PAPER: ENGLISH ESSAY (100 MARKS)

Candidates will be required to write one or more Essay in English. A wide choice of topics will be
given.
Candidates are expected to reflect comprehensive and research-based knowledge on a
selected topic. Candidate’s articulation, expression and technical treatment of the style of English
Essay writing will be examined.

PAPER: ENGLISH (PRECIS & COMPOSITION) (100 MARKS)

The examination in this subject will be based upon a paper carrying 100 marks to Test the
candidate’s abilities to handle Precis Writing, Reading Comprehension, Sentence
Structuring, Translation, Grammar and Vocabulary, etc.
1. Precis Writing (20 marks)
A careful selected passage with an orientation of generic understanding and enough flexibility
for compression shall be given for précising and suggesting an appropriate title. Out of the
total 20 marks allocated to this question, 15 shall go to précising the text and 5 to suggesting
the title.
2. Reading Comprehension (20 marks)
A carefully selected passage that is rich in substance but not very technical or discipline
specific shall be given, followed by five questions, each carrying 4 marks.
3. Grammar and Vocabulary (20 marks)
Correct usage of Tense, Articles, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Punctuation, Phrasal Verbs,
Synonyms and Antonyms etc.
4. Sentence Correction (10 marks)
The sentences shall be given each having a clear structural flaw in terms of grammar or
punctuation. The candidates shall be asked to rewrite them with really needed correction only,
without making unnecessary alterations. No two or more sentences should have exactly the
same problem, and 2-3 sentences shall be based on correction of punctuation marks.
5. Grouping of Words (10 marks)
A random list of twenty words of moderate standard (neither very easy nor utterly unfamiliar)
shall be given, to be grouped by the candidates in pairs of those having similar or opposite
meaning, as may be clearly directed in the question.
6. Pairs of Words (10 marks)
Ten pairs shall be given of seemingly similar words with different meanings, generally
confused in communication, for bringing out the difference in meaning of any five of them by
first explaining them in parenthesis and then using them in sentences.
7. Translation (10 marks)
Ten short Urdu sentences involving structural composition, significant terms and
figurative/idiomatic expressions shall be given, to be accurately translated into English.

PAPER: GENERAL SCIENCE & ABILITY (100 MARKS)

Part-I (General Science) 60 Marks
I. Physical Sciences
 Constituents and Structure: -Universe, Galaxy, Light Year, Solar System, Sun, Earth,
Astronomical System of Units.
 Process of Nature: - Solar and Lunar Eclipses, Rotation and Revolution, Weather Variables
(Global Temperature, Pressure, Circulation, Precipitation, Humidity) and Weather Variations.
 Natural Hazards and Disasters: - Earth Quake, Volcanic Eruption, Tsunami, Floods,
Avalanche, Travelling Cyclone (Tropical Cyclone, Middle Latitude Cyclone and Tornadoes),
Drought, Wildfire, Urban Fire. Disaster Risk Management.
 Energy Resources: - Sources of Energy (Renewable i.e. LED Energy, Solar Energy, Wind
Energy and Non-Renewable Energy conservation and its sustainable use.
 Atomic Structure, Chemical Bonding, Electromagnetic Radiations.
  Modern Materials/Chemicals: - Ceramics, Plastics, Semiconductors. Antibiotics, Vaccines,
Fertilizers, Pesticides.

II. Biological Sciences

 The Basis of Life: - Cell Structures and Functions (Subcellular Organelles such as Nucleus,
Mitochondria and Ribosomes).
 Biomolecules: - Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates and Enzymes.
 Plant and Animal Kingdom: - A brief survey of plant and animal kingdom to pinpoint
similarities and diversities in nature.
 A Brief Account of Human Physiology.
 Common Diseases and Epidemics: - Polio, Diarrhea, Malaria, Hepatitis, Dengue their
Causes and Prevention.
 New Model Concept of Producing BIO Fuel Method

III. Environmental Science

 Environment: - The Atmosphere (Layered Structure and Composition), Hydrosphere (Water
Cycle, Major Water Compartments), Biosphere (Major Biomes) and Lithosphere (Minerals
and Rocks, Rock Types, Plate Tectonics).
 Atmospheric Pollution: - Types, Sources, Causes and effects of major air pollutants (COx,
Particulate Matter, NOx, SOx, Tropospheric Ozone, Volatile Organic Compounds, Dioxins).
Regional and Global air pollution issues (Acid-rain, Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and
Global Warming). International agreements on air pollution control (Montreal Protocol and
Kyoto Protocol).
 Water Pollution: - Types, sources, causes and effects of major water pollutants (Synthetic
Organic Chemicals, Oxygen Demanding Wastes, Plant Nutrients, Thermal Pollution,
Infectious Agents, Sediments, Radioactivity, Heavy Metals and Acids). Drinking water
quality and standards.
 Land Pollution: - Solid waste management and disposal.
 Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in Environmental Science.
 Population Planning.

IV. Food Science

 Concept of Balance Diet: - Vitamins, Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats and oil, Minerals, Fiber.
 Quality of Food:- Bioavailability of Nutrients, Appearance, Texture, Flavor, Quality of
Packed and Frozen Food, Food Additives, Preservatives and Antioxidants
 Food Deterioration and its Control: - Causes of Food Deterioration, Adulteration, Food
Preservation.

V. Information Technology
 Computer (Hardware & Software Fundamentals); I/O Processing and data storage,
Networking & Internet Standards, Application and business Software, Social Media Websites.
Information Systems. Fundamentals of artificial intelligence.
 Telecommunications: - Basics of Wireless Communication (Mobile, Satellite,
Surveillance and GPS and Fiber Optic etc.

Part-II (General Ability) 40 Marks

VI. Quantitative Ability/Reasoning
 Basic Mathematical Skills.
 Concepts and ability to reasons quantitatively and solve problems in a quantitative setting.
 Basic Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry (Average, Ratios, Rates, Percentage, Angles,
Triangles, Sets, Remainders, Equations, Symbols, Rounding of Numbers
 Random Sampling
VII. Logical Reasoning and Analytical Reasoning/Ability
 Logical Reasoning includes the process of using a rational, systematic series of steps based
on sound mathematical procedures and given statements to arrive at a conclusion
 Analytical Reasoning/Ability includes visualizing, articulating and solving both complex
and uncomplicated problems and concepts and making decisions that are sensible based on
 available information, including demonstration of the ability to apply logical thinking to
gathering and analyzing information.
VIII. Mental Abilities
 Mental Abilities Scales that measures specific constructs such as verbal, mechanical,
numerical and social ability.

PAPER: CURRENT AFFAIRS (100 MARKS)

Candidates will be expected to display such general knowledge of history, politics and
International Affairs, as deemed necessary to interpret current affairs.
I. Pakistan's Domestic Affairs (20 marks)
 Political
 Economic
 Social
II. Pakistan's External Affairs (40 marks)
 Pakistan’s relations with its Neighbors (India, China, Afghanistan, Russia)
 Pakistan’s relations with the Muslim World (Iran, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia,
 Turkey)
 Pakistan’s relations with the United States
 Pakistan’s relations with Regional and International Organizations (UN, SAARC,
 ECO, OIC, WTO, GCC)
III. Global Issues (40 marks)
 International Security
 International Political Economy
 Human Rights
 Environment: Global Warming, Kyoto Protocol, Copenhagen Accord
 Population: world population trends, world population policies
 Terrorism and Counter Terrorism
 Global Energy Politics
 Nuclear Proliferation and Nuclear Security
 Nuclear Politics in South Asia
 International Trade (Doha Development Round and Bali Package)
 Cooperation and Competition in Arabian Sea, Indian and Pacific Oceans.
 Millennium Development Goals, Current Status
 Globalization
 Middle East Crisis
 Kashmir Issue
 Palestine Issue

PAPER: PAKISTAN AFFAIRS (100 MARKS)

1. Ideology of Pakistan-----definition and elucidation, historical aspects: Muslim rule in the Sub-
Continent, its downfall and efforts for Renaissance. Movements for reforms-- Shaikh Ahmad
Sarhindi, Shah Waliullah, Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed, Aligarh, Deoband, Nadwah, and other
educational institutions-------Sindh Madrassah and Islamia College Peshawar. Ideology of
Pakistan in the light of Speeches and statements of Allama Iqbal and Quaid- i Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
2. Land and people of Pakistan------- Geography, Society, Natural resources, Agriculture,
Industry and education with reference to characteristics, trends and problems.
3. Pakistan and Changing Regional Apparatus
4. Nuclear Program of Pakistan, its Safety and Security; International Concerns
5. Regional Cooperation Organizations (SAARC,ECO,SCO) and the Role of Pakistan
6. Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan
7. Economic Challenges in Pakistan
8. Non-Traditional Security Threats in Pakistan: Role of Non-State Actors
9. Pakistan’s Role in the Region
10. The Palestine Issue
 11. Changing Security Dynamics for Pakistan: Challenges to National Security of Pakistan
12. Political Evolution Since 1971
13. Pakistan and US War on Terror
14. Foreign Policy of Pakistan Post 9/11
15. Evolution of Democratic System in Pakistan
16. Ethnic Issues and National Integration
17. Hydro Politics ; Water Issues in Domestic and Regional Context
18. Pakistan’s National Interest
19. Challenges to Sovereignty
20. Pakistan’s Energy Problems and their Effects
21. Pakistan’s Relations with Neighbors excluding India
22. Pakistan and India Relations Since 1947
23. The Kashmir Issue
24. The war in Afghanistan since 1979 and its impact on, and challenges to Pakistan in the Post
2014 era.
25. Proxy Wars: Role of External Elements
26. Economic Conditions of Pakistan, the Most Recent Economic Survey, the Previous and
Current Budgets, and the Problems and Performance of Major Sectors of Economy.
27. The Recent Constitutional and Legal Debates, the Latest Constitutional Amendments and
Important Legislations, Legal Cases and the Role of Higher Courts.
28. The Prevailing Social Problems of Pakistan and the Strategies to Deal with Them, Poverty,
Education, Health and Sanitation.

PAPER: ISLAMIC STUDIES (100 MARKS)

I. Introduction to Islam.
 Concept of Islam.
 Importance of Din in Human Life.
 Difference between Din and Religion.
 Distinctive Aspects of Islam.
 Islamic Beliefs & its Impact on Individual & Society and the Fundamental of Islam
 Islamic Worships: Spiritual, Moral and Social Impact.
II. Study of Sirahof the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as Role Model for:-
 Individual
 Diplomat
 Educator
 Military Strategist
 Peace Maker
III. Human Rights & Status of Woman in Islam.
 Human Rights and Status of Woman in Islam
 Dignity of Men and Women
IV. Islamic Civilization and Culture:
 Meanings and the Vital Elements
 Role of Civilization in Development of Human Personality and Community
 Characteristicts of Islamic Civilization (Tawhid, Self-purification, Dignity of Man,
Equality, Social Justice, Moral Values, Tolerance, Rule of Law)
V. Islam and the World.
 Impact of Islamic Civilization on the West and Vice Versa
 The Role of Islam in the Modern World.
 Muslim World and the Contemporary Challenges.
 Rise of Extremism.
VI. Public Administration and Governance in Islam
 Concept of Public Administration in Islam
 Quranic Guidance on Good Governance
 Concept of Governance and its Applications in the light of Qur’an, Sunnah and Fiqh.
 Governance Structure in Islam (Shura, Legislation, Sources of Islamic Law)
  Governance under Pious Khilafat
 Particular letters of Hazrat Umar (R.A) and Hazrat Ali (R.A) to different Authority.
 Responsibilities of Civil Servants
 System of Accountability(hisbah) in Islam
VII. Islamic Code of Life.
 Salient Features of Islamic System, Social System, Political System, Economic
 System, Judicial System, Administrative System,
 Procedure of Ijma and Ijtihad

PAPER: HISTORY OF PAKISTAN & INDIA (100 MARKS)

1. Muslim Rule and Heritage in India (712-1857): Political History Arrival, foundation and
consolidation of Muslim rule in India, important rulers of the Slave Dynasty and the Mughals.
The Spirit and legacy of Muslim civilization, Art, Architecture and literature, Public
Administration under Muslim Rules. Sultans, Kings, Economic, Social, Judicial, Civil and
Military system during the Muslim rule, Industry, trade and commerce under the Muslim
patronage, Financial Administration.
2. British Rule in India: 1857-1947: British Imperialism, origin and growth of the East India
Company, Causes and effects of downfall of the Mughal Empire in India, War of
Independence in 1857:Causes and effects.
3. Constitutional and Political Reforms of the British Government (1858-1947) and growth
of the Political Parties –Indian Congress
4. Muslim Struggle for Independence: Role of Shah Wali Ullah, Syed Ahmad Shaheed and Sir
Syed Ahmed Khan towards regeneration of the Muslim of South Asia, All India Muslim
League, Partition of Bengal, Simla Deputation, Lucknow pact; Khilafat movement. Nahru
Report Quaid-i- Azam’s Fourteen Points.
5. Pakistan Movement: AllamaIqal’s Allahabad Address 1930, and Round Table Conference.
The Congress Rule in the provinces-1937-1939, Lahore Resolution 1940, various Missions
and Plans for the partition of the South Asia. Founders of Pakistan: Quaid-i-Azam, Mohsin-
ul-Mulk, Syed Amir Ali, Ali Brothes. Sir Agha Khan, Chaudhry Rahmat Ali, etc.
6. History of Pakistan (1947- Todate): Pakistan’s early Challenges—Quaid-i-Azam as
Governor-General, various attempts at constitution making.
7. Military in Politics: Ayub Khan, Yahya, Zia–ul–Haq and Pervaiz Musharaf regimes, Civil
Military Relationship in Pakistan,
8. Separation of East Pakistan: Causes and Effects,
9. Working of Democracy in Pakistan: Liaquat Ali Khan to Firoz Khan Noon (1947-1958),
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s Period,(1971-1977),Benazir, Nawaz Sharif ,Revival of Democracy:
1988-1999, Restoration of Democracy (2008 to date), Role of Major Political Parties and
Pressure Groups in the history of Pakistan.
10. Foreign Policy of Pakistan (1947-1999)

PAPER: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (200 MARKS)

Paper—1 (Marks-100)
I. Introduction
 The Definition and Scope of International Relations.
 The Nation-State System
 Evolution of International Society
II. Theories and Approaches
 The Classical Approaches-Realism and Idealism
 The Scientific Revolution-Behavioral Approach, System Approach,
 Neo-realism, Neo-liberalism.
 Post-modernism, Critical Theory, Feminism, Constructivism
III. International Political Security.
 Conceptualization of security in the Twenty-First century
 Power. Elements of National Power
 Balance of Power
 Foreign Policy: Determinants, Decision Making and Analysis
  Sovereignty
 National Interest
IV. Strategic Approach to International Relation.
 War: Causation of War, Total War, Limited War, Asymmetric Warfare, Civil War,
Guerilla Warfare
 Strategic Culture: Determinants of Pakistani Strategic Culture.
 Deterrence: Theory and practice with special reference to India and Pakistan
V. International Political Economy.
 Theories in IPE: Mercantilism, Economic Liberalism, and Neo- Marxism
 Theories of Imperialism, Dependence and Interdependence discourse
VI. International political community.
 Nationalism
 Internationalism
 Globalization
VII. Approaches to Peace
 Diplomacy
 International Law
 Arms Control /Disarmament and Nuclear Non proliferation Regime
VIII. International Political Institution
 United Nations
 International Monetary Fund (IMF)
 World Bank
 International Court of Justice
Paper- II (Marks-100)
I. International Relation between two Wars
 Russian Revolution, Fascism, League of Nations, Second World War
II. Cold War
 Decolonization in Asia and Africa.
 Rise of United States and Soviet Union,
 Era of Tight Bipolarity, Détente and Loose Bipolarity, Revival of Cold War
III. Post Cold War
 End of History, Clash of Civilizations, Terrorism, Globalization, Unipolarity (New World
Order) and Revival of Multi-Polarity
IV. International and Regional Organizations
 League of Nations, United Nations, Regional Organizations, EU, ASEAN, NAFTA,
SAARC, SCO, OIC, ECO, WTO.
 Reforms in the United Nations, World Bank and the IMF
V. Foreign Policy of Selected Countries
 USA, Russia, China, UK, India, Pakistan and EU
VI. South Asia
 Peace-making and Peace-Building in South Asia: Analytical overview of peace processes
between/among the states of South Asia especially between India and Pakistan.
 India and Pakistan: Overview of agreements and accords, Indus Water Treaty; Composite
Dialogue; Sir Creek & Siachen border, Visa and People to people contact; Trade; and
Role of civil society
 Afghanistan: Cold war theatre; Soviet Invasion and Mujahedeen; Geneva Accord; Post
Cold War situation---Rise of Taliban, AL-Qeada& 9/11; Operation Enduring Freedom;
The Bonn Process- Withdrawal
VII. Weapons of Mass Destruction
 Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
  Nuclear Weapon States- Programs and Postures: Indian-Pakistan Nuclear Doctrines
 Nuclear Non –Proliferation Regime: International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty; Nuclear Supplier Group; Partial Test Ban Treaty; Comprehensive
Test Ban Treaty; Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty
 Challenges of Non-Proliferation, Cooperation for Nuclear Energy
 The Missile Defence Systems and their impact on global strategic environment
 Militarization and Weaponization of Space.
VIII. Contemporary Issues
 Euro-Atlantic Vs. Asia Pacific: Great Power Policies
 Kashmir Issue
 Palestine Issue

PAPER: MUSLIM LAW & JURISPRUDENCE (100 MARKS)

I. The Sources of Islamic Law
 The Quran
 The Sunnah
 Ijma
 Qiyas
 Ijtehad
II. Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence
III. Islamic Criminal Law
 Hadd
 Taz’ir
 Qisas and Diyat
IV. Islamic Family Law
 Marriage
 Dower
 Divorce
 Separation by Repudiation (Talaq)
 Separation by Mutual Agreement (Khula)
 Judicial Separation (Faskh)
 Post-Divorce Maintenance
 Child Custody
 Succession
V. Islamic Law of Contract
VI. Islamic Banking and Insurance
VII. Islamic International Law
VIII. Islamic Law and Human Rights
IX. Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939
X. Muslim Family Laws Ordinance 1961

PAPER: PSYCHOLOGY (100 MARKS)

1. Nature and Scope of Psychology: Definition and scope, Psychology as a Science,
Schools, Perspectives, and Models of Psychology, Recent Trends
2. Biological Basis of Behaviour: Nervous System, Neuron and its function, Central and
Peripheral Nervous System, Endocrine System
3. Sensation and Perception: Sensory process, Perception, Gestalt Principles, Binocular
and Monocular cues, Illusions and Extra Sensory Perception, Determinants of Perception
4. Learning and Memory: Nature and Forms of Learning, Types of learning: Classical and
Operant Conditioning, Reinforcement, Extinction, Discrimination, Punishment,
Observational Learning, Theories of Learning, Types of Memory, Process of Memory,
Forgetting, Theories of Memory
5. Motivation and Emotion: Homeostasis, Factors affecting Motivation, Biogenic and
Social Motives, Measurement of Human Motivation, Theories of Motivation, Emotions,
Types of Emotions, Physiological changes in Emotion, Theories of Emotions.
 6. Psychological Assessment: Attributes of Psychological Measures, Validity, Reliability,
Item Analysis, Norms, Modern Test Theory, Selection and Training, Educational and
Clinical Assessment, Ethical and Legal Issues in Assessment.
7. Personality: Determinants of Personality, Factors in Development of Personality,
Theoretical Perspectives, Personality Assessment and Techniques, Cross-Cultural Issues.
8. Intelligence: Theories of Intelligence, Types of intelligence (IQ, EQ), Assessing
Intelligence
9. Social Influence and Group Dynamics: Social Facilitation, Attribution, Conformity,
Obedience, Altruism, Attitudes, Social Norms.
10. Developmental Psychology: Physical, Cognitive, Social and Emotional development in
Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood and Old Age
11. Abnormal and Clinical Psychology: Concept and causes of Abnormality, Clinical
Assessment and Intervention, Different disorders such as Schizophrenia, Mood disorder,
Anxiety disorder, Personality disorder, etc. Psychological treatment including different
Therapeutic instructions.
12. Organizational/Industrial Psychology: Leadership styles, Decision making, Work
motivation, Organizational Culture, Stress and Conflict at Work and its Management,
Organizational Socialization, Job related Attitude, Sexual Harassment, Glass Ceiling,
Human Computer interaction.
13. Health Psychology: Beliefs and Behaviour, Models of Health Psychology, Assessment
and Intervention, Models of Stress, Chronic and Terminal Illness, Role of Social Support.
14. Forensic Psychology: Psychology and Law, Investigation, Confession, Eyewitness
Testimony, Working with Offenders, Juvenile Delinquents, Drug Addicts, Sex Offenders
etc

PAPER: ZOOLOGY (100 MARKS)

I. Animal Diversity-Invertebrates
 Architectural pattern of an animal, Taxonomy and phylogeny, Major subdivisions of
animal kingdom.
 Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa: evolutionary perspective, locomotion and
reproduction, Protozoa of veterinary and medical importance.
 Porifera: Body wall, skeleton and water currents system. Coelenterates: Reproduction
plan and alteration of generation (Polymorphism), Coral reefs.
 Platyhelminthes and Nematodes: Parasitic adaptations and medical importance. Annelids:
Metamerism and ecological importance.
 Molluscs: Modification of foot, Feeding and their role in the shell fishery.
 Arthropods: Modification in their mouth parts, Role of arthropods as vectors in the
transmission in microbial infection. Arthropods and their ecological importance.
 Echinoderms: Characteristics, Evolutionary perspective, Relationships to other animals;
echinoderm characteristics.
II. Animal Diversity-Chordata
 Hemichordates and Invertebrate Chordates: Evolutionary Perspective: Phylogenetic
Relationships and considerations.
 Fishes: Structural and functional adaptations of fishes.
 Amphibians: Movement onto land and early evolution of terrestrial vertebrates.
 Reptiles: Characteristics of reptiles, adaptations in reptilians.
 Birds: Migration and navigation, adaptations.
 Mammals: Structural and functional adaptations of mammals.
III. Principles of Animal Life
 The chemical basis of animal life: Brief introduction to bio-molecules; carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
 Cell concept and cell theory, Organization of cellular organelle (their structure and
functions), Central dogma of cell biology (Transcription and Translation), Meiosis and
Mitosis
 Protozoa: Reproduction pattern in protozoan, Parasitism in protozoan
  Mesozoza and Parazoa: Porifera: Cells types, body wall and skeleton and water currents
system, Coelenterata: Reproduction plan and alteration of generation (Polymorphism)
 Tissues Types: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissues; organs and organ
systems.
 Enzymes function and factors affecting their activity, cofactors and coenzymes. Energy
Harvesting: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration the major source of ATP.
 Mendel’s law of inheritance, Chromosomal basis of inheritance, Multiple alleles,
Eukaryotic chromosomes: Mutations and chromosomal aberrations.
 Ecological Concepts: Interactions, Concepts and components of ecosystem, Food chain,
Food web, Biogeochemical cycles, Forests, Biomes, Wildlife conservation and
management, Environmental pollution, Green house effect, Acid rain, Global warming
and climate change.
 Evolution: Darwinian evolutionary theory based on natural selection and the evidence,
Microevolution: Genetic variation and change within species, Macroevolution: Species
and speciation (Allopatric, Parapatric and Sympatric speciation)
IV. Animal Form and Function
 Protection, Support and Movement: Integumentary system of invertebrates and
vertebrates; Animal muscles: the muscular system of invertebrates and vertebrates.
 Digestion and Nutrition: Feeding mechanism, Digestion, Organization and regional
function of alimentary canal, Regulation of food intake, Nutritional requirements
 Internal Fluids and Respiration: Internal fluid environment, Composition of blood,
Circulation and respiration mechanisms
 Homeostasis: Excretion, Vertebrate kidney mechanisms, Temperature regulation
 Nervous Coordination: Nervous system and Senses: Functional units of nervous system,
Synapses junctions between nerves.
 Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System; Vertebrate endocrine glands and types of
hormones, Mechanism of hormones action,
 Animal Behavior: Learning, Habituation, Insight learning, latent learning, classical
learning: Control of Behavior; social behaviour