Auckland New Zealand SESSION 18, L ATERAL -L OA D RESISTIN G SY S T E M S 1

15 - 19 July 2012
World Conference on Timber Engineering


(IIHFWRI9HUWLFDO/RDGXQGHU&\FOLF/DWHUDO/RDG7HVW
IRU(YDOXDWLQJ6XJL&/7:DOO3DQHO

0LQRUX2.$%(0RWRL<$68085$.HQML.2%$<$6+,
7DNHVKL+$5$0,,6+,<R1$.$6+,0$.D]XKLNR)8-,7$



$%675$&76WUXFWXUDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIVKHDUZDOOVWRUHVLVWDJDLQVWZLQGDQGVHLVPLFORDGLQJLVHYDOXDWHGE\DSSO\LQJ
VWDWLFRUF\FOLFORDGWHVWLQJ,62VSHFLILHVWKHVWDWLF DQGF\FOLFODWHUDOORDGWHVWIRUVKHDUZDOO,62GHILQHVWZR
PHWKRGRIODWHUDOORDGWHVW0HWKRGVKRZVWKHERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQVDUHGHVLJQHGWRSURGXFHPDLQO\WKHVKHDUUHVSRQVH
RIWKHZDOO0HWKRGVKRZVWKHERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQVDUHGHVLJQHGWRSURGXFHPDLQO\WKHURFNLQJULJLGERG\URWDWLRQRI
WKH ZDOO RU FRPELQHG VKHDUURFNLQJ UHVSRQVH RI WKH ZDOO UHIOHFWLQJ WKH LQWHQGHG DFWXDO FRQVWUXFWLRQ GHWDLOV RI MRLQWV
FRQQHFWLQJWKHZDOOWRERWWRPDQGWRSERXQGDULHV&URVV/DPLQDWHG7LPEHUSDQHOVDOVRNQRZQDV&/7RU;/$0DUH
UHODWLYHO\QHZEXLOGLQJPDWHULDODQGKLJKULJLGLW\DQGVWUHQJWKFRPSDUHGWRVKHDWKLQJPDWHULDOV,WLVSRVVLEOHWRDSSO\WR
ORZULVHUHVLGHQWLDOEXLOGLQJVIURPWKHPXOWLVWRU\WLPEHUEXLOGLQJV,Q-DSDQPDQXIDFWXUHUKDVEHHQDOUHDG\WU\LQJWR
SURGXFH 6XJL &/7 6XJL &U\SWRPHULD MDSRQLFD㸧LV PRVW SRSXODU VRIWZRRG LQ -DSDQ ,Q WKLV UHSRUW VKRZV HIIHFW RI
YHUWLFDO ORDG EDVHG RQ ,62 PHWKRG  XQGHU F\FOLF ODWHUDO ORDG WHVW RI 6XJL &/7 9HUWLFDO ORDG DSSOLHG WKUHH
FRQGLWLRQN1PN1PDQGZLWKRXWYHUWLFDOORDG6WLIIQHVVRI&/7ZDOOSDQHODJDLQVWKRUL]RQWDOORDGVKRZVKLJKHU
RQYHUWLFDOORDG+RZHYHUPD[LPXPVWUHQJWKLQFUHDVHGXHWRYHUWLFDOORDGZDVVPDOOHUWKDQWKHVWLIIQHVV

.(<:25'69HUWLFDOORDG&\FOLFODWHUDOORDGWHVW6XJL&/7


 ,QWURGXFWLRQ VKHDUURFNLQJ UHVSRQVH RI WKH ZDOO UHIOHFWLQJ WKH
LQWHQGHG DFWXDO FRQVWUXFWLRQ GHWDLOV RI MRLQWV FRQQHFWLQJ
6WUXFWXUDO SHUIRUPDQFH RI VKHDU ZDOOV WR UHVLVW DJDLQVW WKHZDOOWRERWWRPDQGWRSERXQGDULHV&URVV/DPLQDWHG
ZLQGDQGVHLVPLFORDGLQJLVHYDOXDWHGE\DSSO\LQJVWDWLF 7LPEHU SDQHOV DOVR NQRZQ DV &/7 RU ;/$0 DUH
RUF\FOLFORDGWHVWLQJ,62VSHFLILHVWKHVWDWLFDQG UHODWLYHO\ QHZ EXLOGLQJ PDWHULDO DQG KLJK ULJLGLW\ DQG
F\FOLF ODWHUDO ORDG WHVW IRU VKHDU ZDOO ,62 GHILQHV WZR VWUHQJWK FRPSDUHG WR VKHDWKLQJ PDWHULDOV 7KH\ KDYH
PHWKRG RI ODWHUDO ORDG WHVW 0HWKRG  VKRZV WKH EHHQXVHGWREXLOGHYHU\WKLQJIURPKRXVHVWRPXOWLVWRU\
ERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQVDUHGHVLJQHGWRSURGXFHPDLQO\WKH DSDUWPHQW EXLOGLQJV ,Q -DSDQ PDQXIDFWXUHU KDV EHHQ
VKHDU UHVSRQVH RI WKH ZDOO 0HWKRG  VKRZV WKH DOUHDG\WU\LQJWRSURGXFH6XJL&/76XJL&U\SWRPHULD
ERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQVDUHGHVLJQHGWRSURGXFHPDLQO\WKH MDSRQLFD㸧LV PRVW SRSXODU VRIWZRRG LQ -DSDQ ,Q WKLV
URFNLQJ ULJLG ERG\ URWDWLRQ RI WKH ZDOO RU FRPELQHG UHSRUW VKRZV HIIHFW RI YHUWLFDO ORDG EDVHG RQ ,62
 PHWKRGXQGHUF\FOLFODWHUDOORDGWHVWRI6XJL&/7

0LQRUX2.$%(&HQWHUIRU%HWWHU/LYLQJ7VXNXED%XLOGLQJ 
5HVHDUFKDQG7HVW/DERUDWRU\7DWHKDUD7VXNXED,EDUDNL  0DQXIDFWXUHG6XJL&/7
-DSDQ 7KH8QLWHG*UDGXDWH6FKRRORI$JULFXOWXUDO6FLHQFH
*LIX8QLYHUVLW\(PDLORNDEH#WEWORUJ 0(,.(1 /DPZRRG &RUSRUDWLRQ /7' KDV VWDWHG WKH

0RWRL<$68085$3URIHVVRU)DFXOW\RI$JULFXOWXUH SURWRW\SH6XJL&/7SDQHO6XJLOXPEHUXVHG&/7SDQHO
6KL]XRND8QLYHUVLW\2K\D6XUXJD6KL]XRND-$3$1 ZDV VFUHHQHG E\ PDFKLQH JUDGLQJ EDVHG RQ JOXHG
(PDLODIP\DVX#DJUVKL]XRNDDFMS ODPLQDWHG WLPEHU SURYLGHG -DSDQHVH $JULFXOWXUDO

.HQML.2%$<$6+,$VVLVWDQW3URIHVVRU)DFXOW\RI 6WDQGDUG -$6  )LJXUH  VKRZV WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI
$JULFXOWXUH6KL]XRND8QLYHUVLW\2K\D6XUXJD6KL]XRND
OXPEHU02(XVHG&/7SDQHOE\PDFKLQHJUDGLQJ02(
-$3$1
(PDLONRED\DVKLN#DJUVKL]XRNDDFMS
RI&/7OXPEHUZDVXVHGDVWKH02(RIOHVVN1PP

7DNHVKL+$5$0,,6+,0(,.(1/DPZRRG&RUSRUDWLRQ RYHU N1PP $YHUDJH 02( RI OXPEHU VKRZV
/7'.DWVX\DPD0DQLZD2ND\DPD-$3$1(PDLO N1PP 'LPHQVLRQV RI WKH &/7 ZDOO SDQHO
WKDUDPLLVKL#PHLNHQNRJ\RFRP PDQXIDFWXUHG P ZLGH P ORQJ DQG PP WKLFNQHVV

<R1$.$6+,0$0(,.(1/DPZRRG&RUSRUDWLRQ/7' $QGWKHWHVWVSHFLPHQRI&/7ZDVSUHSDUHGWKUHHW\SHV
.DWVX\DPD0DQLZD2ND\DPD-$3$1(PDLO RI FURVVVHFWLRQDO FRQILJXUDWLRQ /D\HU DUUDQJHPHQW RI
\RQDNDVKLPD#PHLNHQNRJ\RFRP SURWRW\SH &/7 ZDV SURYLGHG  OD\HUV  OD\HUV DQG 

.D]XKLNR)8-,7$+LURVKLPDSUHIHFWXUDO7HFKQRORJ\ OD\HUV RQ  PP WKLFNQHVV $GKHVLYH ERQGLQJ LV XVHG
5HVHUFK,QVWLWXWH)RUHVWU\5HVHDUFK&HQWHU
ZDWHU EDVHG SRO\PHU LVRF\DQLQH DGKHVLYH ZKLFK
7RXNDLWLKLJDVKL0L\RVKL+LURVKLPD-$3$1(PDLON
IXMLWD#SUHIKLURVKLPDOJMS
IRUPDOGHK\GH HPLVVLRQ   )VWDU FHUWLILFDWHG E\ -DSDQ

89
S E S S I O N 1 8 , L ATE RAL-LO AD RESISTING SYSTEMS 1 Auckland New Zealand
15 - 19 July 2012
World Conference on Timber Engineering

$GKHVLYH ,QGXVWU\ $VVRFLDWLRQ -$,$ $QG WKLV QHFHVVDU\WRFRQILUPWKHVKHDUSHUIRUPDQFHXVLQJVSOLQH

DGKHVLYHZDVJHQHUDOO\XVHGRQVWUXFWXUDOJOXHODPLQDWHG PDWHULDO
WLPEHU LQ -DSDQ $GKHVLYH LV XVHG RQO\ ODPLQDWLRQ 
ZLWKRXWHGJHJOXHRIOXPEHU0HDVXUHGDYHUDJHGHQVLW\  +RUL]RQWDOGLVSODFHPHQW























+RUL]RQWDOGLVSODFHPHQW























+RUL]RQWDOGLVSODFHPHQW

RI6XJL&/7ZDVNJPDQGFRHIILFLHQWRIYDULDWLRQ 

9HUWLFDOGLVSODFHPHQW





















VKRZV  $QG PHDVXUHG DYHUDJH PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW 
ZDV  XVHG ZRRG PRLVWXUH WHVWHU E\ GLHOHFWULF 
FRQVWDQW0DQXIDFWXUHGSURWRW\SH6XJL&/7LVVKRZQLQ 
3KRWR  LQFOXGHV WKLFNQHVV PP DQG PP IORRU 

+

SDQHODQGPOHQJWK 
  
 **$YH 67'  
  $9( 67'  
 
   :
:
:

  5RFNLQJPRGH %HQGLQJPRGH












6KHDUPRGH


















)UHTX HQF\

 
 )LJXUH&RPSDULVRQRIGHIRUPDWLRQPRGHRI&/7
 VKHDUZDOO

 
  7HQVLRQ3HUIRUPDQFHRI+ROGGRZQ)DVWHQHU
   7HVWVSHFLPHQ

  * * *
7HVW VSHFLPHQ RI &/7 LV FRQVLVWHG RI PP ZLGWK
 PPPD[LPXPOHQJWKDQGPPWKLFNQHVVW\SHV
  RI +ROGGRZQ IDVWHQHU ZHUH SUHSDUHG ZKLFK DOORZDEOH
              WHQVLRQVWUHQJWKVKRZVN1DQGN1$QGW\SHVRI
 
02 (N1PP  +ROGGRZQ IDVWHQHU ZKLFK FRQQHFWHG &/7 DQG KROG
)LJXUH'LVWULEXWLRQRIOXPEHU02(E\PDFKLQH GRZQ DUH XVHG =1 GLDPHWHU PP OHQJWK PP
JUDGLQJ -,6 QDLO W\SH DQG 0 GLDPHWHU PP -,6 EROW W\SH
+ROGGRZQ IDVWHQHUV WHVWHG HYHU\ W\SH XVHG 0
 GLDPHWHU PP -,6 EROW WR FRQQHFW VWHHO EDVHPHQW
 7KRVH KROGGRZQV FDOOHG = PDUN IDVWHQHU ZKLFK ZHUH
 FHUWLILFDWHG IRU SRVW DQG EHDP WLPEHU FRQVWUXFWLRQ E\
 -DSDQ +RXVLQJ DQG :RRG 7HFKQRORJ\ &HQWHU 7HVW
 VSHFLPHQ LV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  &DSWLRQ RI +ROGGRZQ
 IDVWHQHU 1 LV PHDQLQJ =1 QDLOHG DQG N1 XVHG 
 QDLOVDQGN1XVHGQDLOV%LVPHDQLQJ0EROWHG
 DQGN1XVHGEROWVDQGN1XVHGEROWV
 
  +'1 +'%
       
  

  

 




   






3KRWR3URWRW\SH6XJL&/7SDQHOZKLFKLVPP   

PPDQGPPWKLFNQHVV  +'1 +'%

      

 6WUXFWXUDO'HVLJQRI&/76KHDU:DOO 
  

  





&/7 SDQHO KDV ULJLGERG\ IRU XVLQJ VKHDU ZDOO 0DLQ 
 

FULWHULD GHIRUPDWLRQ PRGH VKRZV URFNLQJ WKDQ EHQGLQJ 





GHIRUPDWLRQ PRGH DQG VKHDUGHIRUPDWLRQ PRGH)LJXUH 

 

 VKRZV WKH FRPSDULVRQ RI GHIRUPDWLRQ PRGH RI &/7

VKHDU ZDOO ,Q RUGHU WR SUHGLFW ORDGGLVSODFHPHQW )LJXUH7HQVLRQWHVWVSHFLPHQRI+ROGGRZQ
SHUIRUPDQFHRI&/7ZDOOLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRFRQILUPWKH IDVWHQHU
WHQVLRQSHUIRUPDQFHRIKROGGRZQIDVWHQHUDJDLQVWXSOLIW
ORDGRI&/7VKHDUZDOO$QGVKHDUSHUIRUPDQFHEHWZHHQ  7HVWPHWKRG
ERWWRPRI&/7ZDOODQGVLOORUEHWZHHQWRSRI&/7ZDOO
DQGIORRU&/7SDQHOLVLPSRUWDQWDJDLQVWKRUL]RQWDOORDG 7HQVLRQ WHVWZDV FDUULHGRXWEDVHG RQ,62
,I P ZLGWK &/7 ZDOO SDQHO SODFHG FRQWLQXRXVO\ P 7LPEHU VWUXFWXUHV  -RLQWV PDGH ZLWK PHFKDQLFDO
ZLGWK RU P ZLGWK VKHDU ZDOO WR ZDOO FRQQHFWLRQ LV IDVWHQHUV  4XDVLVWDWLF UHYHUVHGF\FOLF WHVW PHWKRG
%DVHGRQPRQRWRQLFORDGLQJWHVWF\FOLFORDGLQJSURWRFRO
90
 Auckland New Zealand SESSION 18, L ATERAL -L OA D RESISTIN G SY S T E M S 1
15 - 19 July 2012
World Conference on Timber Engineering

ZDV GHWHUPLQHG +RZHYHU KROGGRZQ IDVWHQHU ZRUNHG )LQDOIDLOXUHPRGHRI+'1+'%DQG+'%LV

RQ WHQVLRQ ORDG GLG QRW ZRUN RQ FRPSUHVVLRQ ORDG  6R UDSWXUHRI0EROWWRFRQQHFWWKHVWHHOEDVH5DSWXUHRQ
UHYHUVHGF\FOLFWHVWZDVFDUULHGRXWRQRQO\WHQVLRQVLGH 0 EROW ZDV VKRZQ DW WKH SDUW RI VFUHZ㸬 +'%
)LJXUH  VKRZV ORDGLQJ SURWRFRO RI UHYHUVH F\FOLF WHVW IDLOXUHPRGHVKRZVQRWRQO\UDSWXUHRI0EROWEXWWKH
IRU KROGGRZQ IDVWHQHU RQ &/7 8OWLPDWH GLVSODFHPHQW HPEHGGLQJ RI 0 EROW DW WKH &/7 )LQDO IDLOXUH PRGH
GHFLGHG PP EDVHG RQ PRQRWRQLF ORDGLQJ WHVW UHVXOW RI+'1LVHPEHGGLQJRI=1QDLODWWKH+ROGGRZQ
DQG ORDGLQJ UDWH ZDV SURYLGHG DSSUR[LPDWHO\ PPVHF IDVWHQHU FRQQHFWHG RI &/7 3KRWR  VKRZV WKH JHQHUDO
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHKROGGRZQWHQVLRQWHVWVSHFLPHQVHW IDLOXUHPRGHRI+'1DQG+'1
XSWKHORDGLQJDSSDUDWXVXVLQJVOLGHU1XPEHURIF\FOLF 
ORDGLQJWHVWVSHFLPHQLV$QG+'%ZDVWHVWHGRQO\  &/7+'1 &/7+'1
PRQRWRQLFORDGLQJ   

   
 
   

/RDGN1
/RDGN1
   
 
  


   
          
  'LVSODFHPHQQWPP 'LVSODFHPHQQWPP

)LJXUH&RPSDULVRQRIPRQRWRQLFDQGF\FOLF

ORDGLQJRI+'1DQG+'1

 
  +'1 +'%
 
 
0EROW5DSWXUH 0EROW5DSWXUH
   

 
)LJXUH/RDGLQJSURWRFRORIUHYHUVHF\FOLFWHVWIRU
/RDGN1

/RDGN1

KROGGRZQIDVWHQHURQ&/7   

 
 
-DFNN17HQVLRQVLGH㸧 'LVSODFHPHQWWUDQVGXFHU
   
                 
 /RDG&HOON1  'LVSODFHPHQWPP 'LVSODFHPHQWPP
  +'1 +'%
 
  0EROW5DSWXUH
  
=1QDLO

6WHHOEDVH
  &/7)DLOXUH
 
/RDGN1

/RDGN1

'LVSODFHPHQWWUDQVGXFHU
 /RDG&HOON1 
 -DFNN17HQVLRQVLGH㸧   

   
 
 6WHHOEDVH  
        

        
  'LVSODFHPHQWPP 'LVSODFHPHQWPP
 6OLGHU
)LJXUH(QYHORSORDGGLVSODFHPHQWFXUYHRQ
)LJXUH+ROGGRZQWHVWVSHFLPHQVHWXSWKHORDGLQJ W\SHVRI+ROGGRZQIDVWHQHU
DSSDUDWXV

 
 7HVWUHVXOWV 

)LJXUHVKRZVWKHFRPSDULVRQRIPRQRWRQLFDQGF\FOLF

ORDGLQJ RI +11 DQG +'1 KROGGRZQ IDVWHQHU

(QYHORS ORDGGLVSODFHPHQW FXUYH RQ  W\SHV RI KROG

GRZQIDVWHQHUVKRZVLQ)LJXUH+'1DQG+'%

KROGGRZQ IDVWHQHU VKRZV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ N1
 +'1 +'1
PD[LPXP ORDG DQG UDSLGO\ WHQVLRQ ORDG ZDV UHGXFHG

+'1 KROGGRZQ VKRZV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ N1
PD[LPXPORDG%H\RQGWKHPD[LPXPORDGWHQVLRQORDG 3KRWR)DLOXUHPRGHRI+'1DQG+'1
ZDV UHGXFHG JUDGXDOO\ +'% VKRZV DSSUR[LPDWHO\
N1 PD[LPXP ORDG DQG UDSLGO\ WHQVLRQ ORDG ZDV
UHGXFHG +RZHYHU ORDGGLVSODFH FXUYH LV GLIIHUHQW IURP
+'1DQG+'%

91
S E S S I O N 1 8 , L ATE RAL-LO AD RESISTING SYSTEMS 1 Auckland New Zealand
15 - 19 July 2012
World Conference on Timber Engineering

 6KHDUSHUIRUPDQFHEHWZHHQERWWRPRI&/7ZDOO PRQRWRQLF ORDGLQJ VKRZV HPEHGGLQJ VFUHZ WR WKH &/7
DQGVLOO ZDOODQGVLOOSODWH)DLOXUHPRGHRIF\FOLFORDGLQJVKRZV
 7HVWVSHFLPHQ EUHDNDJH IRU EHQGLQJ ZRRG VFUHZ 3KRWR  VKRZV WKH
W\SLFDOIDLOXUHPRGH
7HVW VSHFLPHQ RI &/7 LV FRQVLVWHG RI PP ZLGWK 
PP KHLJKW DQG PP WKLFNQHVV 6LOO SODWH LV  -DFNVW PP

FRQVLVWHGRIPPE\PPVHFWLRQPPORQJRI 
JOXH ODPLQDWHG WLPEHU DQG PDGH RI +LQRNL 


&KDPDHF\SDULV REWXVH  $YHUDJH GHQVLW\ RI VLOO SODWH 

PDGH RI +LQRNL ZDV PHDVXUHG  NJP DQG DYHUDJH  'LVSWUDQVGXFHU

PRLVWXUH FRQWHQWZDV PHDVXUHG$W WKH FHQWHURI  N1Ⲵ㔜ィ

WKH VLOO SODWH &/7 LV VHW XS )DFH DQG EDFN /D\HUV RI  -DFNVW PP
N1/RDGFHOO
)ODWUROOHU

&/7 DUH DUUDQJHG YHUWLFDO LQ WKH ORQJLWXGLQDO GLUHFWLRQ  :RRG6FUHZ


DQG SHUSHQGLFXODU WR WKH VLOO SODWH JUDLQ &RQQHFWHG 
5RWKEODVV+%6


IDVWHQHU RI &/7 DQG VLOO SODWH ZDV XVHG ZRRG VFUHZ 
PDQXIDFWXUHG 5RWKREODDV +%6 '/ LQ ,WDO\  'LVSWUDQVGXFHU
&RQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ &/7 ZDOO SDQHO DQG VLOO SODWH ZDV 
WRH VFUHZ FRQQHFWLRQ IURP WKH &/7 ZDOO WR VLOO SODWH
)LJXUH6KHDUWHVWDSSDUDWXVRIERWWRPRI&/7ZDOO
2QH WHVW VSHFLPHQ ZDV FRQVLVWHGIRXUZRRGVFUHZV DQG
DQGVLOOSODWH
VFUHZVSDFHGDWPP1XPEHURIPRQRWRQLFORDGLQJ
WHVWVSHFLPHQLVDQGF\FOLFORDGLQJLV7HVWVSDFHPHQ  
LVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH 
 

 
&/7 &/7
 
    W PPOD\HU W PPOD\HU  /RDGN1VFUHZ 
 
:RRG6FUHZ
 
 5RWKEODVV+%6


0%ROW
  




 



㺽


 *OXH/DP


 *OXH/DP
W PPODPLQD

 
W PPODPLQD
  

)LJXUH7HVWVSHFLPHQRI&/7ZDOODQGVLOOSODWH 


 7HVWPHWKRG        
 'LVSODFHPHQWPP
+RUL]RQWDO VKHDU WHVW ZDV FDUULHG RXW EDVHG RQ ,62
 7LPEHU VWUXFWXUHV  -RLQWV PDGH ZLWK )LJXUH(QYHORSORDGGLVSODFHPHQWFXUYHIRU
PHFKDQLFDO IDVWHQHUV  4XDVLVWDWLF UHYHUVHGF\FOLF WHVW KRUL]RQWDOVKHDUORDGEHWZHHQ&/7:DOODQG
PHWKRG%DVHGRQPRQRWRQLFORDGLQJWHVWF\FOLFORDGLQJ VLOOSODWHUHGOLQHPRQRWRQLFORDGLQJEOXH
SURWRFRO ZDV GHWHUPLQHG ,Q WKLV WHVW XOWLPDWH OLQHF\FOLFORDGLQJ
GLVSODFHPHQW ZDV PHDVXUHG PP EDVHG RQ PRQRWRQLF  0RQRWRQLFORDGLQJ
ORDGLQJ WHVW UHVXOW DQG ORDGLQJ UDWH ZDV SURYLGHG 
DSSUR[LPDWHO\ PPVHF ORDG ZDV PHDVXUHG LQ WKH ORDG 
FHOO DWWDFKHG DW WKH WLS RI RLO MDFN DQG UHODWLYH 
GLVSODFHPHQW IURP VLOO SODWH WR &/7ZDOOZDV PHDVXUHG 
GLVSODFHPHQWWUDQVGXFHU0HDVXULQJORDGZDVGLYLGHGE\ 
WKH QXPEHU RI ZRRG VFUHZV 6KHDU WHVW DSSDUDWXV RI 
ERWWRPRI&/7ZDOODQGVLOOSODWHLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH 
 
 7HVWUHVXOWV 
 &\FOLFORDGLQJ
(QYHORS ORDGGLVSODFHPHQW FXUYH IRU KRUL]RQWDO VKHDU
IRUFHEHWZHHQ&/7ZDOOSDQHODQGVLOOSODWHLVVKRZQLQ 
)LJXUH  5HG OLQH VKRZVPRQRWRQLF ORDGLQJ DQGEOXH 
OLQH VKRZV HQYHORS FXUYH RI F\FOLF ORDGLQJ $QG WKH 
YHUWLFDOD[LVVKRZVWKHORDGSHUVFUHZ 
0RQRWRQLF ORDGLQJ UHVXOWV VKRZ KLJK GXFWLOLW\ ,QLWLDO 
FXUYH RI F\FOLF ORDGLQJ ZDV FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH 
PRQRWRQLFORDGLQJ+RZHYHUZKHQUHODWLYHGLVSODFHPHQW 
EHWZHHQ &/7 ZDOO DQG VLOO SODWH VKRZV RYHU PP 3KRWR)DLOXUHPRGHRIPRQRWRQLFDQGF\FOLF
F\FOLF ORDGLQJ IRUFH  ZHUH UHGXFHG EXW PRQRWRQLF ORDGLQJWHVWIRUVKHDUIRUFHEHWZHHQ&/7
ORDGLQJ IRUFH ZHUH FRQWLQXDOO\ )DLOXUH PRGH RI ZDOODQGVLOOSODWH

92
 Auckland New Zealand SESSION 18, L ATERAL -L OA D RESISTIN G SY S T E M S 1
15 - 19 July 2012
World Conference on Timber Engineering

 9HUWLFDOVKHDUSHUIRUPDQFHEHWZHHQ&/7ZDOO  7HVWUHVXOWV

WRZDOOFRQQHFWLRQ
(QYHORS ORDGGLVSODFHPHQW FXUYHV RQ IRXU W\SHV RI
 7HVWVSHFLPHQ VSOLQH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ &/7 ZDOO DQG ZDOO ZHUH
6KHDU SHUIRUPDQFH RI ZDOO WR ZDOO FRQQHFWLRQ XVHG VKRZQLQ)LJXUH5HGOLQHVKRZVPRQRWRQLFORDGLQJ
VSOLQH LV QHFHVVDU\ WR HYDOXDWH FRQVHFXWLYH VKHDU ZDOO DQG EOXH OLQH VKRZV HQYHORS FXUYH RI F\FOLF ORDGLQJ
SHUIRUPDQFH 7HVW VSHFLPHQ RI VSOLQH LV ODPLQDWHG $QGWKHYHUWLFDOD[LVRIJUDSKVKRZVWKHORDGSHUVFUHZ
YHQHHU OXPEHU PDGH RI ODUFK SURYLGHG -$6 VWUXFWXUDO &RPSDULVRQ RI VLQJOH VKHDU DQG GRXEOH VKHDU DW &/7
/9/ () /9/ VSOLQH LV FRQVLVWHG RI PP WKLFNQHVV PP VKRZV XSSHU JUDSK DQG FRPSDULVRQ RI
WKLFNQHVV DQG PP ZLGWK :RRG VFUHZ RI FRQQHFWHG &/7 WKLFNQHVV PP DQG PP FRQQHFWHG LQWHUQDO
IDVWHQHU LV PDQXIDFWXUHG E\ URWKREODDV +%6 LQ ,WDO\ VSOLQHVKRZVORZHUJUDSK
&/7LVFXWRIIWKHVXUIDFHDQGPDNHVLQJOHVXUIDFHVSOLQH 0RQRWRQLF ORDGLQJ UHVXOWV VKRZ KLJK GXFWLOLW\ ,QLWLDO
W\SHDQG&/7FXWRIILQWHUQDODQGDUUDQJH/9/DVGRXEOH FXUYH RI F\FOLF ORDGLQJ ZDV FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH
VKHDUFRQQHFWLRQ7HVWVSHFLPHQVKRZV)LJXUH)RXU PRQRWRQLFORDGLQJ+RZHYHUZKHQUHODWLYHGLVSODFHPHQW
W\SHVRIWHVWZHUHFDUULHGRXW EHWZHHQ &/7 ZDOO DQG /9/ VSOLQH VKRZV RYHU PP
     F\FOLF ORDGLQJ IRUFH  ZHUH UHGXFHG EXW PRQRWRQLF

 '࢟ࣜ
ORDGLQJ IRUFH ZHUH FRQWLQXDOO\ )DLOXUH PRGH RI
 PRQRWRQLF ORDGLQJ VKRZV HPEHGGLQJ VFUHZ WR WKH &/7
ZDOO DQG /9/ VSOLQH )DLOXUH PRGH RI F\FOLF ORDGLQJ





 VKRZVEUHDNDJHIRUEHQGLQJZRRGVFUHZDQGHPEHGGLQJ




 ZRRGVFUHZWRWKH/9/VSOLQHVKRZVORQJKROHDW/9/
VSOLQH E\ F\FOLF ORDGLQJ 3KRWR  VKRZV W\SLFDO IDLOXUH









 PRGHRIZDOOWRZDOO/9/VSOLQH
  &/7PP6XUIDFHVSOLQH &/7PP,QWHUQDO6SOLQH

5RWKREODDV
:RRG6FUHZ   
+%6

  

   
  


/RD GN 16FUHZ

/RD GN 16FUHZ

/9/W Z 

 
  /9/W Z 


 /9/W Z   /9/W Z 
&/7PPSO\ &/7PPSO\ &/7PPSO\ &/7PPSO\












  5RWKEODVV+%6

5RWKEODVV+%6
 5RWKEODVV+%6 
  

5RWKEODVV+%6

)LJXUH7HVWVSHFLPHQRI&/7ZDOOWRZDOO               

FRQQHFWLRQ  'LVS ODFHPHQQ WPP 'LVSODFHPHQQWPP

 7HVWPHWKRG   &/7PPO,QWHUQDO6SOLQH 

&/7PP,QWHUQDO6SOLQH


6KHDU WHVW ZDV FDUULHG RXW EDVHG RQ ,62    
7LPEHU VWUXFWXUHV  -RLQWV PDGH ZLWK PHFKDQLFDO 
/RD GN 16FUHZ

/RD GN 16FUHZ

IDVWHQHUV  4XDVLVWDWLF UHYHUVHGF\FOLF WHVW PHWKRG   

%DVHGRQPRQRWRQLFORDGLQJWHVWF\FOLFORDGLQJSURWRFRO 
ZDV GHWHUPLQHG ,Q WKLV WHVW XOWLPDWH GLVSODFHPHQW ZDV   
GHFLGHG PP EDVHG RQ PRQRWRQLF ORDGLQJ WHVW UHVXOW 
DQG ORDGLQJ UDWH ZDV SURYLGHG DSSUR[LPDWHO\ PPVHF  
ORDGZDVPHDVXUHGLQWKHORDGFHOODWWDFKHGDWWKHWLSRI    'LVSODFHPHQQWPP
    

      
'LVSODFHPHQQWPP
RLOMDFNDQGUHODWLYHGLVSODFHPHQWIURP/9/VSOLQHOSODWH
WR &/7 ZDOO ZDV PHDVXUHG GLVSODFHPHQW WUDQVGXFHU )LJXUH(QYHORSORDGGLVSODFHPHQWFXUYHRIIRXU
0HDVXULQJ ORDG ZDV GLYLGHG E\ WKH QXPEHU RI ZRRG W\SHVRIFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQ&/7:DOOWR
ZDOOVSOLQH5HGOLQHPRQRWRQLFORDGLQJ
VFUHZV6KHDUWHVWDSSDUDWXVRIERWWRPRI&/7ZDOODQG %OXHOLQHF\FOLFORDGLQJ
VSOLQHLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7UDQVGXFHU










 /DWHUDO*DLGH5ROOHU
/RDG&HOON1

 
 
 2LO-DFN
VW PP 
 3KRWR7\SLFDOIDLOXUHRIZDOOWRZDOOFRQQHFWLRQRI
)LJXUH6KHDUWHVWDSSDUDWXVRI&/7ZDOOWRZDOO LQWHUQDO/9/VSOLQHRQPP&/7
VSOLQH 
93
S E S S I O N 1 8 , L ATE RAL-LO AD RESISTING SYSTEMS 1 Auckland New Zealand
15 - 19 July 2012
World Conference on Timber Engineering

 (YDOXDWLRQRQVWUHQJWKRIIDVWHQHU  6WUXFWXUDO'HVLJQRI&/7VKHDUZDOOEDVHGRQ

(QYHORSH FXUYH LV GHWHUPLQHG XVLQJ ORDGGLVSODFHPHQW WKHVWUHQJWKRIIDVWHQHU
WHVW GDWD RI F\FOLF ORDGLQJ <LHOG VWUHQJWK 3\ LV &/7 SDQHO KDV ULJLGERG\ IRU XVLQJ VKHDU ZDOO 0DLQ
REWDLQHG E\ FURVV SRLQW RI  PD[LPXP ORDG 3PD[ FULWHULD GHIRUPDWLRQ PRGH VKRZV URFNLQJ DV VKRZQ LQ
WR 3PD[ OLQH DQG WDQJHQW WR WKH HQYHORSH FXUYHRI )LJXUH  $QG )LJXUH  VKRZV WKH KRUL]RQWDO DQG
 3PD[ WR  3PD[ OLQH 6WLIIQHVV . LV REWDLQHG YHUWLFDO ORDG GLVWULEXWLRQRI&/7 VKHDU ZDOO 6KHDUZDOO
E\ WKH \LHOG VWUHQJWK GLYLGHG \LHOG GLVSODFHPHQW '\ WHVW VSHFLPHQ ZDV VHOHFWHG GRXEOHG KROGGRZQ IDVWHQHU
8OWLPDWH GLVSODFHPHQW GHWHUPLQHG HQYHORSH FXUYH +'1 DW WKH ERWWRP RI ZDOO +ROGGRZQ +'1
UHGXFHG  3PD[ DIWHU PD[LPXP ORDG 8OWLPDWH VKRZV N1 \LHOG VWUHQJWK DQG PP \LHOG
VWUHQJWK3XLVREWDLQHGE\WKHDUHDRIWUDSH]RLGHTXDOWR GLVSODFHPHQW LQ 7DEOH  'RXEOH DUUDQJHPHQW RI KROG
VXUURXQGDUHDXVLQJHQYHORSHFXUYHIURP]HURWRXOWLPDWH GRZQDWWKHERWWRPRIZDOOFDOFXODWHGN1DQGDVSHFW
GLVSODFHPHQW3\.3XDUHREWDLQHGDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH UDWLRRIZDOOVKRZVVRKRUL]RQWDO\LHOGORDGFDOFXODWHG
 <LHOG VWUHQJWK DQG XOWLPDWH VWUHQJWK RI KROGGRZQ N1P DQG KRUL]RQWDO XOWLPDWH ORDG FDOFXODWHG
IDVWHQHUWRHVFUHZRIERWWRP&/7ZDOOWRVLOOSODWHDQG N1$JDLQVWKRUL]RQWDOORDGERWWRPRIZDOODQGVLOO
ZDOOWRZDOOVSOLQHVKRZV7DEOH SODWHVKRXOGEHFRQQHFWHGULJLGO\
  ZRRG VFUHZV SHU P FRQQHFWHG DQG VFUHZ VSDFHG
 PP VR KRUL]RQWDO \LHOG VWUHQJWK FDOFXODWHG RYHU
 N1 IRU F\FOLF ORDGLQJ :DOO WR ZDOO FRQQHFWLRQ ZDV
 VHOHFWHG VLQJOH VXUIDFH VSOLQH EHFDXVH RI HDV\ VHWXS
 :DOOWRZDOOFRQQHFWLRQGHFLGHGZRRGVFUHZVSHUP
 IRUHDFK&/7ZDOOFRQQHFWHGDQGVFUHZVSDFHGPP
 &DOFXODWHG\LHOGVKHDUVWUHQJWKRIZRRGVFUHZVVKRZV
 N1 (PEHGGLQJ GHIRUPDWLRQ RI VLOO SODWH DVVXPHG
 VDPH RI XSOLIW GHIRUPDWLRQ RI KROGGRZQ IDVWHQHU
 )LJXUHVKRZVGHVLJQORDGGLVSODFHPHQWRIVKHDUZDOO
 XVHGKROGGRZQIDVWHQHU¶VVWUXFWXUDOSHUIRUPDQFH
 
) )
)LJXUH(YDOXDWLRQPHWKRGVRQ\LHOGVWUHQJWKDQG
XOWLPDWHVWUHQJWKRIIDVWHQHU 

7DEOH<LHOGVWUHQJWKDQGXOWLPDWHVWUHQJWKRIKROG 
GRZQIDVWHQHUWRHVFUHZRIERWWRP&/7 
ZDOOWRVLOOSODWHDQGZDOOWRZDOOVSOLQH



7\SHRI 1XP $YHUDJH 
IDVWHQHU EHU 3\N1 '\PP 3XN1 'XPP 
+'1      
+'%     


+'1     

+'%        

:DOOWRVLOO    

SODWH  )LJXUH+RUL]RQWDODQGYHUWLFDOORDGGLVWULEXWLRQRI
SHUVFUHZ     &/7VKHDUZDOO
    
 
    

   
:DOOWR   
ZDOO    
VSOLQH

SHU     
VFUHZ  
    
   

  
   

1RWHZDOOWRZDOOVSOLQH 
6\PEROVKRZV&/7PPVLQJOHVXUIDFHVSOLQH 
6\PEROVKRZV&/7PPLQWHUQDOVSOLQH 
6\PEROVKRZV&/7PPLQWHUQDOVSOLQH 
6\PEROVKRZV&/7PPLQWHUQDOVSOLQH 
 )LJXUH'HVLJQORDGGLVSODFHPHQWFXUYHXVHGKROG
 GRZQIDVWHQHUVWUXFWXUDOSHUIRUPDQFH




94
 Auckland New Zealand SESSION 18, L ATERAL -L OA D RESISTIN G SY S T E M S 1
15 - 19 July 2012
World Conference on Timber Engineering

 +RUL]RQWDO/RDGLQJ7HVWRI&/76KHDU DQJOH LV SURYLGHG KRUL]RQWDO GLVSODFHPHQW GLYLGH KHLJKW

:DOO RI WHVW VSHFLPHQ $QG WKH WKUHH WLPHV F\FOLF WHVW DW WKH
HDFK GHIRUPDWLRQ RI     
 6KHDUZDOOWHVWVSHFLPHQ DQG
%DVLF GLPHQVLRQ RI 6XJL &/7 ZDOO SDQHO ZDV PP 
ZLGWKPPKHLJKWDQGPPWKLFNQHVV7KUHHW\SHV 
RI&/7VKHDUZDOOZHUHVHWWLQJXSDQGWHVWFRQGLWLRQRI 
6WURQJEHDP+

ZDOOLV33DQG3%RWWRPVLOOSODWHRIZDOODVVHPEO\ 
ZDV ILUPO\ DWWDFKHG WR PP VTXDUH +LQRNL  6OLGHU






&KDPDHF\SDULV REWXVH JOXH ODP DQG ERWWRP WLPEHU  /DWHUDOJXLGH













2LO-DFN

VHFXUHG VWHHO EDVHPHQW RI WHVW DSSDUDWXV 7RS SODWH RI  
/RDGFHOO

ZDOO ZDV DWWDFKHG PP ZLGWK DQG PP WKLFNQHVV  $FWXDWHU

6XJL &/7 SDQHO &RQQHFWLRQ RI &/7 ZDOO DQG WRS DQG  /RDGN1











VW `PP


ERWWRPSODWHZDVXVHGZRRGVFUHZ+%6PPGLDPHWHU 
DQG PP OHQJWK DQG SLWFKHG PP GRXEOHG KROG 
GRZQ IDVWHQHUV +'1 ZHUH DUUDQJHG DW WKH FRUQHU RI  㺽 㺽 㺽

&/7 ZDOO SDQHO :DOO WR ZDOO FRQQHFWLRQ LV PP  &RXQWHU







ZLGWK DQG PP WKLFNQHVV /9/ DWWDFKHG DQG VFUHZHG  :HLJKW
'DQG/PPSLWFKHGPP  6WRSSHU

  

6WHHO%DVH


 





 :RRG6FUHZ+%6'/
)LJXUH7HVW$SSDUDWXVRI3&/7ZDOOSDQHO
:RRG6FUHZ+%6'/
 VSDFHGPP VSDFHGPP

  6WURQJ%HDP+

 

&/7ZDOO3DQHO &/7ZDOO3DQHO &/7ZDOO3DQHO






6OLGHU

 


+ROGGRZQIDVWHQHU +ROGGRZQIDVWHQHU


+'1
0EROW
+'1
0EROW /9/6SOLQH  /DWHUDOJXLGH
2LO-DFN


:RRG6FUHZ+%6'/
VSDFHGPP 
  %DOO%HDULQJ

  /RDG&HOO




 









 )LJXUH9HUWLFDOORDGLQJV\VWHP

  7HVW5HVXOWV

&/7ZDOO3DQHO &/7ZDOO3DQHO &/7ZDOO3DQHO
/RDG'LVSODFHPHQW FXUYH RI 3 &/7 ZDOO DSSOLHG
 YHUWLFDO ORDG VKRZV LQ )LJXUH  /RDG'LVSODFHPHQW


 +ROGGRZQIDVWHQHU
FXUYH VKRZV RYHU N1 VWUHQJWK DQG KLJK GXFWLOLW\
 +'1
0EROW
/9/6SOLQH
%LOLQHDUOLQHRIVKHDUZDOOEDVHGRQKROGGRZQVWUHQJWK
 :RRG6FUHZ+%6'/
VSDFHGPP
DQG GHIRUPDWLRQ VKRZV FLUFOH OLQH 'XFWLOLW\ VKRZV
 VLPLODULW\ WR WKH WHVW UHVXOWV KRZHYHU VWLIIQHVV RI ZDOO
VKRZVKLJKHUWKDQWKHWHVWUHVXOWV)DLOXUHPRGHZDVQDLO
=1




 :RRG6FUHZ+%6'/ \LHOG&1RIKROGGRZQIDVWHQHUFRQQHFWHG6XJL&/7

VSDFHGPP
ZDOO &/7:DOO3
)LJXUH7HVWVSHFLPHQRI&/7VKHDUZDOO
 
 6KHDUZDOOWHVWPHWKRG  
7HVWDSSDUDWXVRI3&/7ZDOOSDQHOLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH  
 $SSOLQJ ODWHUDO ORDG RQ WHVW VKHDU ZDOO ZDV XVHG 

DFWXDWRUORDGLQJMDFNDQGYHUWLFDOORDGRQWHVWVKHDUZDOO 
/RDGN1

 
ZDV XVHG RLO MDFN ZLWK IHHGEDFN FRQWUROOHG XVLQJ ORDG
FHOO DUUDQJHG RQ WKH WRS RI VKHDU ZDOO 3RVLWLRQ RI  

YHUWLFDO ORDG WR WHVW VSHFLPHQ LV WKH FHQWHU RI &/7ZDOO  
SDQHO9HUWLFDOORDGLQJV\VWHPRIVKHDUZDOOZDVVKRZQ  
LQ)LJXUH  9/RDGN1
 9/RDGN1P
&\FOLF WHVW SURFHGXUH RI VKHDU ZDOO XQGHU  UDGLDQ  9/RDGN1P

ZDV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH EXLOGLQJ PLQLVWHU FHUWLILFDWLRQ 
PHWKRG RQ 3HUIRUPDQFH (YDOXDWLRQ 2UJDQL]DWLRQ LQ  
          
-DSDQ$IWHUUDGLDQF\FOLFSURFHGXUHZDVVLPXODWHG  'LVSODFHPHQQWPP
WR ,62 PHWKRG RI WKUHH WLPH¶V F\FOLF WHVW 'HIRUPDWLRQ
95
S E S S I O N 1 8 , L ATE RAL-LO AD RESISTING SYSTEMS 1 Auckland New Zealand
15 - 19 July 2012
World Conference on Timber Engineering

)LJXUH/RDG'LVSODFHPHQWFXUYHRI3&/7ZDOO +RZHYHULQ3VKHDUZDOODQG3VKHDUZDOOVWUHQJWKRI
/RDG'LVSODFHPHQW FXUYH RI 3 &/7 ZDOO DSSOLHG  3X PXOWLSOLHG E\ VTXDUH URRW RI X VKRZV ORZHU
YHUWLFDOORDGLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH$QG3&/7ZDOOLV YDOXHWKDQWKHVWUHQJWKRI\LHOG3\%HFDXVHEHIRUHKROG
VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  'XFWLOLW\ RI WHVW UHVXOWV LV UHGXFHG GRZQ IDVWHQHU IDLOHG /9/ VSOLQH RI ZDOO WR ZDOO
WKDQ WKH FDOFXODWLRQ YDOXH %HFDXVH EHIRUH KROGGRZQ FRQQHFWLRQLVIDLOHGVSOLWWLQJDVVKRZQLQ3KRWR
IDVWHQHUIDLOHG/9/VSOLQHRIZDOOWRZDOOFRQQHFWLRQLV  

IDLOHGVSOLWWLQJ 

 
&/7:DOO3  
 


6WUHQJWKN1P
  

 
 
 

  

/RDGN1


  3\

   3X¥ȝ
 3PD[
 
 3

  


N1P

N1P

N1P

N1P

N1P

N1P

N1P

N1P

N1P
 9/RDGN1 
 9/RDGN1P 
 9/RDGN1P

  3 3 3


            )LJXUH&RPSDULVRQRIHDFKVWUHQJWKDQGHIIHFWRI
 'LVSODFHPHQQWPP YHUWLFDOORDG
)LJXUH/RDG'LVSODFHPHQWFXUYHRI3&/7ZDOO 

 &/7:DOO3 
 

  


 

  
/RDGN1



 

  


  9/R DGN1
9/R DGN1P 
  9/R DGN1P
 3KRWR)DLOXUHPRGHRI3&/7VKHDUZDOODSSO\LQJ
  N1PYHUWLFDOORDG
          
 'LVSODFHPHQQWPP  &RQFOXVLRQ
)LJXUH/RDG'LVSODFHPHQWFXUYHRI3&/7ZDOO
2Q WKH EDVLV RI WKH H[SHULPHQWDO GDWD REWDLQHG IURP
(QYHORSH FXUYH LV GHWHUPLQHG XVLQJ ORDGGLVSODFHPHQW F\FOLF ORDGLQJ WHVW RI VKHDU ZDOOV DQG VWUHQJWK DQG
GDWD RI VKHDU ZDOO <LHOG VWUHQJWK 3\ PD[LPXP ORDG VWLIIQHVV RI KROGGRZQ IDVWHQHU ZRRG VFUHZ DQG VSOLQH
3PD[ VWLIIQHVV . \LHOG GLVSODFHPHQW '\ XOWLPDWH FRQQHFWLRQIROORZLQJFRXOGEHFRQFOXGHG
VWUHQJWK 3X DQG XOWLPDWH GLVSODFHPHQW 'X VKRZV LQ  5HJDUGOHVV RI WKH OHQJWK RI WKH ZDOO VWUHQJWK RI WKH
)LJXUH$OORZDEOHVWUHQJWKRIVKHDUZDOORISRVWDQG IRXUFULWHULDGHWHUPLQHGRQWKHDOORZDEOHVWUHQJWKZDV
EHDP WLPEHU VWUXFWXUH LQ -DSDQ LV XVXDOO\ GHWHUPLQHG LQFUHDVHGE\DSSO\LQJYHUWLFDOORDGLQ6XJL&/7VKHDU
XVLQJIRXUFULWHULD)LUVWRQHLV\LHOGVWUHQJWK3\VHFRQG ZDOO
LV   XOWLPDWH VWUHQJWK  3X PXOWLSOLHG E\ VTXDUH 0DLQGHIRUPDWLRQPRGHRI6XJL&/7VKHDUZDOOZDV
URRW RI X WKDW X PHDQV \LHOG UDWLR FDOFXODWHG 'X VKRZQURFNLQJPRGH6WUHQJWKDQGGHIRUPDWLRQDWWKH
GLYLGHG '\ PXOWLSOLHG E\ 3X3\ WKLUG LV  PD[LPXP ERWWRPFRUQHURI&/7VKHDUZDOOZDVGHWHUPLQHGWKH
VWUHQJWK 3PD[ DQG IRXUWK LV  UDGLDQ GHIRUPDWLRQ VWUHQJWKDQGGHIRUPDWLRQRIVKHDUZDOO
VWUHQJWK3  3 DQG 3 &/7 VKHDU ZDOOV ZHUH VKRZQ LQ WKH
)LJXUH  VKRZV WKH FRPSDULVRQ RI VWUHQJWK RQ IRXU VSOLWWLQJ IDLOXUH RI ZDOO WR ZDOO FRQQHFWHG E\ /9/
FULWHULD GXH WR DSSO\LQJ WKH YHUWLFDO ORDG < D[LV VKRZV VSOLQH
WKHVWUHQJWKSHUPHWHUPHDQLQJGLYLGHGWHVWZDOOOHQJWK 
6WUHQJWKRIWKHIRXUFULWHULDGHWHUPLQHGRQWKHDOORZDEOH $FNQRZOHJHPHQW
VWUHQJWK ZDV LQFUHDVHG E\ DSSO\LQJ YHUWLFDO ORDG 7KLV VWXG\ ZDV FRQGXFWHG EDVHG RQ VXEVLG\ E\ WKH
6WUHQJWK RI  3X PXOWLSOLHG E\ VTXDUH URRW RI X 0LQLVWU\ RI /DQG ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG 7UDQVSRUW WKDW
VKRZVWKHGXFWLOLW\VKHDUSHUIRUPDQFH,Q3VKHDUZDOO 0(,.(1/DPZRRG&RUSRUDWLRQKDVEHHQDGRSWHG
VWUHQJWKRI\LHOG3\DQG6WUHQJWKRI3XPXOWLSOLHGE\
VTXDUH URRW RI X VKRZV DOPRVW WKH VDPH YDOXH
96