Referencing and Citation

Citation
A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from
another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source
again, including:

 information about the author

 the title of the work
 the name and location of the company that published your copy of the source
 the date your copy was published
 the page numbers of the material you are borrowing

Why should I cite sources?

Giving credit to the original author by citing sources is the only way to use other
people's work without plagiarizing. But there are a number of other reasons to cite
sources:

 citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas
and where they came from
 not all sources are good or right -- your own ideas may often be more accurate or
interesting than those of your sources. Proper citation will keep you from taking the rap
for someone else's bad ideas
 citing sources shows the amount of research you've done
 citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to your ideas

citing make your work seem less original?

Not at all. On the contrary, citing sources actually helps your reader distinguish your
ideas from those of your sources. This will actually emphasize the originality of your
own work.

When do I need to cite?

Whenever you borrow words or ideas, you need to acknowledge their source. The
following situations almost always require citation:

 whenever you use quotes

 whenever you paraphrase
 whenever you use an idea that someone else has already expressed
 whenever you make specific reference to the work of another
 whenever someone else's work has been critical in developing your own ideas
 What is referencing
Referencing is a way of acknowledging the sources of information that we use to
research our assignments. We need to provide a reference whenever we draw on
someone else's words, ideas or research. You should also provide references for any
graphic information you use. Films, television programs, personal communications and
online sources also need to be referenced.

Not referencing other people's work can constitute plagiarism.

Choosing the right referencing system

Preferred referencing styles vary between schools (or even courses), so check your
course outline (usually found on Moodle). If you can't find any information there, try
the Faculty website or school offering your course. If they don't indicate a preference,
ask your teacher.

Different styles
Below you will find style guides to three systems: Harvard, APA and Footnote-
Bibliography.

 The 'In-Text' or Harvard method

 The Footnote / Bibliography method
 The APA (American Psychological Association) method
Harvard Referencing (Author Date System)

The 'In-text' System

How do I do it?
The Harvard System requires two elements; in-text citations throughout your
assignment, and a list of references at the end.

1. In-text citations

In-text references are references written within the main body of text and refer to a
quote or paraphrase. They are much shorter than full references. However the full text
references appear at the end in reference list.

It includes three pieces of information about a source within the text of your work:

 the name of the author or authors

 the year of publication
 the page number (when the information/idea can be located on a particular page, or
when directly quoted)

For Example
Mitchell (2017, p. 189) states Paraphrase

(Mitchell,2017, p. 189) for quotation

(p” refers to a single page and pp refers to range of pages)

2. List of references

A reference list is a complete list of all the sources used when creating a
piece of work. T list includes information about source like author, date of
publication the title of the sourceetc.

At the end of your text, you must include a List of References, a list of all the sources of
information you have used to research your assignment.

 Start on separate sheet at the end of a document

 Each list item requires specific information
  List each item in alphabetical order (by author surname).
 Titles should be in italics.
 Each item should have a hanging indent.
 If there are multiple works by the same author then these are ordered by date, if are
again in same year then they are ordered alphabetically and are allocated a letter (a, b, c
etc).
 Use full references for all in-text references used-

Citing electronic or online sources

What are electronic sources?

An electronic source is any information source in digital format. The library subscribes to
many electronic information resources in order to provide access for students.
Electronic sources can include: full-text journals, newspapers, company information, e-
books, dictionaries, encyclopoedias, economic data, digital images, industry profiles,
market research, etc. 

Should I include extra information when I cite them?

Referencing electronic or online sources can be confusing - it's difficult to know which
information to include or where to find it. As a rule, provide as much information as
possible concerning authorship, location and availability.

Electronic or online sources require much of the same information as print sources
(author, year of publication, title, publisher). However, in some cases extra information
may be required:

 the page, paragraph or section number

 identify the format you accessed the source in (for example, E-book, podcast)
 provide an accurate access date for online sources (that is to identify when a source was
viewed or downloaded).
 provide the location of an online source (for example, a database or web address)

Not all electronic sources will require all the items in the above list. For examples of
what type of information to include for your sources, review the particular entry.
4-The American Psychological Association (APA)
Referencing System
The APA (American Psychological Association) style requires two elements: in-text
citations throughout your assignment, and a reference list at the end.

1. throughout the text: In-text citations

It includes information about a source within the text of your assignment:

 the name of the author or authors

 the year of publication
 the page number (page number isn’t required for parenthetical use)

Citations may be placed at the end of a sentence (before the concluding punctuation) in
brackets

Example

Encouraging students to memorise information and then testing their memory has been
a consistent criterion of pedagogy (Broudy, 1998).

Broudy (1998, p. 8) explains that memorisation does not result in an ability to solve
problems.

Broudy (1998, p. 9) argues that “on the common criteria for schooling, our sample
citizen has failed because he cannot replicate the necessary skill or apply the relevant
principles”.

2. At the end: References

A reference list is a complete list of references used in a piece of writing including the
author’s name, date of publication, title etc;

At the end of the text, include a list of References, a single list of all the sources of
information you have cited in your assignment. Begin the reference list on a new page
and title it “References”. Centre the title on the page. Each entry should have a hanging
indent.

Each list item requires specific bibliographic information. For example, in the case of a
book, ‘bibliographical details’ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition,
place of publication and publisher, as found in the title pages (some details will vary).

Wolpe, A. (1988). Within school walls. London, England: Routledge.

Woods, C. & Griffiths, A. (1995). The real McCoy. Design World, 12(3), 2-13.

List each item in alphabetical order (by author surname). Titles should be in italics. All of
the references included in the list must also be cited in the text.

. When to include page numbers

When you quote a source (reproduce material word for word), page numbers are
required. When paraphrasing or referring to an idea contained in another work, the APA
publications manual 6th edn. (p. 171) encourages you to provide page numbers, to help
the reader locate the information in a long text. However, this is not a ‘compulsory’
requirement.

3-The Footnote / Bibliography Referencing System

How do I do it?
The Footnote/ Bibliography method requires two elements: footnotes throughout your
assignment, and a bibliography or list of references at the end.

How do I do a footnote?

Footnotes (sometimes just called ‘notes’) are what they sound like—a note (or a
reference to a source of information). it appears at the foot (bottom) of a page. In a
footnote referencing system, you indicate a reference by:

 Putting a small number above the line of type directly following the source material. This
number is called a note identifier. It sits slightly above the line of text.

It looks like this.1

  Put the same number, followed by a citation of your source, at the bottom of the page.
Footnoting should be numerical and chronological: the first reference is 1, the second is
2, and so on. The advantage of footnoting is that the reader can simply cast their eyes
down the page to discover the source of a reference which interests them.

Reference for Bibliography

It is followed as

 The surname and fore names or initials of author or authors

 Date of publication
 The book title
 Place of publication
 Name of publisher

Example

The simplest format foe a book reference is as follows;

Knapper,C.K and Cropley, A. 1991: Lifelong Learning and Higher Education. London: Croom Helm

MLA Style

Modern Language Association MLA style ise most commonly used to write papers and cite sources
within liberal arts and humanities.

citations: Author-page style

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name
and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a
complete reference should appear on your the Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the
sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should
always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence.
For example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings"
(263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in
the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want
more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of
Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

Works Cited list

MLA is a style of documentation based on a general methodology that may be applied to many
different types of writing. Since texts have become increasingly mobile, and the same
document may often be found in several different sources, following a set of rigid rules no
longer suffices.

Thus, the current system is based on a few guiding principles, rather than an extensive list of
specific rules. This gives writers a flexible method that is near-universally applicable. Once you
are familiar with the method, you can use it to document any type of source, for any type of
paper, in any field.

Here is an overview of the process:

When deciding how to cite your source, start by consulting the list of core elements. These are
the general pieces of information that MLA suggests including in each Works Cited entry. In
your citation, the elements should be listed in the following order:

 Author.
 Title of source.
 Title of container,
 Other contributors,
  Version,
 Number,
 Publisher,
 Publication date,
 Location.

1. Book with One Author 

Format: 

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of
Publication. Format. 

Citation: 

Jowett, Lorna. Sex and the Slayer: A Gender Studies Primer for the Buffy Fan. Middletown, CT:
Wesleyan UP, 2005. Print.

2. Essay from Edited Book 

Format: 

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Essay." Title of Edited Book. Ed. Editor First Name Last
Name. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of Publication. Page Numbers of Essay. Format.

Citation: 

Osgerby, Bill. "'So Who's Got Time for Adults!': Femininity, Consumption and the Development
of Teen TV - from Gidget to Buffy." Teen TV: Genre, Consumption, Identity. Ed. Glyn Davis and
Kay Dickinson. London: BFI, 2004. 71-87. Print

3. Journal Articles 

Format: 

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of JournalVolume Number (Year of Publication):
Page Numbers. Format. 

Citation: