpO 36 Bs paZgg suo Pla “18d jad As ve V and 6} pf Bayo? Y hip pes th poe Zhe Lv, = dod ke ve Stipe -Z (Sys) eal we 2) ~ = lan Yatt - - + nn) ust i, =k (Aue 4A 8e+ - + + 4ndn) + Re (Aya tarde + - - + Aendn) + Ks (434) 4422d+ © +43nan) ¢ kn (Aniy 4 Andet °F nan) = C44n po Gi+- cheb Cian 4 ha dane — + + Rann) ain Ky Qu + eAai+ - * . + knan (VJ, = Mar tbaet- - F hy Ga +O A kn ain + haton 4 ay Ay.- an A » ane te pe |e mo ; oy: |e aj My. nj ; i i Kn $ adn ety 4 (Ride + Ridrot- +> pS a bain, for Vv | phn Onde,qa... gy PLv3g = \% 2 - an jy Gin dam aay JL by MMe + yk. Am ky Gur $ Grr lt - FAnr ky jad Oy lat. 4 aj ty Gnu inka + - — tAomtn From © ard ©, we qe PLv],=LY), = FeLi s= POS, > tvles Pn “1 Vd 5) Pld), wa > Conde. Ue base oh We* given | Example yc vy 20, 06 ard ! 4 nef lo, copy and ae fom, cre | . i basis {aIk: | Sole fs ye a,b) IR” and jz {coy cen} a i ~ aly,o)t (0,1) | How vr 2 4 a wh Ta 0 Noor ys (a,b € IR? and pele IR. Thon. Va aty n+ C10) = (a8, A) => (a2 (4-8, 9) >) [FED a, C1 of a bata 47 A-B=& a Ve bUb)) + (b-(-1 0)28. ye bent (b-OC19) 204: [%,|7© Since Cy o)e o¢nt)-1(l, 0) lon) = yt) 4-10) Cry 1) = 1010) +4 1C0,1) . (-ho) 2-110) + 0,1) . p= [ J New ply], -[ Wes { wer] [3 58) fer Oo@ PLYe[¥], Now Poel IJ-Ealbo a @ and © PL, = [Vv], E mple:- ye T: 1k? R® Bea eer banefe pare po Wak [Tye PLTLP. depined YY Tea pps (tx Sel: a-{ ee (0) Or! Tie Ten) 2 7 9, qs)2 THe 4-7). Now fye aed 4bC0 2) 2 = (4-6,4% -@-b, ba) > » a (4)3)2 ( > Matte ap, oxen pe A f, Bey fie pelory az3i ThHhi)= aly) tier) —O Th. yea D+ bC09)ay (4-2) 2 aly) 4+b(-10) = (a-ba) = faz-2] a-bz-4 =) |oza Th) 2 -20n1)42(-40.) —®© mE G the Tee)= Tero) = (4, 2), Te )= Tle C2P New Tle)= ae +be, = Ato) + blo) D> (hr) 2 (ah) 2 424, ber =. TG) 2 4G t —&) no (2, ) 2G FOG= a tho) + bl!) = ca, b) 2) aed, bel (aie -2641-6 —O Gon ® and O apy eT & Now Fie let le > p-[ TE J fe 144% an | P [Ef | mre RL TH d-* from O and © (t]e2 PCa pe@ Example Suppere Ural THEIR? be & Lineot bans formation dlegined by TO pare (Gntdpt eg, birt Bp , Gxt GHG }. i (Th where Aef (10/0), (01,0), oan Sof. Tee They 0)= (4, bi, 626446 44% TLE) = Tl 0) = (Ay by, G)-4G4b64E% TE)= Tl10,)= (45, bs, G2 IG + bs 49 & fr]. -[" > 4 fla a a p14 & a |] & & bs Ast bs GG Definition) Suppose Aland Bare spare mabritir, por. whiebe ture eniols an iwerteble matrix Pot B= PAP tn BS Aaid to bx dimilor bo Aw Definition, The trace 42 square matrix. Ae [4j] writer a trata) w degned Bo be be Aum “F ih diagonal elements ire tracaya Gut Aer est <7 tn Remarks} ur T: V>V be 4 Lirear branspormasion and a {Ql = -2ap be a basia por V. boom tract)= a LT],) Theorem), Simi lari tf matrites is an gpivatenee yelalion, 1) Raf lereivier- Since A Tal = A barmiler @ A , 2) Symmelric:- Sapper Aiv Similar E> Implica there I eniat an invert ele matrix |. ‘ 2 PARTS p(plepe'= 8 Be PAP = (paps @ AQ, Q-P! ‘soa© Sipe A Similor Dv B ard. B is timilar DC 2 As Pep ad B=QtQ. Nour Ae POP = P'(Qteyh 2(PO@)cCah) =(@precap) = RCR whe k- OP. => pw similar & C. uc A, BEM, (F). tan ‘) tra CAB)> tracBA) ii) 9p ia Simi ler 9 O, Glew bra ca) = bac), Sal. () Suppse ne [aj], B= Lbs] n ee ae= [all by) =(%e) when Cue 245 5% Bac [4s] whe dua bees tne bra (Baye 5 4j = Z (Eber) a FZ age = Ee) = bathe) W & pw filer 6 Be Than thee extol a. non gov0 mabric Linnie) Q ae Ae Q BQ. brataye bra(Q'g)= bral@@n)= brace) +: byacAe)> bra (8A) Example: Leo V be the space of 2x2 makrias ever IR, and LE Mea(! 2), Lec T be the Hinton mperatey on y dlgined by Tid)= mA, Find traeqr)- ‘soa@ ot or oft 1) oa ; wen New Tle). ss o)e Gomme or) 2) Tle) (21) 1), peeve 2), ae i) Tee)= (1 2)40(2 i)+3t 3)40(8 A) Te (4 as La °)+3(é ‘) Tes) = al 2)40(2 | 49 22000 i) Ma) = off 4) (2 402 2)44(3 2)nner troduct Spaces y yo ini HO). (Inner Produce). bry wa vator *pae cal oy cons mum ben. fren & COU wwe Pu 4 mapping Kv Fb on Vig ié dabiagice fe perg 1) (ay+by)Vs = acyu)t ben) ) ymeuy 3) vvyo and v0 iff v0. — Sonex nner Product apace i A vector pace with an inner P b called an inner product apace: Example: uc V2 IR and Uy VE IR? M9), Hen The produ Me(Ly, ba, 1 Had, ve (4, 4, 0 Oe Mv Ly Met 4 Main 07 inner Pro Ve Uys AM we Examples: par mye Ry Me 04, %,), V2 (Coit) « [hun Show avs fy -% peep Bj ip an inner produ Re | fol Uk wei™ > 2d) 1D Cada byde = {@un+ bende (ra) = flan, anys Op bp yt rds), | 2 { @utbir axt bang. (Cr) | = (ax + 905) - C444 tape - (4% 44p)3, + 3am. +b pe}, 2 Ang, 4 bfiZi- Aza - bfije- Mpr- 64.3, + 3a% 32 4 abpg2 (443) 2 ge — M94 BV Fa) +Hoiig) — bpi3s — bfzfi + 34 pe) = ANB UZr — js t3%B) 4+ bhi Hip bh 130-8) : = a(u.w)+ blywo) ti) UVa Nhe gee % + BUG 4% GH - J BH = Vu iii) UU = HA = Ap — HLH, J BAAD FPR Hy LH t BHP HP Hh HH FBG” » MP HH HL BAP Ot 2G" 7 a OG 4)% 0, HEH O- Duly mew Uusd <> (1-44 HP =O © (oy -mJE0, 24°50 mH) Me FO? tro 240 Meters FO => Us (%) 24D =O D> us “2 Produk depined en (Ri an inner produce on IR™ Norm ( hengih of/2 vector) dek Ve V, whew V io am inner ' P clack space fhon S77 ls called norm on Vand & denoted | yi . oa a wil, tll avy 2 34 aly ERT HS Sor exampe 4 Y D, lil |Yor example: 4 mp F v5(34) wa elnv = izarque S- @ form: LAY Sehonty Sn equality: . Let U,V ke bee el San lau) ements of an imer produc spac 6 Wann Apace Vover IR. YEO+ + boot Jf vee lhen Lhe imeyuati tf yeduuo BD £0. thier io true. Jf VO lan Jor au be, 0S Me aye” =o (u-m yey). (u-cae ev) (Uw eau (uy) - (ey ead + - epuerdg [nah wil inequal tf becom. yell wt 2 og uu-cuyel 2 oe m= ele AP ON ar eae i web tyr os waa tn) (av Uae ey 2 =) of puir= (4. vi + feel , init ain A og all dere Wg Ler” ve” yuu” 2 oe uami’- lawl. avi> 2 oe juin i= me > favl Wall nn | 2 {wv & weit. wil Powel, Gheoremi- Fh norm in an inner produ space V salts pres tbe. pee"t axioms. For al lyve Leth iy vile and UUIeO bf and ond if v20 id pew = 14 et ae va & WAT sum. C trtom ii)——— Pr. © ie in olan anh whee feral” gre Vee >? Wer = le]. il in) NLU = Suey, Mey " = om cu Wee ee pie orthagonal 4 Han Vid ontregored Remanks | Le paige omg } co > tp FTO O < (ugg), (a7 22 7 OF4G 20 Fem @ (7-33 petlhog ind X-33-42¢50 =) X-gro au. 1B 3[4] 3 3 P| So Ch-3)1) Ba vectoY Salt ging bok OD od@ Now (1-3, nll = dietir =A Fan Ha required Unit Velor (4:2-D Pepsin (oxthgenal opens Let W be a Sub Set an inner proatuck space V over IR. [he orthegoral compliment “F W, clernofeol by pt consists of Uhare vecton in V wich ore orthepnal ever we W. (ewe wep ve Vi < vy w7=? y we wy I" a subspace of Vv Foy, Suppor uve WW then fr og abe R and od we W, we have 2 aku wrt bev, wr = 40F boro Z(aughy, wr > aupbve wra — | (ortho and orthonormal tgttent) @" pr se Sofa: zeI} of Vectors In an inner produc rApoee V over IR is Sai © be on ale oh agstem ip io didfirel veckors are orthegonal ne Cif peo I” all Me, Wy ES eas poral aaiiem if . aol n ue > = ye HS hy err = hVuUy mel " . 2 gy, Unrs<4ay Ue 2 4 ur h& 2<" = SVU - <% Ur became caer | fre = 0 Hence w in er thegonal Bu, Wren,fe Gram -Schmidt Otionermatigation froweys:- Gin a baste £4, U0.) vb *f an inner Produck pace V overlR, an arlhonormal basis fu, 4,0 nf $V can be Comtrucled 0s po SCP I Lee eM ayll ShP2. Lee wre wW-dU, Uru, fa oe pu, and Use 2 SEP3-. Let We Wy 5,474 — Se oan and $0 ow 4, (Wne Uy < Yar Um Uy) SM OU = Go)-E(te bb) (EN, oe) = C- (39 5.5)- CEE 2(0,-$54) wee —— (0% 2% 2 gust [Ete [lus The orthonormal bavia Ce BBE ART). OM ara}te Exe 8 @Hol «Lek Us ld, 4) and ve (H, 4) belong oe WD veri posi on yo. b Q#o- Lind, the norm case lk w produc 2” mR (i) Foe Euclidean inner a 2D The imney procluel of problem yc) ome ee norm °F C& -E Ea)E yet wert Qf 03:,. Fink - 4 tae Euclicleom inner produce 2” wR! Q Hot LEV dance. He yeckor #P2°€ af 2x2 mnatriae over IR. a ppev ad Trt A) Coated te pace of A) dlenotes the hum the main diagonal entri te “FAL Chow wake V ba Liner transformation Show book” entry a he onal rin, veppreceukt ng fit an orifonormal bare < Teg), G> 0 be ye T im te givere basin £64, Gaf QHU |, Lee We be a Aubspace of an inner produl apace V, Show tna ture b on orthonormal basis *% Wo whicde & part *f an arthonormel basio FV.Eunice wy} A isan am matrix, Abow baa dt Az) or -) Odor. ind ond or matrik oho per vow 15 btw (eA) Q#e3. Lind on ovthegonal matrin hse ae you Ba muttiple off Coby. , Qtek Lind an aothagered mabrix, whee Ferd 700 is z (9 BR). wodutls and Inverse f oxthogerel QHeS. Show tak the P bao Uak orlhegonal aout 7 ence under raaltipicebion- ¥Se Onshagernl Matron iF | Peinction |, f square matrix A ove R oer whide Aeg”! | ov equivalently, AAT aTA=L, vp cabled aan or tegonale matrix, Cleavly, a” othagonnt matrix is non. Aingular Sheorem:- Fhe per'd conditions fora Square mmabvit. A Ove equivalout: D Aw ale onal. ») Hn rows of A i ii) Foe Columns +4 A fof: be W Lec Az £4] be an nan matric. Support #4 i» or Phagond, Ri and @, 102", denote Ure rows and Columns “fA FHP then ave Ley] whi baje 4g. orm an alhonormal Ab. Ker an orthonormal S40. n Hd | = hai =O Mu Ge | r. 7 Now Ante La] where j 2 = ey 41 4 ee Got + Fenn = CLG Uae anh 4 92° Gn] >. =< Rh, &> ir ih | Sine fle orthogonal gate Z, [hue pace \ 1 ig tej < ke, Bre G 4! ce So le vows 4 A fem an arlhonormal ab. tr” an arthonormed &E, | 1 CF fey | ° tf cj | conversely, if vows fA Huw an ? ut wae Lag] tow n n “ ay : = bendy -e ne ej “= a ae 2GUIY Gt + nj Fae a Tr = <4 aj Wy], [Ge ae WT 2<,G> Loge Aa Lb, > =r ; a fae Fhe Codumno +f A Horm am er lhono mm om exrhoner 5G Since Ab. Conasels, if columns of thew aly = LA] LG, Gr] eb tempor Gy aci) : be crows Coban) Hue malrix Examplac8 Show thot 38 -Gne 0 man AZ| gue cord 0 i” ° o | orthonormal AL. thonormel A form an or SA Sine tox 70105 (Colwnns) 14 ir nee Ax if ard only if Ab or thogo , thot pple To c [0 Gnd of | @F Sino Now AA = lene toe o]|-Snd Ge ° ome o o | ° °COB 4 Ssy : 0+ Sixt 8 nels Ae Sind (8- Cossting, eit ° ° has eds ° if = 1 © o otrole Ll oo t Similarly pTpel.- hw Ao arthegonal and 40 rows (columns)? 9 form an orthonormal sel. Exanplstt, cind om athogaral maint A whe pot row ($5355). Sole Lc uel br BF) and wes (4p gIbe ethegonol BY. fen Berg, Hew a fo o [-[) if a) So we mag Agee w), £001 -1), eS ele ' normalize w, bb obtain Yao 1%) ao a second roo Ff. Take we (4 pg) 40 Hal ws & ovtnege Yank We | EVE* i) [:] ‘ Thao, we tom bake wz 2 (% ~” vo a tet wee a(t) le ie’ re) : L 2 z= Hence s 3 3 A= lo EB a \ Ar ve | Gab wh BR Be ES/ Degemtion) Le Deptt ; ees ace over the ela! EF Than FO asf a yet pote and a 6 in ear mapping 6-0-3 aed a Lm fn Depinilion), We have proved thal £L(V,U)b also a Veckoy space J we Li F-U tin &(Y A) ib abe a Vector space « Sk io usual dlonofadl. 4 V" awl tallesl bie olual *pace t Vi fe yee TIT VOF ® Lior} boil adelition and Acalar muleiplt cabiore defines by C4 DO = To4 BOY | CReTDICv) = kT. Basis eof olual rpace |.- Seppo E44, rms Ba bars 47 Ye Cnnide a 6 S24 G,4,. 1 ta} where cach Bei VE | a Lbinenr ferional deginedl 0 peuews | 6 Sied! igen Hles= Sj where By f i a Thin Sis a, bao qr VE F Proof. We first Show thal { tik, + Fa Apars V. Let P be an arbi trav elemonk of VP and. Auppre dtla)e ky, HHo)= ky. - Blan) = Ro. Se me BA the ten: ote)e (hig t htt -- tkmbn)(4,) Ry BO) + KC) ot + Kn ta) BU) ¢ kilo) 4 ++ Reto) = &, | 4 km dee [en wll pa seaE- Sint bar l, fret ” Smal hid pha. + hn Paeey) ky $l) 4 BM) 4 - tke ttaly,) = OF04-. + ky G)e.-- ak Thus Plac)= Cay) Y tex.-n Se t= ©. Hower - : w 4Of0- | te oe hit this... phn dm , For Linear Inelep endowt sy). Consider, Ad4+adit > tI =O (44,4 UH 4025 + UW Fn) (44) = Olay) =0 FDU (4) ALAC) 46+ + In Paley =O a ; @=@+;4«€S»-CX—S—ssts >) 4-0 Simi tot q” we 237° 7 (GA 4GG 4 FI Foe) = OC =O DYE )AGR 4 A ERM)E Ie tole) 20 2 G0) 4 04-4 VDF. 40 <0 vn. GOs 2 aatar G Ho Fay nr teh fer baste for VO Double Dual Space | a we te £LV. "ED thew it b called Seco 2 \ olust oe —— sine} | yitfo Viak |Ij Sheorem:- em:- Supper V isa sinite ob) Vector Space Over a or Ld mas ld 6 Thee e: v3" jruol 4 Ero Pd “a A vo b yt . ve 13 0” Some dom _ : fu" Proo$:- To promt ¢ is Linco Lb apel, keF i) Bemerpre Warp, we Bel Mer (Earprea)= 4 Cease $lknt 4 = b g0s4— “P ae “N+ ACH) eugplugh 2 Hckaap oe aap o kes P peo +B p me and ow B We show Dh etTus ¢ is non sagler. Who ¢ is omte Poort. 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