ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846

Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 10(13), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2017/v10i13/112365, April 2017 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645

Phase Change Material with Thermal Energy

Storage System and its Applications:
A Systematic Review
Jaykumar H. Patel1*, P. H. Darji1 and M. N. Qureshi2
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, C. U. Shah University, Surendranagar - Ahmedabad Highway, Near Kothariya
Village, District Surendranagar, Wadhwan – 363030, Gujarat, India;
[email protected], [email protected]
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, The M. S. University of Baroda, Pratapgunj, Vadodara – 390002, Gujarat, India;
[email protected]

Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this review leads to use of Energy conservation technologies. Methods: There are so many
systems which are used for energy saving among them thermal storage system with Phase Change Material (PCM) is well
known. In this review majority focuses on the human comforts. It was observed that maintaining the human comfort is
the challenging task for living spaces like room, offices etc. such type of required energy which is satisfied by thermal
storage PCM based system. If the Phase change materials are applied to building applications they can be used for peak
load shifting in cool storage system. Findings: Development of the new techniques for getting thermal comfort for building
(lowering the heating and cooling demand is required. Also it includes the expenses behind development, maintenance
and installation. Moreover this review finds the effective phase change materials. Improvements: Such thermal storage
system has a potential to replace the conventional methods but the effectiveness or efficiency of that system is less. So it is
required improvement in the selection of thermal storage system and phase change material. Also this review presents the
potential of the phase change material system.

Keywords: Energy Conservation Technologies, Phase Change Materials, Space Heating and Cooling, Thermal Energy
Storage System

1.  Introduction energy. As there is always need to find new methods for
storing or saving the energy. One of the important and
Energy has played an important role in advancing tech- best methods for storing the energy is use of thermal
nology. It has also helped in conserving the many natural storage by Phase Change Material (PCM). Latent Heat
resources. But as time has passed the use of energy has Storage (LHS) is one of the most effective methods for
become more. There has been developing many methods storing the energy and reusing it whenever needed2.
of saving the energy which is wasted in lots of propor- PCM are materials which has ability to store the heat
tion1. Many methods such as solar energy storage, hydro energy and release them. It absorbs the latent heat from
energy storage etc. are been developed for conserving the surrounding and releases it when temperature falls3.

*Author for correspondence

 Phase Change Material with Thermal Energy Storage System and its Applications: A Systematic Review

The property of low thermal conductivity of PCM

decreases the heat transfer at the time of charging and
discharging4. In phase change process when the heat
from surrounding falls on the material, the molecules
of the material breaks and the material goes from solid
to liquid. Similarly when temperature reduces the
material releases the heat and the molecule starts join-
ing and it changes its phase from liquid to solid again. Figure 2.  Line Diagram of Phase Change Material Process.
This way the phase change material works and has
ability to store the heat3. This material uses heat from
surrounding which is wasted, when these materials are The Figure 2 indicates the process of PCM. As shown,
used in building applications the use of conventional initially it absorbs the energy then it stores it and finally
energy reduces for cooling effect. it releases whenever necessary. This way the process of
PCM takes place.

1.1  Passive Technology

The main aim of using passive technologies is to reduce
the usage of heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning
(HVAC) and get more thermal stability. This technol-
ogy provides to store energy of high quantity of energy,
by giving thermal comfort within the building. The basic
materials used in this technology are bricks, concrete or
stone7. As looking in to the depth of this review more
concentration on the passive technology. This type of
technology can be easily installed and more effective due
to its mixture with the construction material and finally
constructed with wall layers8. Also these features can help
Figure 1.  Schematic Diagram Working of PCM.
to improve its storage capacity, great potential to improve
in building efficiency9.

Figure 1 shows how the PCM works. Temperature

of outer surface is more and heat transfer takes place
between surroundings and building wall, now if the PCM
is installed in the wall as shown in Figure 1, there will
be temperature difference created between external side
and internal side of the building and the inside tempera-
ture reduces without help of any external conventional
sources5.
Conventional sources such as Air conditions, coolers,
heaters etc. uses more electrical power so there should be
minimum use of these conventional machines. The use
of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) keeps the proportion
of supply and demand equal. Better reliability and overall
efficiency can be also achieved by using TES6. Use of TES
controls the indoor conditioning and also gives better for
storing heat energy. There are basically two types of tech-
nologies used in TES.
Figure 3.  Passive Technologies with Building Wall.

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 Jaykumar H. Patel, P. H. Darji and M. N. Qureshi

In Figure 3 the PCM (passive) is installed inside the basically for free heating and cooling because this tech-
wall of the buildings. These types of technologies contain nology has renewable sources devices for generating the
PCM insulated in it. heating and cooling in the building. Such system has the
drawback of high initial cost of installation.
1.2  Active Technology Finally thermal energy storage system with phase
change material is the best technology to save the energy
This technology is most appropriate and unique solution
and free heating and cooling of building space. Also
for free heating and cooling application of building. This
system can meet the requirement of energy supply and
active system can basically working based on renewable
demand. Also this paper explores the literature survey,
sources like Photovoltaic system, solar panels etc. In this
classification, properties and its applications etc.
technology the insulation of TES in building can be done
in crux of the building for example, floor and walls. With
the help of TES in active technology we can achieve free 2.  A Systematic Survey of Phase
cooling, when the building the charged with low tempera- Change Material based System
tures at night and this stored energy is discharged when
there is necessary. However this active system is not lim- for Energy Conservation
ited to new building but it can be installed with existing
To save the energy and to meet the supply and demand of
buildings which is also giving the most efficient results in
required energy for heating and cooling of the building or
energy saving9. This system can help to save the energy
space such PCM based technologies are most appropriate
during pick load period so heating and cooling of build-
as dissected in previous section. Such technology develop-
ing space should be achieved up to sufficient level.
ment is continuously growing to protect the environment
and convection energy sources. As briefly discussed in the
Table 1 PCM based system is one of the optimum solu-
tion among the energy conservation system2. Also recent
development in thermal energy storage systems are the
most promising and user-friendly technology for space
heating and cooling. Table 1 show an extensive review
of PCM based system integrated with buildings. However
this literature survey includes PCMs are installed into the
various building components and shows its effectiveness.
From the many different studies and experiments it has
been concluded that the PCM installed buildings has good
thermal conditioning than other technologies. Moreover
it is also observed that the selection of PCM plays major
role in system efficiency. So classification, characteristics
Figure 4.  Schematic Diagram of Active Technology. and its properties are discussed in next section.

Figure 4 is an example of active technology. This tech- 3.  Energy Storage Methods
nique uses solar energy and helps in heating applications.
These are also common type of setup used now a day. Looking towards the global energy scenario, day by day
However, both technologies have merits and demerits demands of convection energy sources leads the high cost
based on their characteristics. Passive based technologies and shortage and greenhouse effect problems advice to
have good capacity of thermal stability and also reduced find out some alternate of the limited energy sources. To
the utilization of cooling and heating devices. But this sys- resolve such kind of problem renewable energy resources
tem has required high volume for PCM storage so for this are the vital source. However, these types of renewable
system gets leakage and other problems. Furthermore, to sources are intermittent in nature. Also these sources have
overcome such problems active system can be more suit- intensity variations characteristics for working in differ-
able for shifting peak load duration. Active system is used ent climate conditions and environment. Therefore such

Vol 10 (13) | April 2017 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology 3
 Phase Change Material with Thermal Energy Storage System and its Applications: A Systematic Review

Table 1.  A Review of PCM based system integrated with buildings

Building PCM Variety PCM Amalgamation Significant Discovery
Components Method
1.Casement / Paraffin Not mentioned According to this experimental knowledge we
Persiennes can conclude that solar energy gained by modern
casement arrangement is 48-50% more than
traditional arrangement. It was noticed that there
was a drastic change in solar gain during winters.
PCM offered good conditioning in the room10,11.
Not mentioned Immersion According to this experiment we can say that liquid
PCM gives good thermal conditioning. It protects
window glass from UV radiations12.
2.Wall / Panel Paraffin Microencapsulated According to this experiment the temperature is
reduced by 2-3°c in rooms without PCM13,14.
Eutectic mixture of Not mentioned According to this study we can reveal that the
capric acid and lauric temperature of the south wall of the room rises up to
acid 2-3°c in midday without PCM. It also shows that the
higher temperature is increased by 1°c and minimum
temperature reduced by 2°c without PCM15.
Organic PCM Not mentioned This study shows that the honeycomb pattern
PCM walls gives good conditioning of the room by
reducing the day temperature swing from 5.6°c to
3°c.it also lowers the peak temperature by 1°c and
whole day temperature by 3°C 16.
3.Ceiling Bio-based PCM Macro encapsulated According to this investigation it has been revealed
housing that PCM installed with solar panels in loft on the
roof reduces heat demand by 29% in minimum
temperatures and cooling load by 54% in higher
temperatures17,18.
Eutectic mixture of Macro encapsulated This investigation concludes that ceiling with PCM
CaCl2+NaCl+KCl+H2O maintains good thermal conditioning of the room
than ceiling without PCM21.
4.Floor Paraffin Macro encapsulated This investigation says that PCM combined with
radiant floor heating system saves roughly 23-25%
water demand for cooling purpose. It also ensures
good warming capacity in minimum temperatures.
Hence flooring system with PCM is more reliable
than standard flooring system.
Paraffin Microencapsulated This experiment shows that use of PCM improves
thermal conditioning by increasing time lag and
reduces surface thermal degrees by 2°C.

kind of economic and effective idea for thermal energy

storage systems satisfied the low temperature application 3.1  Mechanical Energy Storage
for heating and cooling of building space. Moreover, other Mechanical energy storage systems consist of compressed
features like operational and investment expenses are air energy storage, flywheels, pumped hydropower stor-
considered for selection of energy storage systems. There age or gravitational energy storage. Mostly pumped
are basically three types of storage system 1. Mechanical hydropower and compressed air energy storage are
Energy storage system, 2. Electrical Energy storage sys- widely used in heavy pick loads and its storage whereas
tem and 3. Thermal Energy storage system flywheels are used for intermediate storage. Storage of

4 Vol 10 (13) | April 2017 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology
 Jaykumar H. Patel, P. H. Darji and M. N. Qureshi

the energy is possible when the off pick hours or day. In Basically Thermal energy storage is divided in to three
this type of storage power can be easily discharge during parts, Sensible heat, latent heat and chemical energy.
pick hours because inadequate supply from the base- Where Sensible heat storage and Latent heat storage are
load plant. two parts in which thermal energy is stored by changing
the internal energy of the material used10. Sensible heat is
3.2  Electrical Energy Storage related to change in temperature. Energy can be stored by
increasing the temperature of a solid or liquid in Sensible
Electrical energy storage systems are most common stor-
heat storage. Specific heat, temperature change and quan-
age phenomenon. In this storage systems energy stored
tity of the material are the important factor that affects the
in to the batteries and supply. Battery is charge during
quantity of storage of heat in the material. But in compare
directly connected to the electrical sources. Also during
to sensible heat, chemical energy and latent heat, latent is
discharge the stored chemical energy is transformed in to
applicable in PCM11.
electrical energy. Electrical energy storage through bat-
teries is widely used in load levelling, off-peak power and
photovoltaic plants. Ni–Cd and lead acid batteries are the
most common types for electrical storage. CPdT=mCap(Tf-Ti)(1)

Where m = Mass of substance, Cp = Specific heat of

3.3  Thermal Energy Storage substance, dT = Temperature difference,Cap=Specific heat
Thermal energy storage has three main types; 1. Sensible, of absorption, Tf =Final temperature, Ti=Initial tempera-
2. Latent and 3. Thermo chemical storage system. Figure ture
5 shows the types of thermal energy system. Among these When a material changes its phase form solid to liquid
three thermochemical energy storage system has poten- or liquid to gas or vice versa, the absorption of heat and
tial to provide efficient results but the materials which release of heat are basic factors in which Latent heat is
are used for storage are too expensive, its development dependant5.
techniques and massive work is difficult. However such To store the thermal energy, heat storage system uses
system can be used in energy production sectors. On the the latent heat of the material1. The below equation shows
other hand a huge development in thermal energy storage the quantity or amount of thermal energy stored in mate-
technologies based on sensible and latent storage tech- rial in the form of latent heat.
niques. These two techniques are most permissible and
Q = m × LH (2)
high potential thermal storage systems. Now looking to
the scenario of sensible energy storage systems are simple Where, Q= Amount of thermal energy stored or
and cheap because of its storage medium water is eas- released (kJ), m = Mass of the material (kg), LH= Latent
ily available. Likewise in the latent heat storage systems heat of fusion or vaporization (kJ/kg)
are most convenient and viable. In latent storage systems The equation (2) is also known as “Equation of storage
have ability to storage high amount of energy and due to capacity of Latent heat with PCM medium”.
its compact design this system provides higher overall It is very clear that mass and latent heat are only factors
efficiency and low heat losses. In comparison with sen- on which the quantity is based on. PCMs are materi-
sible storage system, latent storage system can store 6 to als used to store thermal energy in form of latent heat1.
15 times more heat per volume2. Storage of Latent heat is very appealing as it has ability to
store high-energy and can store energy at very constant
temperature in limited range of temperature11.
It concludes that PCMs can store the latent heat very
efficiently and are very useful materials for cooling appli-
cations.

3.4  Latent Heat Storage System

As discussed in previous section latent heat storage system
Figure 5.  Classification of Thermal Energy Storage. for thermal energy is the promising technology. Thermal

Vol 10 (13) | April 2017 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology 5
 Phase Change Material with Thermal Energy Storage System and its Applications: A Systematic Review

storage system is used with phase change materials will 4.1  Classification of Phase Change Material
satisfy the domestic energy requirements.
Basically there are three types of phase change materi-
Normally design and construction of latent heat stor-
als which includes; 1. Organic Materials, 2. Inorganic
age is of PCM, working fluid and an appropriate well
Materials and 3. Eutectic Materials. The brief descrip-
designed heat exchanger. These systems process consist
tion of the each classification is mention in below
of thermodynamic cycle in which progressive melting
section10. Figure 6 indicates the types of Phase change
(charging) and solidification (discharging) is to be done.
material.
Several studies have been carried out on phase change
materials characteristics, selection, classification, its
design and construction, its applications and appropriate 4.1.1  Organic Phase Change Materials
techniques for heat exchange. This type of PCM classify in to paraffin and non-paraffin.
Phase-change heat transfer problems are relevant Majority Phase change materials (PCMs) are character-
both to the storage of thermal energy from intermittent ized by their capability to freeze and melt under the
source such as the sun and to various processes in geo- different temperature condition. Paraffin is saturated
physics and technology. hydrocarbons from CnH2n+2 groups12. It has very simi-
lar properties in which C5 and C15 paraffin are in liquid
state and others are in wax solid state. The paraffin wax
4.  PCM Classification, contains the straight chain hydrocarbons and it has low
melting temperature in the range of 23°C to 70°C. So
Characteristics, Its Selection
paraffin wax is most effective PCM for domestic appli-
for Efficient System and cations. Similarly non paraffin organic phase change
Applications materials have various properties. The review states that
it includes alcohols, glycols are used for thermal energy
There are several types of materials are invented storage13.
among them few has characteristics of change in its
phase according to the different temperature. Every
material has own properties to change its phase dur-
ing change in temperature. Furthermore latent heat
and thermal conductivity is various for different
materials. It is found that the main demerit of the
phase change material is their low thermal conductiv-
ity. Due to this reason heat transfer rate goes down.
As described in previous section selected PCMs have
suitable temperature range for particular application. Figure 6.  Classification of Phase Change Material.
In reality there is no standard material to be utilised
for PCM systems because each material has its own 4.1.2  Inorganic Phase Change Materials
merits and demerits. Salt hydrates and metallic are the classification of inorganic
Moreover phase change materials are used for ther- Phase change materials. In salt hydrates contain the water
mal energy storage purpose so more attention is required and salt. This combination of water and salt create the crys-
due to large capacity of storage. Metallic alloys, inorganic talline matrix after getting the solidification. Salt hydrates
salts undergo reversible phase transformation, organic are available in different types of melting temperature ranges
paraffin are the significant parameters of phase change between 15°C to 117°C. Salt hydrates have unique charac-
materials. Such system can be used for building or space teristics of latent heat thermal storage so it is used in PCMs.
heating because of its isothermal behaviour during pro- Due to segregation in hydrates and dehydrates salts reduces
cess. The efficient system latent heat storage is desirable its volume for thermal energy storage. In thermal energy
when the small temperature changes. This is only hap- storage metallic containers are used for storage purpose
pened because of its phase change enthalpy, high storage but corrosion caused due to salt hydrates. Likewise metal
density etc. eutectics and low melting metals are the parts of metallic14.

6 Vol 10 (13) | April 2017 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology
 Jaykumar H. Patel, P. H. Darji and M. N. Qureshi

Metallic materials as a PCM survey are limited due to its Table 2.  Different types of PCMs
high melting temperature and heavy weight. However such Name Type Melting
materials are used where weight is not a major parameter Temperature
and only focuses on the volume. Also these materials have in ºC
Low specific heat and High heat of fusion per unit volume. Lauric Acid Organic 44.2
Paraffin carbons Organic 5.5 to 75.9
4.1.2 Eutectics
Formic Acid Organic 7.5
The eutectics comprise of at least two segments where
Caprilic acid Organic 16.3
each of them melts and stops consistently framing a blend
Glycerin Organic 17.9
of a segment that precious stone amid crystallization
prepare. For the most part, eutectics liquefy and solidify Paraffin 18 carbons Organic 28
without isolation. Amid dissolving process, both parts p-Lattic acid Organic 26
melt in the meantime without probability of partition. Methyl palmitate Organic 29
Finally it would be concluded that organic materials Paraffin 19 carbons Organic 32
are not super cool and are chemically stable, also they are Methyl eicosanate Organic 45
non-acidic. The latent heat fusion is very high. Inorganic Methyl fumarate Organic 59.5
compounds are corrosive and are not easily available. They
Diphenyl amine Organic 102
also undergo super cooling and decomposition rate is
NaNO3 Inorganic 310
very high. Most of inorganic materials are salt hydrated15.
From discussed in previous section materials organic NaNO2 Inorganic 282
materials are selected as these materials are cheap in cost, Na2SO 10H2O
4
.
Inorganic 32.4
are more corrosion resistance, are easily available and KOH Inorganic 360
have low thermal conductivity. So it is better to select the NaCl Inorganic 284
organic material than inorganic. Zinc Inorganic 420
KNO3 Inorganic 337
4.2 Characteristics and its Selection for Titanium Inorganic 1500
Efficient System Na2SiO3·5H2O Inorganic 72.2
Selections of Phase change materials are important part to Silver Inorganic 961.78
developed efficient thermal storage systems. There are dif-
ferent types of PCMs available in Organic and Inorganic 4.2.2  Chemical Properties
form. Some of them are listed in Table 2. Chemical properties are the important due to their chemi-
Different types of PCM with their melting points are cal reaction with different material and atmosphere
shown in Table 2. Generally Organic PCMs have low condition. Among all such properties like non-corrosive,
melting points and Inorganic PCMs have high melting on-flammable, No phase separation or chemical decom-
point. Organic PCMs are less corrosive then that of inor- position, Chemical stability after many cycles of operation,
ganic due less proportion of water content. Following are No degradation after many cycles of operation and non-
the desirable characteristics and properties. toxic are to be considered during selection. As discussed
in above section selection of PCMs are the vital factor for
4.2.1  Thermo Physical Properties the thermal storage system. Also it is observed that the cost
and availability of material should be Abundant and Cheap.
This characteristic includes high thermal conductivity in
both liquid and solid phases, high density, No sub cooling
during freezing, Phase change temperature fitted to the
4.3  Applications of PCMs
application, Low volume change during the phase change, PCMs help in storage of thermal energy, solar cook-
Low density variation during phase change, High latent ing, cold energy battery, ice storage i.e. conditioning of
heat of fusion per unit mass, High value of specific heat to buildings, keeping the heat and electrical engines cool
give additional benefits of sensible heat storage. also in Medical such as blood transportation, hot-cold

Vol 10 (13) | April 2017 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology 7
 Phase Change Material with Thermal Energy Storage System and its Applications: A Systematic Review

therapies15. They can be applicable in spacecraft ther- was easy and economic with sufficient heat transfer. Portable
mal systems, protection of electrical devices from heat, heat storage system was possible with micro-encapsulation18.
Computer cooling, turbine inlet chilling with thermal In this method PCM were placed in a protective coating.
energy storage, Shelter for telecom in various tropical System was also known as phase change slurry (PCS). Figure
regions16. Figure 7 shows comparison of rock water and 8 shows the micro-encapsulation.
reinforce concrete cement storage capacity.

Figure 7.  Comparison for Storage of Energy in Different

Mediums. Figure 8.  Micro-Encapsulation Wall.
Here an example is shown of capacity of storage of
190KJ of energy at different temperature of different mate- Another method developed was Molecular-
rial. Here Methyl palmitate is taken as base material. Methyl encapsulation by Dupont de Nemours which allowed a
palmitate stores 190 KJ of energy at 29ºC, water stores same very high concentration of PCM within a polymer com-
amount energy at about 50ºC and RCC store 190KJ energy pound. With the invention of this method drilling and
at 190ºC. So by the given graph it is clear that PCMs stores cutting through the material without any leakage was
the energy at very low temperature in compare to other possible19. Molecular encapsulation is shown in Figure 9.
materials. PCMs are very efficient in storage of energy.

5.  Methods of Encapsulation

Available
All the above properties will completely satisfy when
they are packed in containers with some reagents. This
packing of PCM is also known as encapsulation17. Salt
hydrates, fatty acids and esters, and different paraffin’s are
most commonly used PCMs. In recent study ionic liquids
were also used as PCMs18. Organic solutions are free of
water they can be easily exposed to air so all the salt based Figure 9.  Molecular-Encapsulation.
PCM solutions should be properly encapsulated.
PCMs are been used since late 19th century as a medium
for thermal storage. They have been also used as refrigerated AS PCMs gives best efficiency in small containers,
transport for rail and road applications and so they are very so they are generally divided into cells. The material of
well known. Encapsulation must be done because PCMs packing should be good conductor of heat. Also it should
changes phase between solid-liquid in thermal cycling. strong enough to accept changes to storage material’s vol-
Initially Macro-encapsulation of PCMs failed due to ume as phase changes. Materials should not dry out20.
less thermal conductivity of PCMs. The heat transfer was not The packaging must be corrosion and leakage resistance.
much effective as the material was solidifying at the edges of Stainless steel, polypropylene and polyolefin are common
containers17. But the Micro-encapsulation was a success. It packaging materials which has chemical compatibility
was applied into construction materials, such as concrete. It with room temperature.

8 Vol 10 (13) | April 2017 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology
 Jaykumar H. Patel, P. H. Darji and M. N. Qureshi

6.  Conclusion 3. Markandeyulu T, Devanuri JK, Kumar KK. On the

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