Curso de Análisis e Interpretación de Datos en Antropometría

Cuarta Edición - 2019

Tipos de resultados; significado de variables estructurales y plásticas;

clasificación y puntos de corte; interpretar estadísticas descriptivas; búsquedas
de datos; normativas y gradientes competitivos; biotipos ideales
datos de Tae Kwon Do

elite de Australia

Docente: Francis Holway, MSc

Alumno: Julián López Rodríguez

 ANTHROPOMETRICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND TRACKED
POWER PROFILES OF ELITE TAEKWONDO ATHLETES
9 WEEKS BEFORE THE OLYMPIC COMPETITION PHASE
NICK BALL,1 EMILY NOLAN,2 AND KEANE WHEELER1
1
Department of Sport Studies, National Institute of Sports Studies, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia; and 2Strength and
Conditioning Department, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australia

ABSTRACT analysis has shown that a 9-week mesocycle before Olympic

Ball, N, Nolan, E, and Wheeler, K. Anthropometrical, physio- departure that focuses on core lifts has the ability to improve
logical, and tracked power profiles of elite taekwondo athletes power considerably.
Downloaded from [Link] by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AWnYQp/IlQrHD3fgGGXf0fUkDFTX8WeezdttzwCEE3FkpnfM55JJP3s76KYAI4EPX7yQ== on 10/23/2018

9 weeks before the olympic competition phase. J Strength Cond KEY WORDS power monitoring, squat jump, single-leg jump,
Res 25(10): 2752–2763, 2011—Physiological, anthropo- combat sport
metric, and power profiling data were retrospectively analyzed
from 4 elite taekwondo athletes from the Australian National INTRODUCTION
Olympic team 9 weeks from Olympic departure. Power profiling

T
aekwondo is a native Korean fighting art that
data were collected weekly throughout the 9-week period. originated thousands of years ago and has become
Anthropometric skinfolds generated a lean mass index (LMI). a popular sport with over 120 million children and
Physiological tests included a squat jump and bench throw adults participating worldwide (4). The sport of
power profile, bleep test, 20-m sprint test, running V_ O2max test, taekwondo became an Olympic event in 2000 at the Sydney
and bench press and squat 3 repetition maximum (3RM) games and is characterized by high-intensity anaerobic
strength tests. After this, the athletes power, velocity, and activity interspersed with submaximal aerobic work (14,34).
acceleration profile during unweighted squat jumps and single- Taekwondo is a full contact free-sparring sport that awards
leg jumps were tracked using a linear position transducer. points for body and head contact resulting in an increased
Increases in power, velocity, and acceleration between weeks incidence of head injuries compared to other sports (17).
and bilateral comparisons were analyzed. Athletes had an
Taekwondo in the Olympics consists of 33 2-minute rounds
with a 1-minute rest period between each round. Points are
LMI of 37.1 6 0.4 and were 173.9 6 0.2 m and 67 6 1.1 kg.
scored in taekwondo competition via punches and kicks to
Relatively weaker upper body (56 6 11.97 kg 3RM bench
the torso and kicks to the head. Matches can be won via
press) compared to lower body strength (88 6 2.89 kg 3RM knockout or via points.
squat) was shown alongside a V_ O2max of 53.29 ml21
min21
kg, Because of the emphasis on kicks in taekwondo, it requires
and a 20-m sprint time of 3.37 seconds. Increases in all power athletes to have highly explosive leg power, aerobic
variables for single-leg squat and squat jumps were found from endurance, and flexibility (14,20). The ability of taekwondo
the first session to the last. Absolute peak power in single-leg athletes to rapidly generate muscle force through kicks is
squat jumps increased by 13.4–16% for the left and right legs imperative because 80% of the taekwondo skills are related
with a 12.9% increase in squat jump peak power. Allometrically to kicking (30). This necessitates that a large emphasis be
scaled peak power showed greater increases for single-leg placed on lower leg power generation in strength training
(right leg: 18.55%; left: 23.49%) and squat jump (14.49%). activities. In previous studies on combat sports, lower leg
The athlete’s weight did not change significantly throughout the
power has been assessed through the use of a 30-second
Wingate or assessment of anaerobic thresholds on a cycle
9-week mesocycle. Progressions in power increases through-
ergometer (14,20,33). Because these methods lack mechan-
out the weeks were undulating and can be related to the
ical specificity to taekwondo, a more specific indication of
intensity of the prior week’s training and athlete injury. This lower leg power may come through the assessment of
jumping activities that have been used in the aforemen-
Address correspondence to Nick Ball, [Link]@[Link]. tioned papers; however, only height jump has been
25(10)/2752–2763 recorded (14,20,33). Recent developments in technology
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research have seen the use of linear encoder systems to assess power,
Ó 2011 National Strength and Conditioning Association velocity, and acceleration during such movements, and
the TM

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thus, this technology may provide a more specific power Subjects

profile of an athlete (6,13). Improvements in power as The subjects consisted of 4 taekwondo athletes (2 male;
a result of an intervention mesocycle have been studied 2 female) selected to represent Australia in Taekwondo at the
previously showing that weightlifting movements and August 2008 Beijing Olympic games (age: 23.3 6 1.7 years;
height: 1.74.1 6 0.02 m; mass: 6764.1 kg). The female athletes
combinations of heavy and light load power training is
competed in the 67+ kg heavyweight category and the 67-kg
best for improvements (10,12,18,26). These reviews and
welterweight category; the male athletes competed in
studies did not consider fluctuations in power throughout the flyweight (58 kg) and featherweight (68 kg) category.
the course of a training intervention and only considered The subjects in this study were regarded as 1 group to assess
a pre–post power increase. the profile of the Olympic squad. Previous papers have pooled
The profiling of combat sport athletes has been performed the athletes or split them by gender (1,2,17,20,27,33). Because
at one discrete time point providing a snapshot of the of the low subject numbers, we decided to pool the athletes
anthropometrical, nutritional, and physiological make-up of for analysis. All subjects had .1-year strength training
the athletes (1,14,20). Although useful, the profile is then history when selected for the Olympic team.
dependent on which point in the training macrocycle the
tested athlete resides. No studies have presented profiling Procedures
data of Olympic combat sport athletes in the lead up to Duration and Frequency of Testing. This retrospective analysis
Olympic competition nor have tracked variables during uses the data from the testing of the athletes in the 9 weeks
a mesocycle before Olympic Competition. Information on before embarking for Olympic competition. All testing and
physical and anthropometrical profiles of elite level athletes strength training took place at the Australian Institute of Sport
is of benefit because more successful athletes have been strength and conditioning facility under the guidance of an
shown to possess better physiological characteristics com- accredited strength and conditioning coach. The first testing
pared to nonelite athletes (20). Although these character- session took place in May 2008. Before this date, the subjects
istics are not the only determinants of success, they do serve were part of a larger 9-person squad.
to provide a strength coach with a reference physique and The first focus of the paper looks at the group anthropo-
may aid in the development of strength and conditioning metric and physiological profiles of these athletes after
programs to optimize athlete potential. The aim of this study is Olympic selection. The second focus of the paper tracks the
to identify the anthropometrical and physiological profiles of athlete’s weekly progress on 2 of the power-based tests up to
an Olympic taekwondo team and to track the power profile Olympic departure. The frequency of analysis was broken
of these athletes in the 9 weeks before Olympic departure. down into 2 parts. Part 1 was collected immediately after
Olympic selection. These were discrete measures and not
collected subsequently. Part 2 relates to the constant recording
METHODS of unweighted single-leg and double-leg squat jumps. These
Experimental Approach to the Problem measures were recorded weekly up until Olympic departure in
This study is a retrospective analysis on 4 Olympic Taekwondo August 2008.
Athletes in the 9 weeks before the August 2008 Beijing
Olympics (May–July 2008). Subjects gave informed consent to Part 1: Anthropometric Measurements and Fitness Testing. Body
be tested and strength trained while on residence at the mass (kg), body height (m), and 7 site skinfolds (mm) were
Australian Institute of Sport. At the start of the 9 weeks fitness, measured from each athlete. These measurements were
data including anthropometrics and fitness test data were incorporated into a formula to calculate the lean mass index
documented. Over the subsequent 9-week period, an un- (LMI [31]). The LMI provides an indication of the lean mass
weighted double-leg and single-leg squat jumps were tracked the athlete possesses adjusted for changes in skinfold thickness
for power, velocity, and acceleration variables in addition to and is measured in mm per kg (31). The equation for the LMI is
jump height using a linear encoder system. Results were M/Sx, where M is the total mass, S is the skinfold thickness,
reported on the weekly progress of the athlete’s power and x is the fat mass as a fraction of the total mass. Rugby
production throughout the 9-week period. This was a non- players have been shown to have an LMI of 53.1 mm
kg (15);
intervention study and did not impact on the normal however, no LMI guidelines for combat sports have been
preparation of the athletes by the coaches and strength and provided. Skinfolds were measured with Harpenden calipers
conditioning team. All subjects took part in testing on the same (Baty International, West Sussex, United Kingdom) from the
point in their programs, and were tracked at the same time each triceps, subscapular, biceps, supraspinale, abdominal, front
week. Independent variables related to the tests administered to thigh and calf according to the International society for the
the athlete; dependent variables were the aerobic, anaerobic, Advancement of Kinanthropometry guidelines.
and anthropometrical measures during the profiling and the All strength tests were conducted in accordance with the
power, velocity, and acceleration measures during the National Sports Science Quality Assurance Scheme National
monitoring up to Olympic departure. Protocols. In the bench press, bench pull, and squat, athletes

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 Power Tracking of Olympic Taekwondo Athletes

specified their personal 3 repetition maximum (3RM) load limited to a minimum of 20 milliseconds ([Link].
from training experience. After an appropriate warm-up of [Link]) (29).
90% of 3RM lifted in training, athletes were instructed to lift The first and second derivates of position with respect to
the load for 3 repetitions. Repetitions were performed in time was taken to calculate instantaneous velocity and
a continuous manner, and not more than 2 seconds was acceleration, respectively. Acceleration values were multiplied
allowed between reps. A minimum of 2.5-kg weight incre- by the system mass to calculate force, and the given force curve
ments were used between each trial. A maximum of 5 multiplied by the velocity curve to determine power. Peak
minutes was allowed between trials. The 3RM was found power and mean power (W), peak velocity and mean velocity
within 4 trials and deemed to be reached once either 3 (m
s21) and peak and mean acceleration (m
s2) were
repetitions were unable to be completed or the technique had calculated. Peak power was allometrically scaled using the
failed on the judgment of the strength coach. Using the equation Pn = P/Sb where Pn is the allometrically scaled
individual’s body mass on the date of testing, the relative power, P is the absolute power, S is the index of body size, in
upper body and lower body strength measurements were this case body mass, and b is the allometric exponent which
then calculated. was 0.67 (24). Height of the jumps (m) was also recorded. This
A multistage shuttle test (19) was used to calculate maximal system and it calculation methods have been used previously
oxygen uptake (V_ O2max). Physical work capacity (PWC/75%) to assess reliability and validity of parameters during counter-
was performed using a submaximal ergometer bike test movement jumps using similar methodologies (9,16).
(LODE) and a telemetered heart rate monitor (Polar Electro
Pre-Olympic Conditioning Program. The group undertook 33
RS400, Pursuit Performance, Adelaide, Australia). Athletes
strength sessions per week with a high priority on accelera-
cycled for 3 workloads at 100–110, 115–130, and 130–145
tion at the start of each session and core stability work
b
min21 with loads and cadence recorded at each heart rate.
conducted at the end of each session. A 13 group condi-
Athletes cycled for 3 minutes at each workload until a steady-
tioning session was also implemented per week consisting
state heart rate was found. Each steady-state heart rate and
of repeated sprint work over distances of 5–100 m with an
workload were then graphed with the line of best fit for the 3
1,800- to 2,200-m total load during the session. In addition,
points extrapolated to estimate the workload that would elicit
the athletes did 5 taekwondo skills based sessions per week
75% of the maximum heart rate. This was done on a bike to
(;3 h
d21) and had 3 recovery sessions per week (hydro-
allow for those athletes who were unable to run because of
therapy and sports massage).
injury and who still needed capacity assessment.
All athletes followed a periodized strength training programs
Lower body power was assessed bilaterally using a counter-
whereby intensity was undulated until the Olympic Games.
movement jump test using Gymaware (Kinetic, Canberra,
Intensity level was either medium or high throughout these
Australia) and unilaterally using single-leg countermovement
9 weeks. The first 3 weeks of the program consisted of 60%
squat jumps. Speed was assessed using a 20-m sprint test, from
strength, 25% power, and 15% other biomotor abilities. The
self-selected stationary start and measured using wireless
main focus here was to increase volume in addition to
infrared timing lights (Speedlight timing gate system, SWIFT,
increasing strength and power. Three to five sets of 2–5 reps
Queensland, Australia). The results for these fitness sessions
were prescribed based on using 5 major lifts (Power cleans;
were taken as the last available test battery. Because of injuries of
Squats; Stiff legged deadlifts; Bench Pull; Bench Press). In the
the athletes, some of the test data dated back to February 2008.
following 6 weeks, the sessions were broken down to be
dedicated to 50% strength based exercises, 40% power based
Part 2: Power Assessment and Monitoring. Power analysis of the
exercises, and 10% to specific drills. The main goal of these
single-leg squat jumps and the unweighted squat jumps were
sessions was to increase power and train for maximum
collected each week over the course of the 9-week program
strength. Three to five sets of 2–5 repetitions were imple-
(S1 = testing session 1; S2 = testing session 2, etc.). The power,
mented based on the aforementioned 5 major lifts in addition to
velocity, and acceleration variables for the concentric portion
sessions incorporating plyometric exercises. Uncoached ses-
of the exercises were recorded using the Gymaware optical
sions were continued upon arrival in Beijing and tapered down
encoding system (Kinetic) with the linear position transducer
up to 2 days before competition; however, no physiological
being attached to the right side of a wooden dowel rod and
performance data were collected for this period.
placed on the upper portion of the scapula region of the
athletes back. The bar was maintained in contact with the
body at this position by the athlete placing the hands on Statistical Analyses
the bar and pulling it into their body. The retraction tension of All descriptive statistics were calculated using PASW statistics
the linear position transducer was 5 N, which was adjusted for 17 package. Coefficients of variation (CVs %) were used to
calculating peak power, velocity, and acceleration. Displace- assess the intrasubject reliability of the concentric peak power
ment time data was sampled at 29 kHz and downsampled to from the single-leg squat jumps and unweighted squat jumps.
50 Hz where position points were time stamped when Concentric peak power for single-leg squat jumps (right leg)
a change in position was detected, with time between samples showed a 4% CV, single-leg squat jumps (left leg) showed
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a 6% CV and unweighted squat jumps showed a 3% CV. The

results within the tables are reported as means and SDs.
Percentage change statistics between each session for each TABLE 2. Fitness test results at commencement of
variable were also calculated in addition to percentage Olympic team selection (May 2008).*†
difference values between left- and right-leg single-leg squat Mean 6 SD
jumps. Because of the small numbers of athletes, further
statistical analysis was not performed. Strength
3RM squat (kg) 88 63
3RM bench press (kg) 56 6 12
RESULTS 3RM bench pull (kg) 61 6 10
Upper body relative 0.86 6 0.11
Part 1: Anthropometric Measurements and Fitness Testing Lower body relative 1.29 6 0.08
Profiles Aerobic performance
Body composition and LMI scores are shown in Table 1 and Shuttle test (level) 11.04 6 1.64
indicate large ranges in the sum of skinfolds, triceps, front V_ O2max (ml
min21
kg21) 53.29 6 5.69
PWC/75% (W
kg) 2.14 6 0.16
thigh and calf skinfolds. Table 2 depicts the fitness test
Power
profile of the athletes. Aerobic performance depicted a CMJ (m) 0.39 6 0.04
variation among the group with the lowest V_ O2max Single-leg CMJ—left (m) 0.26 6 0.06
(46.1 ml
min21
kg21) and bleep test score (Level 9.02) Single-leg CMJ—right (m) 0.30 6 0.03
occurring in the female athlete in the heavyweight division 20-m Sprint 3.37 6 0.36
and the highest scores from the male in the flyweight *CMJ = countermovement jump; PWC = physical
category (V_ O2max 59.84 ml
min21
kg21; bleep test: Level work capacity.
13.03). A small variation in the PWC of the athletes was †Results taken from the last testing session the test
was completed; this ranged from February 2008 to May
recorded. Right-leg dominance was shown in the single-leg 2008.
jumps, and as expected, the lower relative strength measure is
greater than the upper body measure. In the upper body
strength movements, the bench pull is shown to be greater
than the bench push. A power loading profile from the bench
throw showed that optimal power occurred at 35 kg where Single-Leg Jumps
4.35 W
kg was exerted (Figure 1). Table 3 shows the absolute values for the selected variables
during a single-leg squat jump for both the left and right legs.
Table 4 shows the percentage change in these variables
Part 2: Power Assessment and Monitoring
across the course of the 8 sessions leading up to the
Tables 3–7 show the absolute and percentage change Olympics. Overall increases in peak (,23.49%) and mean
variables in the 8 testing sessions. Training load indicators (,15.15%) power for both left and right legs occur from
(H = heavy, M = moderate, and U = unloading) for the week session 1 to session 8 testing. Undulations in peak and mean
leading up to testing are shown in each table. power occur across the 9-week cycle with decreases in power
occurring in sessions 5–7 for the right leg in all 4 athletes.

TABLE 1. Anthropometric details of the Olympic

Taekwondo athletes (n = 4).

Mean 6 SD Min Max

Stature (cm) 173.9 6 0.2 172.4 177.0

Mass (kg) 67.0 6 1.1 61.8 75.6
Skinfolds
Tricep (mm) 13.6 6 1.3 5.6 29.4
Subscapular (mm) 7.6 6 0.5 6.3 8.7
Bicep (mm) 5.2 6 0.7 2.8 8.2
Supraspinale (mm) 6.0 6 0.6 4.2 7.4
Abdominal (mm) 11.2 6 1.6 6.2 15.4
Front thigh (mm) 19.7 6 1.7 7.4 39.0
Calf (mm) 12.4 6 0.9 4.4 27.0
Sum (mm) 75.6 6 6.3 39.5 128.7
Lean mass index 37.1 6 0.4 32.7 43.4
Figure 1. Bench throw power profile of elite taekwondo athletes 9 weeks
before Olympic competition phase (n = 4).

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 2756

Power Tracking of Olympic Taekwondo Athletes

TABLE 3. Power, velocity, and acceleration variables for single-leg squat jumps on the right and left legs performed by Olympic-level taekwondo athletes over a
9-week period.*
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
the

M H H M U M H M
Training
load S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8
Right leg Conc meak 2,016.32 6 2,432.87 6 2,703.17 6 2,647.58 6 2,896.11 6 2,668.88 6 2,278.95 6 2,286.40 6
power (W) 270.38 846.19 969.02 432.10 715.23 612.96 460.00 154.07
Conc mean 782.91 6 878.21 6 904.48 6 974.11 6 1,027.55 6 940.24 6 934.98 6 907.55 6
power (W) 95.55 220.93 144.39 62.40 75.75 141.95 149.94 164.91
Conc peak 1.79 6 0.25 2.01 6 0.34 2.14 6 0.30 2.07 6 0.05 2.29 6 0.08 2.12 6 0.07 2.06 6 0.05 2.19 6 0.15
velocity (m
s21)
Conc mean 1.07 6 0.11 1.12 6 0.14 1.12 6 0.09 1.14 6 0.12 1.24 6 0.07 1.20 6 0.11 1.25 6 0.19 1.30 6 0.14
velocity (m
s21)
Allometric 121.07 6 17.18 144.71 6 43.60 160.48 6 48.74 156.36 6 20.70 171.61 6 32.85 159.14 6 29.59 138.71 6 28.40 124.71 6 28.40
scaled peak
power
(W/kg20.67)
Allometric 47.14 6 7.30 52.40 6 11.60 54.07 6 6.58 57.64 6 1.34 61.26 6 2.20 59.21 6 6.13 56.88 6 8.95 48.30 6 4.93
scaled mean
TM

power
(W/kg20.67)
Conc peak 12.69 6 2.84 12.46 6 3.77 13.03 6 3.38 15.36 6 2.04 13.45 6 1.49 14.77 6 3.31 15.56 6 0.42 12.64 6 2.68
accel (m
s22)
Conc mean 0.73 6 0.15 0.67 6 0.12 0.57 6 0.26 0.50 6 0.08 0.63 6 0.10 0.69 6 0.20 0.72 6 0.22 0.70 6 0.29
accel (m
s22)
Height (m) 0.21 6 0.04 0.24 6 0.04 0.25 6 0.04 0.25 6 0.05 0.27 6 0.03 0.26 6 0.03 0.26 6 0.02 0.33 6 0.07
Left leg Conc peak 2,055.78 6 2,469.85 6 2,622.69 6 2,600.32 6 2,543.32 6 2,200.23 6 2,554.41 6 2,384.62 6
power (W) 225.97 906.81 941.37 315.86 95.48 170.99 202.03 569.35
Conc mean 815.47 6 850.88 6 959.59 6 908.99 6 967.75 6 861.59 6 958.41 6 897.27 6
power (W) 57.28 192.56 187.87 117.43 54.09 176.33 208.16 182.26
Conc peak 1.84 6 0.12 2.01 6 0.34 2.19 6 0.30 2.11 6 0.16 2.19 6 0.17 2.04 6 0.16 2.20 6 0.22 2.17 6 0.25
velocity
(m
s21)
Conc mean 1.11 6 0.06 1.12 6 0.13 1.21 6 0.02 1.19 6 0.11 1.27 6 0.09 1.18 6 0.22 1.24 6 0.23 1.25 6 0.18
velocity (m
s21)
Allometric 124.32 6 19.12 123.12 6 9.44 146.60 6 46.20 154.89 6 46.90 155.86 6 11.82 151.86 6 6.25 134.93 6 8.58 146.10 6 33.26
scaled peak
power
(W/kg20.67)
Allometric 53.55 6 8.53 48.88 6 1.95 50.82 6 9.53 56.90 6 7.90 54.48 6 6.30 57.85 6 4.85 52.87 6 10.10 54.98 6 10.52
scaled mean
power
(W/kg20.67)
Conc peak 13.34 6 2.68 13.53 6 2.62 13.49 6 4.23 13.49 6 2.72 11.94 6 2.71 12.67 6 3.05 15.36 6 1.10 12.34 6 2.85
accel (m
s22)
Conc mean 0.79 6 0.17 0.64 6 0.08 0.48 6 0.19 0.63 6 0.06 0.59 6 0.19 0.72 6 0.07 0.74 6 0.20 0.79 6 0.12
accel (m
s22)
Height (m) 0.23 6 0.02 0.26 6 0.06 0.28 6 0.03 0.27 6 0.04 0.26 6 0.01 0.26 6 0.03 0.26 6 0.00 0.28 6 0.04

*Data are mean 6 SDs.

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 TABLE 4. Absolute and percentage (%) change in power, velocity, and acceleration variables for single-leg squat jumps on the right and left legs performed by
Olympic-level taekwondo athletes over a 9-week period.

S1 .S2 S2 . S3 S3 . S4 S4 . S5 S5 . S6 S6 . S7 S7 . S8 S1 . S8

Absolute % Absolute % Absolute % Absolute % Absolute % Absolute % Absolute % Absolute %

Right Conc peak 1,666.20 78.51 1,081.21 49.96 2621.88 22.53 939.27 34.23 2809.69 228.57 2669.77 226.52 176.08 11.21 270.08 13.39
leg power (W)
Conc mean 381.19 50.78 105.07 22.73 137.05 20.10 169.67 17.74 2151.98 215.89 54.25 5.48 28.52 22.25 124.64 15.92
power (W)
Conc peak 0.87 54.01 0.54 30.24 20.21 24.73 0.40 19.49 20.45 219.51 20.14 26.42 0.20 9.73 0.41 22.65
velocity (m
s21)
Conc mean 0.20 19.86 20.01 3.87 0.15 13.40 0.14 13.09 20.05 24.07 0.03 1.92 0.09 7.33 0.23 21.05
velocity (m
s21)
Allometric 23.64 19.63 15.77 12.49 210.80 20.84 26.95 17.11 29.18 48.55 220.36 219.63 5.32 5.61 19.17 18.55
scaled peak
20.67
power (W/kg )
Allometric 5.32 12.70 1.61 5.68 2.87 6.70 5.04 8.87 1.04 3.61 1.65 5.64 20.27 21.12 3.08 28.33
scaled mean
power (W/kg20.67)
Conc peak 20.93 210.63 2.29 30.36 3.50 31.51 20.23 20.07 2.96 17.92 20.79 24.89 22.83 218.30 20.05 -0.40
accel (m
s22)
Conc mean 20.22 226.06 20.41 273.15 20.16 36.03 0.28 51.97 0.34 50.54 20.05 20.74 0.19 22.82 20.03 -3.92
accel (m
s22)
Height (m) 0.13 62.67 0.02 9.52 0.04 26.14 20.04 210.86 20.01 20.43 0.03 13.41 0.09 33.69 0.12 56.64

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

the
Left Conc peak 1,656.28 72.79 2269.61 210.50 225.18 13.19 2212.92 24.59 2670.40 226.87 522.98 23.28 62.89 5.07 328.84 16.00
leg power (W)
Conc mean 141.62 14.01 89.61 8.38 17.23 7.51 7.24 1.08 257.07 26.14 204.95 26.45 26.44 3.42 81.80 10.03
power (W)
Conc peak 0.67 37.59 0.12 5.07 20.03 2.71 0.03 1.18 20.32 214.05 0.37 18.68 0.08 3.19 0.33 18.17
velocity (m
s21)
Conc mean 0.04 3.89 0.08 6.74 0.07 6.19 0.10 8.13 20.03 22.76 0.14 14.05 0.15 12.20 0.15 13.15
VOLUME 25 | NUMBER 10 | OCTOBER 2011 |

velocity (m
s21)
Allometric 23.55 18.20 25.27 23.50 0.56 4.40 23.59 21.53 224.50 221.13 15.90 2.34 1.84 2.54 26.24 23.49
scaled peak
power (W/kg20.67)
Allometric 1.93 3.50 1.68 2.79 0.65 2.50 0.25 0.36 20.60 22.31 6.24 7.13 0.81 1.71 6.48 13.33
scaled mean
power
(W/kg220.67)
Conc peak 0.73 6.18 20.69 28.54 21.89 29.39 22.74 215.05 0.69 4.52 2.22 18.59 23.34 220.24 21.01 -7.56
accel (m
s22)
Conc mean 20.60 262.22 20.36 262.66 0.45 130.57 20.11 212.97 0.26 60.11 0.01 5.88 0.16 24.17 0.00 0.14
accel (m
s22)

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Height (m) 0.11 44.38 0.00 3.08 0.02 8.74 20.09 230.40 0.02 9.60 20.02 24.11 0.03 11.13 0.05 23.65
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 2758

Power Tracking of Olympic Taekwondo Athletes

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
the

TABLE 5. Absolute and percentage (%) difference between left and right leg power, velocity and acceleration variables for single-leg squat jumps on the right and
left leg performed by Olympic-level taekwondo athletes over a 9 week period.*

M H H M U M H M

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8
Training
load Absolute % Absolute % Absolute % Absolute % Absolute % Absolute % Absolute % Absolute %
Difference Conc peak 239.46 21.92 236.98 21.50 80.49 3.07 47.27 1.82 3,52.79 13.87 468.65 21.30 2275.47 210.78 298.22 24.12
between power (W)
left and Conc mean 232.56 23.99 27.34 3.21 255.12 25.74 65.12 7.16 59.80 6.18 78.65 9.13 223.43 22.45 10.28 1.15
right power (W)
TM

(2 indicates Conc peak 20.05 22.76 0.00 0.00 20.05 22.38 20.04 21.97 0.10 4.46 0.09 4.26 20.14 26.45 0.02 0.92
left leg is velocity
stronger) (m
s21)
Conc mean 20.04 23.16 0.01 0.45 20.09 27.51 20.05 23.90 20.03 22.19 0.01 1.22 0.01 0.94 0.05 3.59
velocity
21
(m
s )
Allometric 23.25 22.61 21.59 17.54 13.88 9.47 1.47 0.95 15.75 10.11 7.28 4.79 3.78 2.80 221.39 214.64
scaled peak
power
(W/kg20.67)
Allometric 26.41 211.97 3.52 7.20 3.25 6.40 0.74 1.30 6.78 12.44 1.36 2.35 4.01 7.58 26.68 212.15
scaled mean
power
(W/kg20.67)
Conc peak 20.65 24.87 21.07 27.88 20.45 23.35 1.87 13.87 1.50 12.59 2.10 16.56 0.19 1.26 0.31 2.49
accel (m
s22)
Conc mean 20.06 27.31 0.04 5.75 0.09 19.10 20.12 219.86 0.04 7.33 20.03 24.43 20.02 23.15 20.09 211.07
accel (m
s22)
Height (m) 20.02 27.66 20.01 25.25 20.04 212.51 20.02 26.38 0.01 4.32 20.01 22.34 0.00 0.84 0.05 16.97

*Data are mean 6 SD.

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 TABLE 6. Power, velocity, and acceleration variables for unweighted squat jumps performed by Olympic-level taekwondo athletes over a 9-week period.*

M H H M U M H M
Training
load S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8
Conc peak 3,839.69 6 342.56 4,479.09 6 1302.33 4,544.53 6 1348.08 4,101.31 6 500.62 4,446.00 6 518.81 3,881.95 6 363.77 4,247.17 6 131.78 4,334.99 6 607.41
power (W)
Conc mean 1,290.25 6 106.40 1,354.30 6 283.42 1,400.33 6 262.20 1,298.86 6 195.97 1,452.27 6 72.69 1,318.55 6 182.30 1,386.48 6 214.17 1,413.28 6 107.81
power (W)
Conc peak 2.96 6 0.31 3.14 6 0.52 3.25 6 0.45 3.07 6 0.35 3.30 6 0.16 3.15 6 0.29 3.19 6 0.37 3.32 6 0.13
velocity
21
(m
s )
Conc mean 1.64 6 0.14 1.66 6 0.22 1.71 6 0.18 1.65 6 0.21 1.81 6 0.03 1.72 6 0.18 1.71 6 0.22 1.79 6 0.12
velocity
(m
s21)
Allometric 231.01 6 25.42 267.23 6 66.55 270.81 6 67.00 246.01 6 25.21 265.44 6 25.86 238.76 6 25.50 258.97 6 8.04 266.39 6 36.88
scaled peak
power
(W/kg20.67)

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

the
Allometric 77.64 6 8.12 81.12 6 15.28 83.82 6 13.08 78.00 6 11.58 86.76 6 0.50 81.04 6 11.21 84.54 6 13.06 86.81 6 5.75
scaled mean
power
(W/kg20.67)
Conc peak 19.17 6 4.69 18.37 6 3.14 18.95 6 2.79 17.43 6 3.98 18.49 6 3.67 17.80 6 5.01 20.31 6 4.47 19.80 6 4.08
accel (m
s22)
VOLUME 25 | NUMBER 10 | OCTOBER 2011 |

Conc mean 1.90 6 0.44 1.99 6 0.58 1.97 6 0.59 1.66 6 0.39 1.96 6 0.06 1.79 6 0.15 2.53 6 0.04 2.38 6 0.81
accel (m
s22)
Height (m) 0.35 6 0.05 0.36 6 0.08 0.40 6 0.07 0.36 6 0.07 0.41 6 0.06 0.37 6 0.06 0.35 6 0.04 0.43 6 0.07

*Data are mean 6 SD.

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 Power Tracking of Olympic Taekwondo Athletes

Minimal imbalances in power between the left and right legs

are evident for each variable with the single-leg jump on the

1.93 123.04 9.54

0.14 8.72

9.34

0.63 3.30
TABLE 7. Absolute and percentage (%) change in power, velocity, and acceleration variables for unweighted squat jumps performed by Olympic-level taekwondo

2.07 495.30 12.90

0.35 11.95

0.19 89.99 14.49

0.48 25.26
0.08 23.33
right leg being 0.05 m greater than on the left (Table 5).

Absolute %
S1 .S8
Power, velocity and acceleration variables displayed a min-
imal difference (,5%) between legs, apart from the allo-

29.38
metrically scaled values that indicated a 14% difference
between legs had developed.

25.03 0.08 22.72

3.97
4.28

2.37

14.11 20.51 22.50

41.60 20.15 25.91
%

Unweighted Squat Jumps

S7 . S8

Table 6 shows the absolute values for the selected variables

Absolute

1.13 0.13
20.32 0.07

9.84
9.41 87.82
5.15 26.80

15.42 10.17
during an unweighted squat jump. Table 7 shows the
percentage change in these variables across the course of the
8 testing sessions leading up to the Olympics. From session 1
5.87

to session 8, increases in all variables are shown. In particular,

%
S6 . S7

a 12.9% increase in peak power and a 9.54% increase in mean

Absolute

0.04
0.16 9.81 20.09 25.03 20.01

8.71

2.51
0.74
0.05 13.63 20.04 29.53 20.02
639.40 16.65 65.44 1.46 2443.22 29.75 344.69 8.40 2564.05 212.69 365.21
64.06 4.96 46.02 3.40 2101.47 27.25 153.41 11.81 2133.72 29.21 67.94

6.82 2.65 239.07 27.57 68.14

power are shown between sessions 1 and 8. When

allometrically scaling these values, these percentage increases
changed to 14.49 and 9.34%, respectively.
0.23 7.56 20.15 24.44

3.22 4.02 20.10 20.86

1.06 6.11 20.69 23.76

0.30 17.84 20.17 28.90
%
S5 . S6

DISCUSSION
Absolute

The athletes in this study were selected for the Olympic squad
on the basis of their physical, technical, and performance-
based skills. This study documents the physical qualities of the
athletes and presents the first paper to track variables across
Absolute %
S4 . S5

the course of a pre-Olympic training phase. All athletes in this

study successfully competed in the Beijing August 2008
Olympics. All athletes won at least 1 bout at the games with
the highest placed athlete competing in the repechage.
0.18 5.91 0.12 3.69 20.18 25.66
0.02 1.12 0.05 2.81 20.06 23.51
35.05 15.70 3.58 1.62 224.80 26.49

2.98 3.95 2.70 4.01 25.82 26.60

20.80 24.17 0.58 3.17 21.52 28.04

0.01 2.65 0.04 10.80 20.04 29.49

0.09 4.87 20.02 21.00 20.31 215.64

The mean anthropometrical measurements of the Austra-

%

lian Olympic quartet show a large sum of skinfolds range. The

S3 . S4

stature and mass of this group of athletes were greater than

Absolute

other taekwondo Olympic squad profiles of height and

weight for Check Republic and Croatia (14,20) but not as
much as the average mass and stature of the taekwondo
athletes competing at the 2000 Olympic games (17). The
%
S2 . S3

LMI has only been used previously with rugby players

Absolute

showing an average value of 53.1 mm
kg21 (15), the mean

LMI shown in this study (37.1 mm
kg21) is expected to be
lower as taekwondo requires a more lean body mass because
of weight categories within taekwondo competition being
%
S1 . S2

adhered to. The sum of skinfolds (75.6 mm) is much higher

Absolute

than that shown in kung fu athletes of 49.7 mm (1); however,

this study used a 7 skinfold sum on 4 athletes, whereas the
athletes over a 9-week period.

kung fu athletes had a 4-site sum of skinfolds on 14 athletes;

Conc mean velocity (m
s21)
Conc peak velocity (m
s21)

furthermore, the range of skinfold thickness in Artioli’s (1)

Conc mean accel (m
s22)
Conc peak accel (m
s22)

study was 19–79.2 mm for men and women combined,

Allometric scaled mean
Conc mean power (W)

Allometric scaled peak

Conc peak power (W)

power (W/kg20.67)

power (W/kg20.67)

which does compare to the values in this study.

The fitness tests revealed a similar work capacity to judo
athletes (2.1 W
kg21) (33) however lower than other male
and female taekwondo athletes (3.1 W
kg21) (14). The
Height (m)

athletes in this study did have higher V_ O2max scores (53.29

ml
min21
kg21) compared to values of other taekwondo
athletes (47.25 ml
min21
kg21) (14), 36.45 ml
min21
kg21 (27)
indicating that the athletes had a good aerobic base going
into the Olympic training power mesocycle. Heller et al. (14)
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indicated that a good aerobic capacity was an important trait Despite this study showing considerable increases in power in
of elite-level taekwondo athletes, although a direct link to the short term, the conjugated long-term effects of this power
taekwondo performance is yet to be determined. No data are cycle may have come from the taper program implemented
available to compare the 20-m sprint performance with other after departure. Increased strength and power as a result of
combat sport athletes; however, the times recorded in this a taper has been commonly shown in different events such as
study are comparable to those of physically active men (3.1– swimming (35) and cycling (21). However, these require
3.4 seconds) (22) and slower than a mixed-gender group of different metabolic demands and power requirements com-
track and field athletes (3.17 seconds) (25). pared to combat sports; thus, investigation into tapering in
Explosive power in lower limbs may be of paramount combat sports is an area for future research. Greater power
importance in elite taekwondo because it facilitates jump kicks outputs for both single-leg and double-leg jumps were shown in
and contributes to more powerful standing and airborne kicks weeks 2–5. This could be related to the increased volume and
(14,28,32). Furthermore, Yiau et al. (37) found that winning intensity of training and the increase in individualized training
Malaysian female taekwondo athletes jumped higher than the sessions as a result of the selection of the Olympic team.
less successful athletes. The results of this study show Jump height was the only measure that showed a consistent
fluctuations in all power variables across the 9 weeks leading increase throughout the testing sessions for both legs in the
up to Olympic departure; however, the power with reference single-leg jump and for the squat jump. In some cases, this was
to body weight is high indicating a good power-to-weight not concomitant with the highest power or velocity recorded;
ratio. This is expected because of the intensity of the training indeed, in some cases, power seemingly dropped, yet jump
weeks shown and the competition. The highest peak power height was improved. This indicates that the athlete may have
values were shown in the unloading week possibly because of become more neurally coordinated via the training program or
the reduced effects of fatigue and also the conjugated effect through the learning effect, thus making the power generation
of the previous 3 weeks’ training. This agrees with the findings more efficient; either way, this is a desirable outcome of the
of previous literature wherein a reduced volume equates to training program. A jumping action involves a triple extension
greater power in tests (3). Intensive training usually suppresses of the hip, knee, and ankle, which facilitates a proximal-to-distal
power production with these levels being shown to return momentum transference within the jump (39). Coordination
or super compensate during a taper or unloading cycle. The via correct motor patterns induces a transport of muscle power
mechanisms responsible for this may have been related to produced by monoarticular muscles via the biarticular muscles
enzymatic and type II muscle fiber size growth characteristics in a proximal to distal direction, which increases the efficiency
(23) and increases in contractile velocity of both type I and type of center of mass movement (5,36,38).
II muscle fibers (35). Because of the small reduction in body The monitoring of the left- and right-leg SL jumps showed
mass across the 9 weeks in this study, these changes in muscle that a bilateral difference was evident from session 1. This
power may also be attributable to other factors such as bilateral difference in power increased in the second half of the
improved coordination through neural firing and more efficient mesocycle; however, this was associated with athlete injury.
recruitment of muscle fibers as a result of the training (11). This may be particularly evident by increases in bilateral
This study showed that the power profiles increased from difference being shown in the peak values, indicating that
the first testing session to the last when following the maximum power was unable to be achieved in both legs because
prescribed strength and conditioning program. This is in line of injury recovery phase possibly preventing the recruitment of
with previous research where a combination program of high the fast twitch muscle fibers necessary for maximal power. This
force and high power exercises is best to increase power is further supported as differences in concentric mean power and
overall compared to solely power exercises alone (12,17). allometrically scaled mean power were reduced.
Even though the level of these athletes is greater than those To conclude, power, height, velocity, and acceleration are
of previous studies, it has been shown that the combination all improved in the final weeks of an Olympic training cycle
program implemented has served to further enhance the with a suitable strength and conditioning program. Bilateral
neuromuscular pathways, possibly via shifts in the force– differences are not exacerbated in a 9-week training cycle
velocity curve and quantitative changes of neuronal input using major lifts and in fact serve to reduce the bilateral
to the muscle although this is unconfirmed (8). More difference present. Although anthropometrics and physio-
specifically, the strength programs adopted incorporated the logical performance markers are important, technical skills
major weightlifting movements and strength exercises of also need to be explored to emphasize the importance of
varying loads, therefore, emphasizing the speed and strength correct physique in combats sport. The results from this study
elements of the power development equation. A combination are comparable with those of other elite combat sport
of heavy and light load training has been shown to be athletes. Despite power being tracked successfully using
preferable in power development compared to isolated heavy jumps, an alternative test examining repeated leg kicking
load or light load power training (6,7,10,26). speed may be useful. Furthermore, more comprehensive
The 9-week training mesocycle under assessment focused tracking of athlete’s anthropometrical measurements would
on power development opposed to seeing instant benefits. be advised especially considering the importance of weight

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 Power Tracking of Olympic Taekwondo Athletes

category and lean mass for combat sports, which would then 12. Harris, G, Stone, M, O’bryant, H, Proulx, C, and Johnson,
be able to be correlated with performance data. R. Short-term performance effects of high power, high force, or
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