TRANSFORMER

IDEAL TRANSFORMER:
1.An Ideal Transformer is one which has no losses. i.e. it winding have no ohmic resistance,
there is no magnetic leakage and hence has no copper loss (I2R)and Iron loss.
Practically an ideal transformer does not exist.
2.Since the Primary coil is purely inductive and secondary is open Primary draws only
magnetizing current I only. This a.c current I Produces a.c (∅ ) Flux .Which is Proportional to
current and is linked with both windings .This induces a self induced emf E1and E2 in Primary
and secondary windings .
3. E.M.F equation
Let. No.1 of turns in Primary = n1
Let No.1 of turns in Secondary = n2
Maximum flux n core ∅ m = Bmax . A
Frequency of a.c input = f
The flux increases from zero to maximum value ∅ m in one quarter of the cycle
i.e (1/4)th of time period
d∅
Average rate of change of flux =
dt
∅m ∅m
= 1
.t
= 1 = 4 f ∅m
4 4f
According to faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction the rate of change of flux is directly to
emf induced.
d∅
e∝ dt

Hence, average e.m.f induced per turn = 4 f ∅m

R.m.s value of emf induced per turn =(from factor) . (avg. value).
=1.11 . 4 f ∅m= 4.44 f ∅m
Hence R.m.s value of emf for N1 turns of Primary = (4.44 f ∅m ). N1
 Emf eq. of Primary E1 = 4.44 f ∅m N1------------------ (1)
Emf eq. of Secondary E2 = 4.44 f ∅ m N2 ----------------- (2)
Transformer turn ratio or voltage transformation ratio, on dividing eq 2 by 1

E1 N2
K = =
E2 N1

If K>1, i.e N2>N1 it is step up transformer

If k<1 i.e N2<N1, it is step down transformer.
For ideal transformer
Input Power = Output Power
V1I1 = V2I2
I1 V1 1
= =
I2 V2 K

TRANSFORMER WITH LOSSES& NO MAGNETIC LEAKAGE

1) No load 2)On load
1.TRANFORMER ON NO –LOAD:
a) In Practical Transformer, there is a Iron loss in the core and copper loss in windings under no
load the Primary input Current is not wholly reactive under this no load condition it has to supply
i) Iron loss in Core (Hysteresis loss +eddy current loss)
ii) Small amount of copper loss in primary (as secondary is open no copper loss occurs in
it)
Therefore primary current I1 lags supply Voltage V1 by phase angle ∅ . (∅ <90 °)
No load primary input power, Pi = w 0 = V1I0 Cos∅ 0
w 0 = Iron loss
V1= Primary input voltage
I0 = No load Primary Current
Cos∅ 0 = Power factor at no load

Under no load condition, as secondary is kept open, I2=0, Hence there is no Cu loss in secondary
and primary draws small current I0
Therefore primary Cu loss is very small compared to Iron loss hence neglected therefore Total
input power is utilized for Iron loss.
The primary current I0 has two components
(i) One in Phase with V1 this is active (or) working (or) Iron loss component Iw This
current is responsible for Iron loss plus small quantity of Cu loss.
Iw = I0 cos∅ 0

(ii) Second component is in quadrature with V1 and it is known as magnetizing

component IM because it’s function is to sustain alternating fiux in the core.
I = I0 Sin∅ 0
Hence under no load, the primary current is vectorial sum of Iw and I
I0 = Iw + I
Iw = I0 cos∅ 0
I = I0 Sin∅ 0
Squaring both sides and adding eq 1 and 2
I 2w + I ❑2 = I 20 cos2 ∅ 0 + I 20 sin2 ∅ 0

= I 20 (cos2 ∅ 0 + sin2 ∅ 0)
I 20 = I 2w + I ❑2

I ❑0 = √ I 2w + I 2❑

TRANSFORMER ON LOAD:
a) When the secondary is loaded, the secondary current I2 is stepped up in magnitude and
phase of I2 with respect to V2 is determined by the characteristic of the load.
a. If load is resistive, I2 is inphase with V2
b. If load is inductive, I2 lags with V2
c. If load is copacitive, I2 leads with V2
b) When transformer is loaded, primary winding has two current I0 and I '2 which is
antiphase with I2 and K times in magnitude.
c) Total primary current is Vector sum of I0 and I '2
I1 = I0 + I '2
MAGNETIC LEAKAGE:
 In a practical transformer, all the flux linked with primary does not link the secondary but
part of it i.e. ∅ L1 completes its magnetic circuit by passing through air rather than around the
core, as shown in fig. Hence flux through this leakage path (a and b in fig) is called primary
leakage flux. This does not influence secondary.
The flux ∅ L is in the time phase I1. It induces and emf E L in primary but none in
1 1

secondary.
Similarlly secondary leakage flux also exists in the same manner in the secondary
winding and does not influence primary. The flux ∅ L is in time phase with I2 and produces self
2

induced emf E L in secondary.

2

At no loads and light loads, leakage flux is small as number of ampere turns linking to
flux is less. On load, heavily currents flow, therefore leakage also increases.
Magnetic leakage flux ∝ amp turns.
Due to this leakage flux, voltage drop exists in both primary and secondary windings.
Due to their respective magnetic leakage flux.
EL
The leakage reactance in primary X1 = 1

I1

EL
The leakage reactance in secondary X2 = 2

I2

Therefore primary voltage has to supply reactive drop I1X1 in addition to I1R1. Similarly in
secondary induced emf E2 has to supply I2R2 and I2X2.

TRANSFORMER WITH RESISTANCE AND LEAKAGE REACTANCE:

Let
Resistance of Primary winding = R1
Reactance of Primary winding = X1
Resistance of Secondary winding = R2
Reactance of secondary winding = X2
Total impedence of Primary winding Z1 = R1+jX1 , |Z1| = √ R21 + X 21

Total impedence of secondary winding Z2 = R2+jX2 , |Z2| = √ R22 + X 22

E.M.F equation with voltage drops in each winding
V1 = E1 + I1 (R1+jX1) = E1 + I1Z1
V2 = E2 + I2 (R2+jX2) = E2 + I2Z2
PHASOR DIAGRAMS WHEN TRANSFORMER ON DIFFENRENT LOADS.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:
A transformer and its equivalent circuit is shown below. The equation of circuit of
transformer consists of resistance and leakage reactance of the transformer are imagined to be
external to the winding whose function is only to transform voltage.

I0 = no load current ;
I1 = Primary current ;
I2 = Secondary current
I '2 = Primary equivalent of secondary current
X0 = Pure inductance taking magnetizing component Iμ
R0 = Non – Inductance resistance taking working component Iw

X0 and R0 are connected in parallel across the primary circuit. Power loss in the circuit is equal to
Core loss.
E1 E1
X0 = , R0 =
Iμ Iw

E1 N2
We have relation, = =K
E2 N1

It is convenient to shift all parameters to either primary or secondary

(i) Parameters in terms of primary
Total resistance of transformer R01 = R1 + R'2
 R2
In terms of primary = R1 +
K2

Total reactance of transformer X01 = X1 + X '2

X2
In terms of primary = X1 +
K2
Total impedence of transformer
In terms of primary Z01 = R01 + jX01
(ii) Parameters in terms of secondary
Total resistance of transformer R02 = R2 + R'1
In terms of secondary = R2 + K2R1
Total reactance of transformer X02 = X2 + X '1
In terms of secondary
Total impedence of transformer
In terms of secondary Z02 = R02 + jX02

OPEN CIRCUIT TEXT:

The purpose of this test is to determine no load or core loss and no load I0 which is
helpful in finding X0 and R0.
(i) One winding of the transformer is left open and other is connected to its supply of
normal voltage,
(ii) A watt meter ‘w’ voltmeter ‘V’ and an ammeter ‘A’ are connected in the low –
voltage winding i.e. primary winding in the present case.
(iii) With normal voltage applied in the primary normal flux is setup in the core, hence
normal iron loss will occur which his recorded by wattmeter
(iv) As primary no load current I0 is small hence Cu loss in primary is small and in
secondary is nill. Hence wattmeter represents practically the core loss.
(v) Since I0 is itself very small the pressure coils of the wattmeter and the voltmeter
are connected. Such that the current in them does not pass through the current coil
of the wattmeter.
(vi) The no load vector diagram is shown below.
 If ‘w’ is watt meter reading w= V1 I0 cos∅ 0 Sin∅ 0
a. Power factor = w/ V1I0 cos∅ 0
b. Magnetizing component, Iμ = I0 sin∅ 0
c. Working component , I w = I0 cos∅ 0
V1
d. X0 =
I❑
V1
e. R0 =
Iw

SHORT CIRCUIT (OR) IMPEDANCE TEST:

The short circuit test is conducted to determine
(i) Equivalent impedance
(ii) Cu loss at full load
(iii) Total voltage drop in transformer.
a) One winding of the transformer is short circulated with thick conductor and the other is
given to low voltage supply.
b) A step down transformer is taken and low voltage at correct frequency is applied to the
primary and is cautiously increased till full load currents are flowing both in primary and
secondary.
c) Since applied voltage is small to normal to nominal voltage the mutual flux ∅ induced is
also small . Hence, core losses are also very small now the wattmeter reading shown the
full load cu loss for the whole Transformer
d) If Vsc is the voltage required to circulate rated load currents, then
V sc wcu
Z01 = , w cu = I 21R01, R01 = 2 , X01 = √Z 2
01 + R201
I1 I1

LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER:
Only loss in transformer are, (i) Core loss
ii) Cu loss.
i) Core loss: - The core loss includes both hysteresis loss and eddy current loss. Because
core flux in transformer remain practically constant for all loads.
Hysteresis loss w n = η B1.6
max fv

Eddy current loss w e = ρ Bmax f 2 t2

These losses are minimized by using steel of high silicon content for the core and by using
very thin laminations.
This loss is obtained by A.C. test.
Input Power, w= V1 I0 cos∅ 0
ii) Copper loss: - The copper loss is due to the online resistor of the transformer
windings.
Total Cu loss = I 21 R1 + I 22 R2
This is obtained by S.C. test.
EFFICIENCY OF A TRANSFORMER:-
Efficiency is defined as ratio 06 o/p power by i/p power
P0 P i−Ploss V 1 I 1 cos ∅1 −P loss
η= Pi
= Pi
=
V 1 I 1 cos ∅1

Condition for max efficiency:

Priamry input power = V1I1 cos∅ 1
Total losses= Total Cu loss + core loss
= ( I 21 R01∨I 22 R 02) + W0
P0 P i−Ploss V 1 I 1 cos ∅1 −P loss
η= Pi
= Pi
=
V 1 I 1 cos ∅1

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. I1, and equating to zero for max efficiency.
R 01 w0
=  wo = I12 R01
V 1 cos ∅1 V 1 I 1 cos ∅1

Iron loss = Cu loss

w0
Load at max efficiency, I2 =
√ R 02

REGUALTION OF VOLTAGE: Power and distribution transformer usually supply election

power to loads that are designed to operate at constant voltage.
 The reduced voltage with increase in load demands can cause harmful effects in
connected electrical motors continued operation at low voltage can cause these units to
overheat and eventually burn out. The way to present the drop in supply voltage with
increasing load in distribution circuits is to use a distribution transformer designed to have
small leakage independence. The figure of merit used to identify these characteristics is the
voltage regulation.
Hence when a transformer is loaded, its terminal changes depending on the load, because
of its leakage independence. This is known as voltage regulation.
Voltage on No Load−Voltage on Load E2−V 2
% of regulation =
Voltage on No Load
*100 = E2
*100
I 2 R02 cos ∅2 ± I 2 X 02 sin ∅2
= E2
* 100

IMPORATANT FORMULAE:

ASSIGNMENT – TRANSFORMER:

1. Explain the principal of operation of Transformer?

2. Derive the E.M.F Equation of Transformer?
3. Explain the transformer under no load?
4. Explain the briefly how the transformer behaves at different loads?
5. Draw the phasor diagrams for different loads.
a) Resistive b) Inductive c) Capacitive.
6. What is Magnetic Leakage? How does it effect transformer?
7. Draw the Equivalent circuit of Transformer and convert all parameters in terms of
a) Primary b) Secondary.
8. What is the purpose of OC test and explain the procedure .
9. What is the purpose of SC test and explain the procedure?
10. What is transformer regulation? Explain briefly?
11. Define efficiency and obtain maximum efficiency expression ?
12. What is all day efficiency?
13. How is transformer operated in parallel?(or) Explain parallel operation of transformer
14. Explain how is transformer connected in three- phase.
15. How does a pulse transformer function.