Terminology

It is the body of terms used with a particular technical application in a subject of study,
profession, etc. the term for the person who works in this area is called terminologist intends and
his main role is to sharpen categorical alignment by improving the accuracy and content of its
terminology, providing itself as an essential need in industries and institutes so they can gather
up terms and compile their own glossaries.

Lexis
It is compilation of words from a language and the knowledge that a native speaker has about a
language. This includes information about the form and meanings of words and phrases; lexical
categorization; the appropriate usage of words and phrases; relationships between words and
phrases, and categories of words and phrases. Phonological and grammatical rules are not
considered part of the lexicon.

Word
It is a linguistic unit with a meaning, which belongs to a grammatical class, and corresponds in
speech to a sound or set of sounds and in writing to a sign or set of graphic signs. It is sometimes
identifiable according to such criteria as being the minimal possible unit in a reply; having
features such as; a regular stress pattern, and; phonological changes conditioned by or blocked at
word boundaries; being the largest unit resistant to insertion of new constituents within its
boundaries, or; being the smallest constituent that can be moved within a sentence without
making the sentence ungrammatical. A word is sometimes placed, in a hierarchy of grammatical
constituents, above the morpheme level and below the phrase level.

Term
It is a noun or compound word used in a specific context in particular. There are two types of
terms: technical term, part of the specialized vocabulary of a particular field, specifically and
scientific terminology, terms used by scientists.

Domain
The term domain is usually used to denote the social context of interaction. Typical domains in a
speech community include family, religion, education, employment, and friendship. Each
domain has distinctive, domain-specific factors: addressee, setting, and topic. For example,
family members are obviously the main addressees in the family domain, the home location
would be the setting and everyday family matters would be the topics. These factors influence
code choices within domains in such a way that every domain is associated with a particular
code/variety that is thought appropriate for use. In bilingual speech communities, in certain
domains one language is used while in other domains the other language is spoken.

Register

It is the way a speaker uses language differently in different circumstances.

Frozen: This form is sometimes called the static register because it refers to historic language or
communication that is intended to remain unchanged, like a constitution or prayer. Formal: Less
rigid but still constrained, the formal register is used in professional, academic, or legal settings
where communication is expected to be respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained. Slang is never
used, and contractions are rare. Ex: The institution, the association, the community.
Consultative: it is used often in conversation when they're speaking with someone who has
specialized knowledge or who is offering advice. Tone is often respectful, but may be more
casual if the relationship is longstanding or friendly. Slang is sometimes used, people may pause
or interrupt one another.
Casual: it is the register people use when they're with friends, close acquaintances and co-
workers, and family. It's probably the one you think of when you consider how you talk with
other people, often in a group setting. Use of slang, contractions, and vernacular grammar is all
common, and people may also use expletives or off-color language in some settings. Examples: a
birthday party, a backyard barbecue. Ex: Birthday party, Holiday.
Intimate: it is reserved for special occasions, usually between only two people and often in
private. Intimate language may be something as simple as an inside joke between two college
friends or a word whispered in a lover's ear.
Style
It is a set of linguistic variants with specific social meanings. In this context, social meanings
can include group membership, personal attributes, or beliefs. Linguistic variation is at the heart
of the concept of linguistic style without variation there is no basis for distinguishing social
meanings. Variation can occur syntactically, lexically, and phonologically. Many approaches to
interpreting and defining style incorporate the concepts of indexicality, indexical order, stance-
taking, and linguistic ideology. Note that a style is not a fixed attribute of a speaker. Rather, a
speaker may use different styles depending on context. Additionally, speakers often incorporate
elements of multiple styles into their speech, either consciously or subconsciously, thereby
creating a new style.

Jargon
Characteristic artificial language used by a particular professional or socio-cultural group, which
is incomprehensible to people who are not part of that group. Most words in the English
language are a part of common, everyday speech, understood by almost anyone who speaks the
language. However, jargon is like a type of shorthand between members of a particular group of
people, often involving words that are meaningless outside of a certain context. Following are
some examples of jargon that will help illustrate the concept. Ex: acute - a condition that comes
on suddenly

Agonal - term to signify a major, negative change in a patient's condition

Atypical - something that isn’t completely normal
Comorbid - two or more conditions that occur at the same time
Iatrogenic - something that didn’t go as planned
Idiopathic - a condition that does not have a clear explanation of cause
Negative - results of a test that indicate a tested condition is not present

LSP

Language for specific purposes or LSP is an area of applied linguistics that focuses on the
analysis and teaching of language in order to meet specific language needs of non‐native
speakers of the language. Its objective is to clarify the specific needs of the learners; make use of
underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it serves, centering on the language
appropriate to these activities in terms of grammar, lexis, register, study skills, discourse and
genre.

Genus
It is a category used to classify discourse and literary works, usually by form, technique, or
content. Ownership of some classes of words, namely nouns and adjectives, which present
contrasts of masculine, feminine and sometimes neutral, which can correspond to distinctions
based on gender differences.

Anchor Word
It is a brand-new entity that is linked to another referent which is not brand new by means of the
inclusion of a referring expression in the noun phrase. Ex: In the following expression, guy
(brand new) is anchored to the speaker (not brand new) by the phrase I work with: A guy I work
with says he knows your sister.

Hyponym and Hypernym

Hyponym is a word that, in relation to another or others with more specific meaning, has a more
general or comprehensive meaning. Hypernym is a word that, in relation to another with a more
general or comprehensive meaning, has a more specific meaning. Ex: diamond, emerald, and
ruby are hyponyms of the word gemstone; poker, roulette, and craps are hyponyms of game;
cyan, navy, and ultramarine are hyponyms of blue (which, in turn, is a hyponym of the word
color); fork, knife, and spoon are hyponyms of utensil.

Lexeme
Word or part of a word that serves as the basis for the meaning expressed by it. A lexeme is the
minimal unit of language which has a semantic interpretation and embodies a distinct cultural
concept. It is made up of one or more form-meaning composites called lexical units. A lexical
database is organized around lexemes, which include all the morphemes of a language, even if
these morphemes never occur alone. A lexeme is conventionally listed in a dictionary as a
separate entry.

Meaning

Correspondence that a word in one language has in another. The notion in semantics classically
defined as having two components: reference, anything in the referential realm denoted by a
word or expression; and sense, the system of paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships
between a lexical unit and other lexical units in a language. It is associated with pragmatic
function. This inclusive grouping of meaning and pragmatic function is made because of the
difficulty that theorists have in making in practice a sharp distinction between semantics and
pragmatics.

Sense
Set of faculties for the perception of external objects. In discussions about data storage and
management, a sense is a structural part of a lexical entry. It contains the relevant semantic,
grammatical, and anthropological information for a lexical unit. Ex: "add a sense to the entry”;
“delete the sense"
In discussions about semantic analysis, a sense is the meaning of a lexical unit. Ex: "define each
sense of the lexeme"; "compare lexically related senses"

Primary Sense

It is the core, basic, literal meaning of a lexeme. Generally the first meaning that comes to mind
for most people when a lexeme is uttered alone. Usually it refers to an actual physical thing, an
action, or a characteristic of a referent. Ex: The word jungle has a primary sense meaning "land
covered with dense growth of trees, tall vegetation, and vines, typically in tropical regions, and
inhabited by predatory animals". This is the meaning of jungle that generally first comes to a
person's mind. It refers to an actual physical thing.

Secondary Sense
A secondary sense is a meaning that is more abstract than a primary sense of a lexeme but still
shares some of its semantic components. Because it has a different range of reference, its usage
contexts and collocates are different from those of a primary sense. Ex: The word jungle has a
primary sense meaning 'land covered with dense growth of trees, tall vegetation, vines, typically
in tropical regions, and inhabited by predatory animals.' This is what most people think of when
the word jungle is used in isolation.
However, jungle can also refer to any place with a dense, tangled growth of trees and vegetation,
as illustrated in the sentence, 'I need to take care of the jungle in my backyard.' This meaning is a
secondary sense of jungle. It shares the semantic components 'plant life' and 'density' with the
primary sense of jungle. It does not share the components 'tropical' and 'predatory animals.'

The importance of Terminology for Translators and Interpreters

The use of terminology starts from very simple occasions in our ordinary life and develops to the
higher communicative levels. However, if terminology for non-professionals is an option, for
specialists is a necessity. Terminology is a necessity for all professionals involved in the
representation, expression, communication and teaching of specialized knowledge. Scientists,
technicians or professionals in any field require terms to represent and express their knowledge
to inform, transfer or buy and sell their products. There is no specialty that does not have specific
units to denominate their concepts.
Terminology plays an important role in the understanding of contexts and specialized texts.
Understanding the intricate terminological details of the technical and scientific contexts helps
students comprehend what the main message of the document is, and it helps specialists to
transmit the content more effectively. Terminology helps individuals realize the interaction
between the units of specialized texts and the whole context which is often a subconscious
mechanism of knowledge acquisition. It also develops interests in the formation of new words
and terms.
Specialists in documentation and information science, as well as linguists practicing in language
engineering and thematically specialized knowledge also require terminology. Even those
general or theoretical linguists if they try to account for the global competence (general and
specialized) of speakers and languages thoroughly they require to know about terminology” and
specialized languages.
Through studying terminology, specialists understand the function of various term formation
mechanisms, how each mechanism affects the meaning and ways to effectively control the use of
terminology in textual and oral productions. Translators have to study terminology to learn how
terminological resources (i.e. term banks, glossaries, encyclopedic dictionaries, etc.) can be
employed to make more consistent and coherent translations. Documentarists rely on the study of
terminology to learn how terminological activities affect and improve their knowledge and how
can facilitate the classifications, indexing, cataloging and many other tasks in which they are
involved principally.