PROJECT PLANNING USING NETWORK

TECHNIQUE

INTRODUCTION
 Network planning technique is a very useful
tool in project management.
 Two different types of networks are the Arrow
diagram and the Precedence diagram.
 In principle, both techniques use the critical
path method to analyze the project time.

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Historical Background
 During world war 1, Henry [Link] develop a
graphical technique of displaying bar type line upon
specific time.
 The technique was known as Bar Chart.
 In 1956 E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company
developed network concept known as Critical Path
Method
 Booz Allen & Hamilton develop Project Evaluation
Review Technique (PERT)
 Scheduling software application are Primavera,
Microsoft Project, Artemis, Timeline etc

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Choice of Scheduling Method
Factors that governed the choice of the
technique are:
 Familiarity on the technique to be used

 Type and size of project

 Purpose of scheduling

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Familiarity on the technique to be used

 A planner should not engaged any technique

which he has a limited knowledge on it’s
application
 Main objective of the schedule as a
communication tool
 Important to have a schedule technique
which is acceptable by all parties.

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Type and Size of the Project
 Project with few but repetitive tasks – Line of
Balance
 Medium to Large Project – (Critical Path
Method) like Precedence Method or Arrow
Diagram
 Small Project – Gantt Chart or Bar Chart

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Purpose & Important of Schedule
 Claim
 Project time and cost control
 Allocate project resources more efficiently
 As a monitoring tool
 Material delivery at site
 Storage – all material cannot put in the site (confined space)
 Avoid delay of the work and activity.
 Minimize the cash flow – as min as possible such as order material
stage by stage depend on the work needed.
 To guide fabricate (roofing, steel etc)
 Control human resources and machinery
 To give confidence to the client especially when bidding process.
 To improve the efficiency of the operation through the efficient use of
resources and cost control.
 Basic schedule for endorsement.

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Basic Scheduling Technique
 Gantt’s Chart or Bar Chart
 Networking
 Arrow diagram method
 Precedence Diagram Method
 Project Evaluation Review Technique (PERT)
 Line of Balance

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Bar Chart
 Bar Chart is one of the oldest scheduling technique
 Wide acceptance because it is readily understood
by almost every one
 It is very easy to develop and used
 Useful technique for a small project
 Task schedule can be graphically presented on the
time-scale.
 The main weakness is that relationship that exist
between the task cannot be shown.

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Bar Chart

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Network Method
Arrow Diagram
 In arrow diagram project task or activities are represented by
the arrow and connected by the node to express their logical
relationship

Arrow – Activity
Node – Junction to the event
- Activity started or end

Arrow diagram for pad footing

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Precedence Diagram Method
 PDM activity is place on the node
 The arrow used to connect between project task to show their
logical relationship

Arrow - Logical
Node - Activity
Logical – Show the relationship two activity
- Sequences of interrelated activity

PDM diagram for pad footing11

Line of Balance
 Used to plan for construction of a number of
repetitive activities.
 Concept of keeping all of resources in
balance, each following the other productivity
 Main objective to optimum use of all
resources
 Example for road construction, bridge, pipe
laying, housing and etc

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Line of Balance Chart

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Number of
product

week

Line of Balance for Housing Project

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Basic Resources In Planning
 Planner to establish the project objective and
purpose of the schedule to be developed
 Planner must gather as much possible information
on the project resources like material, machine,
manpower money and time
 Project resources and time available are critical
factors that determine the way that the project work
will be executed.
 The availability of the material, the ordering time and
delivery material to site will have strong impact on
project time.

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Basic Resources In Planning
 Special long lead item may required several months
before actual delivery can be made to site.
 The machine and technology to be used in the
project has strong influence on the productivity rate
at site also number of workers planned to be
employed.
 Understanding of labor requirement for the
determination of performance time of the various
activities during the construction process.

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 Project task or Activity
 Definition an Activity or task-
single work step that has a recognizable beginning
and end and requires time and resources for its
accomplishment .
 Dummy Activity
- Have zero duration
- Do not require any resources
- Happen in both arrow diagram & precedence diagram
- Needed to have proper logic, maintain numbering, system or
milestone event.

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Project Breakdown
 Process of dividing it into smaller segments
 Several criteria can be used to divide the project
such follows:
1. By area of responsibility
2. By structural elements
3. By category of works
4. By location of project
 Planner must be able to identify all project activities
or task to executed.

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Logical Relationship of Project
Activities
 Understand the order of how the job to be
accomplished in the field.
 The planner must understand how various
activities of the project related to each other
in term of their logical sequence.
 Example preparing formwork before
reinforcement could be place & than pouring
concrete.

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 Strip top soil Cut and Fill

Figure-1 the logical relationship between the two activities shows

that the start of ‘cut & fill’ activity can only accomplished upon the
completion of the activity ‘strip top soil’.
Pour Concrete
Form work

Fixed rebar

Figure-2 indicate that activities ‘formwork’ and ‘rebar’ must be

accomplish before the start of activity ‘pour concrete’

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ACTIVITY ON ARROW (AOA)
 ES = Earliest Start (Masa Mula Awal)
 LS = Latest Start ( Masa Mula Akhir)
 EF = Earliest Finish ( Masa Tamat Awal)
 LF = Latest Finish ( Masa Tamat Akhir)
 TF = Total Float (Jumlah Apungan)
 FF = Free Float (Apungan Bebas)
 Duration = Time to complete an activity (D)

 ES & LF – From arrrow diagram

 EF = ES + Duration
 LS = LF – Duration
 TF = LF – EF
 FF = Early start of succeeding - EF of activity

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 AOA
 Forward pass - a process to find the earliest start time
for all activities

 Backward - a process to find latest finish time for all

activities

 Critical Path - the longest paths of the planning from start

to finish

 Total Float (TF) - the maximum time available for an

activity that can be delay without
delaying the completion date
(TF = LF – ES)

 Free float (FF) - the maximum time for an activity that can be
delayed without delayed the start of any
succeeding activity.
(FF = Early start of succeeding - EF of activity )
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 AOA
EXAMPLE ARROW DIAGRAM

Activity Duration Predecessor

 A 5 -
 B 2 -
 C 1 -
 D 4 A
 E 3 B

 F 6 C
 G 2 C
 H 5 D
 I 1 E,F
 J 6 G

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\10

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 Result
Activity Duration ES EF LS LF TF FF

A 5 0 5 0 5 0 0

B 2 0 2 8 10 8 0

C 1 0 1 5 6 5 0

D 4 5 9 5 9 0 0

E 3 2 5 10 13 8 2

F 6 1 7 7 13 6 0

G 2 1 3 6 8 5 0

H 5 9 14 11 14 0 0

I 1 7 8 13 14 6 6

J 6 3 9 8 14 5 5

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