Table of Contents

1. Business environment Overview....................................................................................................................................................................... 6

1.1 Ease of doing business .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Business environment .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.1 Working hours ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
1.2.2 Entry requirements in Ethiopia for KSA nationals ......................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2.3 Key contacts in Ethiopia for KSA nationals ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Financial Environment.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
1.4 Legal Environment ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
2. Rules of Origin ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
2.1 Rules of Origin between Ethiopia and KSA..................................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Non Preferential Rules of Origin Ethiopia ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
3. Trade Barriers ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1 Trade Barriers in Ethiopia.................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
3.1.1 Tariff Barriers ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
3.1.2 Non-Tariff Barriers .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
4. Trade Remedies ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
4.1 Trade remedies by Ethiopia: Impact on Saudi Exporters .......................................................................................................................... 14
4.1.1 Anti- dumping, Countervailing and Safeguard Measures ........................................................................................................................ 15
4.1.1.1 Tackling Anti-dumping measures in Ethiopia .......................................................................................................................................... 15
4.1.1.2 Tackling Countervailing measures in Ethiopia ........................................................................................................................................ 15
4.1.1.3 Tackling Safeguard measures in Ethiopia ................................................................................................................................................. 15
5. Key Ports of Entry in Ethiopia .......................................................................................................................................................................... 16
5.1 Key Ports in Ethiopia .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
5.2 Key Airports in Ethiopia ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
5.3 Accessing Key Inland Markets in Ethiopia.................................................................................................................................................... 17
5.3.1 Dry ports ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
5.3.2 Key Inland markets and transportation methods ...................................................................................................................................... 18
4.1 Land Borders in Ethiopia ................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
5.4 Shipping Lines used in KSA .............................................................................................................................................................................. 18
5.4.1 Major Shipping lines and Lead Time from KSA to Ethiopia..................................................................................................................... 18
5.4.2 Major Air transport routes and Lead Time from KSA to Ethiopia .......................................................................................................... 19
5.4.3 Rates of key routes between KSA and Ethiopia .......................................................................................................................................... 19

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 5.4.4 Rates of key routes for air cargo between KSA and Ethiopia .................................................................................................................. 20
6. Key Logistics Facilities........................................................................................................................................................................................ 20
6.1 Industrial Parks in Ethiopia ............................................................................................................................................................................... 20
6.1.1 Key Trade-related incentives in Industrial parks ........................................................................................................................................ 20
6.2 Storage facilities/ services provided at the ports in Ethiopia................................................................................................................... 21
6.2.1 Types of Storage Facilities/Services ............................................................................................................................................................... 21
6.2.2 Costs of Storage ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
7. Overall Import Process ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
7.1 Overall Import Process ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
7.2 Customs Clearance process .............................................................................................................................................................................. 25
7.3 Lead Time and Cost involved for Overall Import Process ........................................................................................................................ 27
8. Key import documents ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
8.1 Summary table of key import documents .................................................................................................................................................... 28
8.1.1 Mandatory Documents ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
8.1.2 Additional Documents....................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
8.2 Documents Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
8.1.1 Bill of Lading ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
8.1.2 Commercial Invoice ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
8.1.3 Import Declaration Form .................................................................................................................................................................................. 29
8.1.4 Packing List ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
8.1.5 Certificate of Origin ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 30
8.1.6 Bank Permit........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
8.1.7 Certificate of Conformity................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
8.1.8 Certificate of Analysis......................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
8.1.9 Import License/Permit ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
8.1.10 GMP .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
8.1.11 Phytosanitary certificate/ Health certificate............................................................................................................................................. 32
9. Key Government Agencies involved in Import ........................................................................................................................................... 33
9.1 Summary table of Key Government Agencies involved in the Import Process.................................................................................. 33
9.2 Key Government Agencies involved in the Import of Specific Industries targeted by Saudi Arabia ............................................ 33
10. Key Standard Agencies and Their Approval Process – Ethiopia ............................................................................................................ 34
10.1 Standard Agencies According to Industry..................................................................................................................................................... 34
10.2 Ethiopian Standards Agency (ESA) ................................................................................................................................................................. 35

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 10.2.1 Process for Acquiring the Inspection Certificate ..................................................................................................................................... 35
10.2.2 Key Documents Required ............................................................................................................................................................................. 36
10.3 Food, Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia ...................................................................... 36
10.3.1 Drug Registration Process ............................................................................................................................................................................. 37
10.3.2 Key documents required ............................................................................................................................................................................... 38
10.3.3 Costs involved .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 39
10.3.4 Lead Time........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
10.3 Customs Clearance Process for Imported Food at Ethiopia land port .................................................................................................. 39
10.3.1 Key documents required ............................................................................................................................................................................... 40
10.3.2 Lead time............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 41
11. Packaging and Labelling Regulations – Ethiopia ....................................................................................................................................... 41
11.1 General Industries ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
11.1.1 Industry Regulator........................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
11.1.2 Laws and Regulations..................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
11.2 Food Industry ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
11.2.1 Industry Regulator, Laws and Regulations ............................................................................................................................................... 41
11.2.2 Labelling Requirements ................................................................................................................................................................................. 41
11.3 Pharma industry .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 42
11.3.1 Industry Regulator........................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
11.3.2 Laws and Regulations..................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
11.4 Cosmetic industry ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
11.4.1 Industry Regulator........................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
11.4.2 Laws and Regulations..................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
12. References ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 45

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 Disclaimer
Saudi Export Development Authority “SAUDI EXPORTS” have prepared the Import Guide as a part of its continuous publication
on countries. The purpose of this guide is to provide a high-level view of the country imports process, procedures, documentation
requirements, stakeholders…etc., based on available public information. Its analysis, perceptions, and anticipations are subject to
personal judgment. “SAUDI EXPORTS” is not liable for any consequences caused by the understanding and interpretation of any
part of this guide. In general, the information in the report present a broad view of the imports environment of this country. Saudi
exporters are encouraged to carry out further studies to be updated and more informed on the import process, procedures, and
documentation requirements identified in this report.

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 1. Business environment Overview
1.1 Ease of doing business1

Ethiopia has been ranked 161th in the world on the ease of doing business by Doing Business, World Bank. The ranking is
based on certain key parameters that have been elucidated in Table 1 below.

Table 1 Ease of doing business rankings 2018

S. No. Topics Doing Business Rank (2018)

1 Starting a Business 174
2 Dealing with Construction Permits 169
3 Getting Electricity 125
4 Registering Property 139
5 Getting Credit 173
6 Protecting Minority Investors 176
7 Paying Taxes 133
8 Trading Across Borders 167
9 Enforcing Contracts 68
10 Resolving Insolvency 122

1.2 Business environment2

The cultural differences among people and companies might pose several challenges for Saudi exporters in conducting
business in a foreign country. For ease of doing cross border businesses, Saudi exporters must not only understand but also
strategize to accommodate significant culture differences between KSA and Ethiopia.

Saudi Exporters can develop first contacts by attending business networking events and by contacting industry associations
in Ethiopia. For more information on such business associations, Saudi Exporters can visit the link below and click on the
“Private Sector and Other Partners” tab:

http://www.investethiopia.gov.et/useful-links

It is vital to develop and maintain relationships while doing business in Ethiopia. In general, Ethiopians are very formal during
initial meetings. Handshake is the most common way of greeting the business counterparts in Ethiopia during business

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Doing Business
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 meetings. Small friendly conversations are used in the beginning of meetings. Saudi exporters are advised not to rush through greetings
as it is considered important to develop a long standing relationship.

Saudi exporters are advised to get their business cards printed in English and Amharic (front/back) prior to travelling. Saudi exporters are
advised to use an interpreter while dealing with importers to ensure proper and clear communication. For more information, Saudi
Exporters can visit the link below:
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/529710/Ethiopia_-
_List_of_Translators.pdf
Gift giving is important part of business practice in Ethiopia. Saudi exporters are advised to give small gifts which are unique
and have heritage connectivity with Saudi Arabia. Gifts are given using either using both hands or the right hand only; and
never by using left hand.

1.2.1 Working hours3

The general business hours of Ethiopia vary from KSA. Different businesses operate between varied dates and timings as
mentioned below in Table 2 below. Saudi Exports advises the exporter to recheck with their business partner prior to
scheduling business travel.
Table 2 Working Hours - Ethiopia

Working Days Working Hours

Monday to Friday 8.00 am – 5.00 pm

• Most common lunch time: 12:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m.
• Most shops are open until 6 p.m. from Monday to Saturday

1.2.2 Entry requirements in Ethiopia for KSA nationals

Saudi exporters who intend to visit their trading partners in Ethiopia can obtain a business visa from visa offices appointed by
Ethiopian embassy in Riyadh. Saudi exporters can contact them and obtain information regarding visa process, checklist and
cost. For contact information, Saudi Exporters can visit the link below:
http://www.riyadh.mfa.gov.et/Home/VisaServices

1.2.3 Key contacts in Ethiopia for KSA nationals

In Ethiopia, the embassy of Saudi Arabia is the first point of contact for Saudi Exporters which is in Addis Ababa. Working
hours of the embassy is from 9.30 am to 3.30 pm (Monday to Friday). The embassy provides information on the rules and

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 regulations of Ethiopia, and other services to Saudi nationals in Ethiopia, can also be contacted for solving any issues faced by
the Saudi exporters.

For more details like the head of mission, contact information, etc., Saudi exporters can visit the link provided:
http://embassies.mofa.gov.sa/sites/Ethiopia/en

1.3 Financial Environment4

National Bank of Ethiopia is responsible for the regulation and supervision of domestic and foreign banks operating in
Ethiopia. For more information on banks operating in Ethiopia, Saudi exporters can visit the link provided below:
https://www.nbe.gov.et/financial/banks.html

In Ethiopia, there exists wide range of financial instruments that are used for sending payments to Saudi exporters for the
goods sold in Ethiopia. Following is the list of commonly used payment instruments in order of increasing risk:
• Confirmed irrevocable letter of credit
• Irrevocable letter of credit
• Documentary collection
• International Telegraphic Transfer
As receiving timely payment is considered to be a major hurdle for Saudi Exporters while exporting to Ethiopia, hence Saudi
exporters are encouraged to use more secure payments specially while partnering with new importers.

1.4 Legal Environment

Constitution is the supreme law in Ethiopia, superseding all other regulation in the country. The legal system constitutes of
codified laws, including civil, penal, civil procedure, penal procedure, commercial and maritime codes. For more details on
laws, compensation and dispute settlement, Saudi exporters can visit the links provided below:
http://www.ethiopianembassy.org/PDF/Ethiopia_Investment_Guide_2015.pdf (Page 27)
Additionally, Ethiopia is a member of the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (World Bank affiliate and a signatory to
the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States). For more details for
help during dispute settlement, Saudi exporters can visit the links provided below:
https://www.miga.org/contact

For more information about the INCOTERMS to be used while drafting contract, Saudi exporters can visit the links provided
below:

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 https://iccwbo.org/resources-for-business/incoterms-rules/incoterms-rules-2010/

Saudi Exporters can obtain the list of practicing lawyers in Ethiopia from the link provided below:
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/529711/Ethiopia_-
_List_of_lawyers_in_Ethiopia.pdf
As of 2018, Ethiopia is ranked 68th for enforcing contracts by Doing Business, World Bank. It takes up to 530 days and 15.2%
of the claim amount (e.g. it would cost SAR 15,200 for a claim amount of SAR 100,000) for resolving a commercial dispute
through court in Ethiopia.5

2. Rules of Origin
2.1 Rules of Origin between Ethiopia and KSA
Rules of Origin determines the nationality of the products imported into Ethiopia and determines the applicable customs duty
and taxes, as well as how anti-dumping, countervailing, and safeguard measures will be applied to imports from Saudi Arabia.
Currently, KSA has not signed any free trade agreements with Ethiopia and the Non preferential rules of origin are applied for
imports from KSA into Ethiopia.6

2.2 Non Preferential Rules of Origin Ethiopia7

As mentioned in section 2.1, Ethiopia applies the principle of Non preferential rules of origin for goods imported from Saudi
Arabia. The Ethiopian Revenues and Customs Authority makes the below mentioned provisions for the rules of origin:

1. In Ethiopia, two major criteria determine the country of origin of the imported products mentioned below:
a. The “wholly-produced” principle: A product is considered “wholly- produced” within a country if it
originates from there and if all the materials used in producing the product are sourced from within the
nation. The goods that are considered to be wholly produced/ obtained from an exporting country are:
i. Agricultural products yielded from the country;
ii. Animals which are born and raised in the country;
iii. Products that are obtained from the live animals in the country;
iv. Products that are obtained by hunting or fishing conducted in the country;
v. Products that are obtained from the sea and from rivers and lakes within the country by a vessel
of that country;
vi. Products produced on ships from the items notified in (v).

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 vii. Mineral products obtained from the soil or seabed.
viii. Scrap and waste that results from the manufacturing operations within the country;
ix. Goods that are produced within the country exclusively or mainly from one or both of the
following:
x. Products referred to in sub-paragraphs (i) to (ix) above;

b. Principle of “substantial transformation”: Goods that undergo transformation into a new and different
product with a distinctive name are subject to the principle of substantial transformation. Goods can be
considered as substantially transformed if it fulfills the following rules:
i. Regional Value Content requirement – If at least 35 % of value is added to a product in the last
substantial transformation. The value is calculated as an ad valorem basis of the ex-works price
(EXW), Free on Board (FOB), Cost Insurance and Freight (CIF)
ii. Change in tariff classification – If there is a change on the four digit level of chapter, tariff
heading, tariff subheading, tariff heading split or tariff subheading as a result of processing.
iii. The specific technical requirement – If the product fulfills the product specific rules or
processing operation can be considered as origin from the country.
2. Documentation must be submitted to Customs as evidence of imported goods origin.
3. Certificate of Origin authorizes the origin of imported product and fulfills the document requirements as specified
in the bilateral trade agreement.
4. Saudi Exporter can obtain the Certificate of Origin from the Ministry of Commerce and Investment, Saudi Arabia.
To obtain the application and for more information on the procedure to obtain the Certificate of origin, Saudi exporters
can visit the link provided below:
https://mci.gov.sa/en/Agencies/IndustrialAffairs/a8/Documents/Application%20of%20Origin%20Certificate%20(Ge
neral%20Form).pdf

3. Trade Barriers
3.1 Trade Barriers in Ethiopia
3.1.1 Tariff Barriers8

3.1.1.1 Customs duties Tariff

• Goods imported under the non-preferential rules of origin are subject to customs duties, as provided under the
Customs Tariffs Regulations No.122/1993
• The Rate of customs duty imposed on imported goods in Ethiopia ranges from 0% to 35%.

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 • The simple average applied MFN rate is 17%.
• Saudi exporters are requested to kindly visit the link provided below for more information about the tariff rates that
are applicable to different categories of products.
http://www.erca.gov.et/index.php/tax-calculator?view=taxcalc

3.1.1.2 Value Added Tax (VAT)9

• Value Added Tax (VAT) is levied on goods and services in Ethiopia under the provisions provided in the Council of
Ministers Regulations No. 79/2002
• VAT is charged at 15% for most of the imported products in Ethiopia.
• For more information on the VAT law in Ethiopia, Saudi exporters can visit the link provided below:
http://www.erca.gov.et/images/Documents/Proclamation/VAT/reg-no-79-2002-council-of-ministers-value-added-
tax.pdf

3.1.1.3 Excise Tax10

• Excise tax is levied on certain products like soft drinks, powder soft drinks, petroleum products etc.
• Excise tax can be levied as a specific tax based on the Cost, Insurance, and Freight (CIF) value and customs duty of
the product.
• Excise taxes are levied from 10% to 100% or as product - based specific prices.
• For more information, Saudi exporters are requested to kindly visit the link provided below:
https://www.2merkato.com/articles/tax/types/54-excise-tax-in-ethiopia

3.1.1.4 Surtax11

• Surtax is levied on all imported goods in Ethiopia under the provisions in the Imported Goods Regulation No
133/2007.
• Sur tax is levied at a flat rate of 10%. The tax is calculated as an aggregate of the applicable CIF value, customs duty,
VAT, and excise taxes of the good
• Certain products like fertilizers, motor vehicles, etc. are expected from Surtax.
• For more information on the Sur Tax in Ethiopia, Saudi exporters can visit the link provided below:
https://www.2merkato.com/images/downloads/regulation_133_2007.pdf

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 3.1.1.5 Withholding Tax12

• Withholding Tax is levied on all imported goods in Ethiopia under the provisions provided in the Income Tax
Proclamation No. 286/2002.
• Withholding tax is the income tax that is imposed on the goods imported and the payment of goods.
• Withholding Tax is levied at a flat rate of 2% - 3% depending on the value of the products. The tax is calculated as
an aggregate of the CIF value of the imported goods
• For more information on the Withholding Tax in Ethiopia, Saudi exporters can visit the link provided below:
https://www.2merkato.com/images/downloads/proclamation_608_2008.pdf

3.1.2 Non-Tariff Barriers13

3.1.2.1 Import Prohibitions, Restrictions and Licensing

• Ethiopia prohibits imports of certain goods like weapons etc. to ensure national security, moral and public health
protection.
• Certain products like food products, pharma products are restricted for import according to the provisions in the
Proclamation of 1997.
• Regulated products can be imported into Ethiopia after obtaining necessary permits or licensing from the relevant
government agency/ agencies.
• Prior to the importation of restricted goods into Ethiopia, import licenses must be obtained from the relevant
government agency, as per the provisions in the Proclamation No. 67/1997.
• Import licensing is used to ensure the safeguard public health, national security and welfare of the people.
• Import permits are issued upon the fulfillment of compliance requirements for imported products and the fees
may vary depending on the type of products imported according to the relevant Ethiopian Standards

3.1.2.2 Import Quotas

• Currently, Ethiopia does not have any import quotas

3.1.2.3 State Trading

• Currently, Ethiopia does not operate any State Trading Enterprises.

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13 Foreign trade regime - Ethiopia

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 3.1.2.4 Standards and Technical regulations

• Ethiopian Standards Agency (ESA) is a statutory body that was established according to the provisions provided in
the Ethiopian Council of Minister Regulation No. 193/2010
• ESA is the national standards body that develops, monitors, and implements the Ethiopian Standards (ES) and
technical regulations in Ethiopia
For more information about ESA and the standards, kindly visit the links provided below:
http://www.ethiostandards.org/
• Ethiopian Standards are mandatory for certain products like building materials, chemicals etc. For more
information on the list of mandatory standard products, Saudi Exporters can visit the link provided below:
https://verigates.bureauveritas.com/wps/wcm/connect/08da3d02-3e07-49a5-8c01-2758ecde7b16/Ethiopia+-
+BV+-List+of+compulsory+standards+and+regulated+products+Ed+1.0.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
• ESA is an affiliated International Electro technical Commission (IEC) member and a participating member of
CODEX
• Ethiopian Standards Agency (ESA) is the World Trade Organization (WTO) - Technical Barriers to Trade- (TBT)
enquiry point for disseminating information and making decisions on standards, technical regulations, and
certification.
• More information about the standard approval process is provided in Section 10 of this guide.

3.1.2.5 Certification and Conformity Assessment

• All regulated goods imported into Ethiopia, such as chemical, building materials etc. have to satisfy conformity
assessment processes to ensure alignment with Ethiopian Standards.
• This program is known as the Inspection Certificate Program and is implemented by the Ethiopian Conformity
Assessment Enterprise (ECAE), to ensure conformity of products.
• Products are certified in Ethiopia by ECAE according to the relevant Ethiopian Standards.
• More information on the standard approval process is provided in Section 10 of this guide.

3.1.2.6 Accreditation14

• Ethiopian National Accreditation Office (ENAO) is the national accreditation body established under the
provisions of the Ethiopian National Accreditation Office Re-establishment Council of Ministers Regulation No.
279/2012.

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 • ENAO is responsible for the accreditation of certification bodies, inspection bodies, testing and calibration
laboratories in Ethiopia.
• ENAO operates under the supervision of the Ministry of Science and Technology in Ethiopia. For more
information about ENAO and their services, Saudi exporters are encouraged to visit the link provided below:
http://www.enao-eth.org/

3.1.2.7 Labelling

• The labelling requirements for products in Ethiopia is provided by the Ethiopian Standards Agency
For more information on the regulation for labelling, kindly visit the link provided below:
http://www.ethiostandards.org/other%20files/Binder9.pdf
• Products must be labelled in English or Amharic or can be labelled as a combination of both
• More information on labelling is provided in Section11 in this guide.

3.1.2.8 Sanitary/ Phytosanitary requirements

• Prior to importing food, agricultural and meat products, all the sanitary requirements for importing food products
must be fulfilled by the exporter which needs to be checked and confirmed by relevant authorities at the exporting
country.
• In Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Food, Medicines and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority (EFMHACA) is
the national regulatory authority for food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics products.
• These products are subjected to inspection on arrival by the authorities from the respective government agencies.
More information on the regulator can be obtained from the link below:
http://www.fmhaca.gov.et/

4. Trade Remedies
4.1 Trade remedies by Ethiopia: Impact on Saudi Exporters15
Trade remedies are tools that facilitate the government of the Ethiopia to take remedial action against exports causing
material injury to the domestic industry.

15 Foreign Trade Regime - Ethiopia

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 4.1.1 Anti- dumping, Countervailing and Safeguard Measures
• Currently, Ethiopia has no laws and regulations for implementing the anti-dumping, countervailing and safeguard
measure on imported products. As a result, Ethiopia has not imposed any trade remedies on its trading partners in
the previous years.
• In case trade remedies are imposed later, Saudi exports advices Saudi exporters to follow the below mentioned
tackling measures

4.1.1.1 Tackling Anti-dumping measures in Ethiopia

Trade remedies are tools that facilitate the government of the Ethiopia to take remedial action against exports causing
material injury to the domestic industry.

• Prior to exporting, Saudi exporters must understand the complete production cost of the product and its market
price in KSA.
• For avoiding imposition of quantitative restrictions on products imported from KSA, Saudi Exports advises the
Exporters to price the exported products not lesser than the price of that product and/or the production cost in
KSA.
• Saudi Exporters must also have prima facie evidence to prove that the products are not imported or priced at a
price lower than the production cost of the product in that country.
• Saudi Exports advises Saudi exporters to exercise caution while disclosing prima facie evidence and to share only
the needful.

4.1.1.2 Tackling Countervailing measures in Ethiopia

• For avoiding imposition of quantitative restrictions on products imported from KSA, Saudi Exports advises the
Exporters not to undertake predatory pricing techniques using the subsidy provided in KSA for production and
export.
• Saudi Exporters must also have prima facie evidence for defense to prove that the subsidy provided by KSA has
not benefited them for reducing the price of the products in the Ethiopia.
• Saudi Exports advises Saudi exporters to exercise caution while disclosing prima facie evidence and to share only
the needful.

4.1.1.3 Tackling Safeguard measures in Ethiopia

• Prior to exporting, Saudi exporters must carry out an extensive research on the market to forecast the supply and
demand of the imported products in the Ethiopia.

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 • In cases where the supply is higher than demand, Saudi Exports advises the exporters to reduce the volume of
exports in a way that it does not affect the domestic industries.
• Saudi Exporters must also have prima facie evidence to prove that the volume of products imported will not harm
or injure the competitiveness of the domestic industries.
• Saudi Exports advises Saudi exporters to exercise caution while disclosing prima facie evidence and to share only
the needful.

5. Key Ports of Entry in Ethiopia

5.1 Key Ports in Ethiopia16
Ethiopia is a landlocked nation and has no ports. However, under the port utilization agreement signed by Ethiopia with
Djibouti, goods can be shipped to Djibouti port and then can be forwarded to Ethiopia by trucks as shown in figure below.
Information about Djibouti port, types of cargo handled and website has been summarized in the table below.
Table 3: Major Ports to access Ethiopia

Port Cargo Handled Website

Port of Djibouti Container, general cargo http://www.portdedjibouti.com/

Figure 1: Major port to access Ethiopia

5.2 Key Airports in Ethiopia17

Ethiopian Civil aviation Authority (ECAA) is the regulating authority under the Ministry of Transport for enforcing all laws and
regulations governing air transportation in Ethiopia. According to the CIA, Ethiopia has 17 airports. For importing cargo, Addis

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 Ababa Bole International Airport is the key airport in Ethiopia. For more information on ECAA, Saudi exporters can visit the
link provided below:
http://www.ecaa.gov.et/

Figure 2: Key Airports in Ethiopia

5.3 Accessing Key Inland Markets in Ethiopia

5.3.1 Dry ports18

Being a landlocked country, Ethiopia has started to establish dry ports for regional and global facilitation of trade. A dry port
service enterprise is established under the provisions provided in the Regulation No. 136/2007 or 136/1999EC. In 2009,
Ethiopia established its first dry port in Modjo east of Addis Ababa. The other dry ports in Ethiopia are located in Semera,
Gelan, Diredewa, Kombolcha, Mekelle, Addis Ababa and Bishoftu. The services offered in the dry ports are mentioned below:

• Dedicated storage area for export and import goods

• Depot services for containers
• Loading and unloading services
• Stuffing and de-stuffing services for export and import goods

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 5.3.2 Key Inland markets and transportation methods
According to the CIA, the major inland markets of Ethiopia is Addis Ababa which is the capital of Ethiopia. The key city and
distance from the nearest port are provided in the table below:

Table 4: Access to Key cities - Ethiopia

Key Cities Nearest port Distance from the port

Addis Ababa Port of Djibouti 870 Km

Addis Ababa Addis Ababa Bole International Airport Same city

4.1 Land Borders in Ethiopia

Goods are imported into Ethiopia mostly via the port of Djibouti. The land border of Ethiopia is linked to Djibouti by a major
land border called as the Galafi border, which facilitate the movement of goods between the two countries. Being a land
locked country, land ports have played a vital role in the development of trade activities in Ethiopia. There major ports/ border
crossings between Ethiopia and Djibouti mentioned in the table below:

Table 5: Land borders – Ethiopia and Djibouti

Land border as known in Djibouti Land border as known in Ethiopia

Galafi Mille check point

5.4 Shipping Lines used in KSA

5.4.1 Major Shipping lines and Lead Time from KSA to Ethiopia19
Many large scale shipping lines are offering maritime transport service from key ports in Saudi Arabia to ports in Djibouti.
According to Linescape, Jeddah, King Abdul Aziz port, King Abdullah port and Jubail are the only ports of call in KSA for
container ships going to Ethiopia.
Table 6: Lead Time from KSA to Ethiopia

Ports in KSA Port of Jeddah King Abdul Aziz port King Abdullah Port Port of Jubail

Ports in Djibouti Duration (in days)

Port of Djibouti 3 – 45 11 – 42 3 – 39 10 – 46

19 Linescape

18
 5.4.2 Major Air transport routes and Lead Time from KSA to Ethiopia20
Goods can be exported by air from Jeddah, Dammam and Riyadh airports to Manila which is the major airport in Ethiopia
through Saudia Cargo. Table below provides the lead time for transporting goods by air from the major airports in KSA to
major airport in Ethiopia,

Table 7: Lead Time from KSA to Ethiopia

Major Airports in KSA Riyadh Dammam Jeddah

Major airports in Ethiopia Duration (in hrs)

Addis Ababa 2-3 2-3 1-2

5.4.3 Rates of key routes between KSA and Ethiopia21

The costs of shipping from KSA ports to the Djibouti ports are estimated in the Table below. Please note that the estimates
were based on certain assumptions using http://worldfreightrates.com/en/freight.

Table 8: Lead Cost from KSA to Ethiopia

Ports in KSA Port of Jeddah King Abdul Aziz port King Abdullah Port Port of Jubail

Ports in Djibouti Cost of Transportation (SAR)*

Port of Djibouti 2,700 – 3,890 5,380 – 7,740 - 5,380 – 7,740

*Cost assumptions:
Method of shipping selected is ocean
Costs were estimated based on the industries available on World Freight Rates
The value of all products calculated was priced at 100,000 USD
Full container load (FCL) was selected and 40 FT containers
None of the accessorial charges (Hazardous or Insurance) were selected
The cost of transportation is a rough estimate

It is estimated that by road it would cost SAR 5,700 for transport of goods from Djibouti to Ethiopia. Saudi exporters can obtain
the information from the link below:
http://blog.ethiotrack.com/2016/06/cost-of-road-transport-in-ethiopia.html

20World Freight rates

21 World Freight Rates

19
 5.4.4 Rates of key routes for air cargo between KSA and Ethiopia22
The costs of air cargo from KSA airports to the Ethiopia airports are estimated in the Table below. Please note that the estimates
were based on certain assumptions which are also provided in the table below. The freight costs were estimated using
http://worldfreightrates.com/en/freight.
Table 9: Air cargo rates from KSA to Ethiopia
Transportation costs (SAR) Addis Ababa
Type of product exported Frozen food Frozen meat

Jeddah/ Riyadh/ Dammam/ Medina/ Taif/ Al Qassim 12,710 – 14,050 12,760 – 14,100
*Cost assumptions:
Method of shipping selected is air
Costs were estimated based on the industries available on World Freight Rates
The value of all products calculated was priced at 100,000 USD
Load was selected at 210 kg/cm and dimensions as 140*100*90
None of the accessorial charges (Hazardous or Insurance) were selected
The cost of transportation is a rough estimate

6. Key Logistics Facilities

6.1 Industrial Parks in Ethiopia23
Industrial Parks in Ethiopia are established under the provisions provided in the Regulation No. 297/2013. As per the
provisions of the Act, Ethiopian Industrial Development Zones Corporation (EIDZ) was established under the Ministry of
Industry. EIDZ develops and manages the industrial parks in Ethiopia, promotes investments, extend assistance, grants
incentives and facilitates business operations inside the Industrial zones. For more information on the operational and
industrial parks that are under development, Saudi exporters can visit the link provided below:
http://www.investethiopia.gov.et/investment-opportunities/strategic-sectors/industry-zone-development

6.1.1 Key Trade-related incentives in Industrial parks

A number of incentives are provided by Industrial parks to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and increase international
competitiveness which include:
• Exemption from duties and other taxes for imported products
• Streamlined customs procedures in the park
• Exemption from other taxes like income tax etc.
• Preferential tax scheme on VAT, withholding tax etc.

22 World Freight Rates

23 Ethiopia Investment Commission

20
 For more details about the incentives provided in Industrial parks in Ethiopia, kindly visit the following link below:
http://www.investethiopia.gov.et/investment-opportunities/strategic-sectors/industry-zone-
development

6.2 Storage facilities/ services provided at the ports in Ethiopia

6.2.1 Types of Storage Facilities/Services

6.2.1.1 The Types of Warehouses24

The Customs proclamation No. 859/2014 provides details about the types of warehouses, establishment of warehouses,
entry and withdrawal of goods etc. in Ethiopia. Ethiopian revenue & customs authority (ERCA) is responsible for providing
license, supervision, and control of all customs bonded warehouses and other customs storage places. For more information
on the warehouses administration provisions, Saudi exporters are encouraged to visit the link provided below:
http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/IDRL/Customs-ProclamationNo.%20859-2014%20ETH.pdf

Depending upon the type of usage and the activities performed in the warehouse, Customs warehouses provided by ECRA
can be broadly classified as mentioned below:

6.2.1.1.1 Temporary customs storage

These storage places can be either enclosed or open yards where goods are stored prior to customs clearance under the
supervision of the customs authorities. Goods that are customs cleared cannot be stored in these areas.

6.2.1.1.2 Bonded Customs Warehouse

Goods that are customs cleared can be stored in this warehouse under the supervision of the customs authorities. Goods
stored in bonded customs warehouses are exempted from duties and all taxes. However on withdrawal of goods from the
warehouse, the importer must pay the relevant taxes and duties.

6.2.1.1.3 Bonded Factory

These types of warehouses are used for producing goods under the supervision of the customs authorities. Raw materials and
accessories used for production are exempted from import duties and taxes.

6.2.1.1.4 Government Customs Warehouse

Goods that are seized or forfeited or abandoned goods can be stored in the warehouse under the supervision of customs
authorities.

24 Ethiopia laws

21
 6.2.2 Costs of Storage
Goods are imported into Ethiopia via the port of Djibouti. The costs of storage in Djibouti port depends on the type of
container and number of days the goods are stored.
For more information on costs of storage, Saudi exported are requested to kindly visit the link provided below:
http://www.portdedjibouti.com/paid-prices.pdf

7. Overall Import Process

7.1 Overall Import Process25
Goods can be imported into Ethiopia under the provisions provided in the Proclamation No. 859 of 2014. All imported
products that are to be cleared, whether for home consumption, or for warehousing, are to satisfy the set Customs clearance
procedures. However, products can be imported under various procedures mentioned below:
• Re-Export
• Entry for Home use
• Temporary import
• Re-importation
• Customs warehousing
• Customs transit
Ethiopia is a landlocked country and does not have any ports. The government of Ethiopia has signed port utilization
agreements with the Government of the Republic of Djibouti and Sudan under which the goods can be sent to the ports in
Djibouti and subsequently forwarded to Ethiopia. For more information on the agreement, Saudi Exporters can visit the link
provided below:
http://www.mot.gov.et/information/-/asset_publisher/oK9j/content/port-utilization-and-transit-afairs-department
Ethiopian Revenues and Customs Authority (ERCA) has coordinating offices in Djibouti port which is responsible for ensuring
facilitation of trade to Ethiopia. The overall import process for Ethiopia via Djibouti port is as illustrated in Figure 3 below:

Stage I: Pre Import Arrangements

There are pre-import arrangements that are to be made prior to the arrival of the goods in the Djibouti port. Prior to the
import of goods, importer has to fulfill various criteria. For importing regulated goods, the importer has to obtain an
Import permit from the respective state agencies. Importer assigns an authorized agent for completion of transit
procedures in Djibouti. Importer arranges a freight forwarder who can pick up goods from Djibouti port and deliver in
Ethiopia.

25 Ethiopia Chamber

22
 Illustrative Import Process via Djibouti Port

I II III

Pre-import Ship arrives

Arrangements Bill of Entry via EDI

Zoll
Douane

VI V IV

Arrival of goods in Truck reaches the Inspection of

Ethiopia border Djibouti border Documents and
Cargo

Zoll
Douane

$
VII VIII XI

Customs clearance Delivery Yard and

Customer / Importer
Payment of Duties

= Process stage

Figure 3: Overall import process

23
 Stage II: Bill of Entry via EDI
The importer/ Customs broker completes the Bill of Entry by completing the IM 4 form and submits the documents
required for customs clearance via EDI to the ERCA. The required documents (Discussed later in Section 7) and necessary
information should be submitted 5 days prior to the arrival of from the time of the discharge of last package from the
vessel.26
Note: Bill of Entry can be done online through ASYCUDA

Stage III: Ship arrives

Ship arrives in the Djibouti port. A Manifest must be submitted to the Customs via EDI 24 hours prior to the arrival of
ship at the port. The goods from the vessel are unloaded from the ship and loaded to a truck for transit to Ethiopia.

Stage IV: Inspection of Documents and Cargo

Authorities from ERCA’s Djibouti office evaluate the import declaration against the information obtained from the
Ethiopia’s ERCA office. Authorities also inspect the cargo that is loaded to the truck after which the authorities seal the
loaded cargo. Authorities register the seal number and the Truck plate number of the truck and provides the transit
documents to the authorized agent in Djibouti. The agent submits the transit documents to the valuation and document
insurance officer who registers all information and provides the agent with the road transport manifest. The agent issues
the road transport manifest and the transit documents to the trucker/ freight forwarder.

Stage V: Truck reaches the Djibouti border

Trucker leaves the Djibouti port. Trucker submits the first copy of the transit document to the customs authorities present
in Djibouti’s land border. Customs authorities verify the document and releases the truck to Ethiopian territory.

Stage V I: Arrival of goods in Ethiopia border

Goods arrive at the Ethiopia customs border where the Trucker submits the road transport manifest and the transit
documents to the customs officer. Customs officer ensures that the seal that was placed in Djibouti port is intact. If the
seal is unbroken or untampered, the customs officer forwards the transit documents to the transit officer

Stage VII: Customs clearance at port

Transit officer verifies the documentation submitted by the importer and the transit documents provided by the ERCA
office in Djibouti. Based on declaration submitted, ASYCUDA channelizes the imported goods as green, yellow and red
depending on the risk based assessment. Goods are channelized based on the risk assessment system. Imported goods
are examined based on the channels and the results are obtained.

Stage VIII: Delivery Yard and Payment of Duties

The cleared goods are stored in temporary storage facilities. Importer pays the relevant duties and taxes after which the
goods are transported from the temporary storage facility to the importer’s warehouse.

26 Ethiopia laws

24
 Stage IX: Importer / Customer
Imported goods are received by the importer/customer.

7.2 Customs Clearance process27

All goods imported to Ethiopia are subjected to customs clearance and control according to the provisions provided in the
Proclamation No. 859/2014. The customs clearance process is illustrated in the Figure 4 below:

Stage I: Prior to Bill of Entry

1) The importers must be registered with the Ministry of Trade and Industry prior to goods importation.
2) The importer must obtain a Tax identification number (TIN) certificate and Value added tax (VAT) Certificate from ERCA.
3) Importer has to obtain an Import Permit for importing restricted goods to Ethiopia from the respective government
agencies.
4) Importer assigns an agent in Djibouti for completion of transit procedures and a freight forwarder to carry the imported
goods from port of Djibouti to Ethiopia

Stage II: Bill of Entry via EDI

1) Importer/customs broker obtains all the required documents required for customs clearance of the imported goods.
2) The importer/customs broker submits the IM 4 form containing all required information and technical description about
the goods to the customs office electronically via EDI.

Stage III: Transit procedures are fulfilled

1) Goods arrive in Djibouti port and is unloaded from the vessel and loaded in the truck under the supervision of the ERCA
authorities.
2) Cargo is physically inspected with the declaration submitted by the importer
3) Customs Authorities seals the truck and issues a seal number.
4) A transit document and a road transport manifest is issued to the truck driver.
5) Truck leaves the Djibouti port and reaches the Djibouti border where the truck driver submits the first copy of transit
documents.
6) Once the truck is cleared in the Djibouti border, the truck arrives in the Ethiopian land border.
7) The truck driver issues the Road transport manifest to the customs officer in the ERCA entry gate.

27 Ethiopia Chamber

25
 Illustrative customs process

I II III

Prior to Bill of Bill of entry Transit procedures

Entry via EDI are fulfilled

VI V IV

Review of documents Goods are channelized Preliminary

evaluation

VII VII IX
I
Payment Goods are Payment of Duties for Goods are cleared
examined imported goods

= Process stage

Figure 4: Illustrative Customs Process

Stage IV: Preliminary evaluation of sealed goods and documents
1) Customs officer verifies the declaration form and the documents submitted to ensure the authenticity of imported
goods.
2) Customs officer also ensures that the sealed cargo is not tampered or removed.

26
 Stage V: Goods are channelized
1) Depending on the declaration and documents submitted, the ASYCUDA system channelizes the goods as low risk
(Green), Moderate risk (Yellow) or high risk (Red).
2) If the product is classified as green, then the next step is stage VIII

Stage VI: Review of Documents

1) For frequent importers, customs officer ensures that the history of the importer and transitor is clear.
2) If the product is channeled into Yellow or Red lane, the Customs Officer evaluates the documents to understand the
type of examination that is recommended by the ASYCUDA system
3) Customs officer physically inspects the imported goods along with the documents submitted to ensure the conformance
of the imported goods
4) For yellow lane, the products goes to stage VIII

Stage VII: Examination of imported goods

1) Once the document is reviewed, imported goods are transferred to a customs designated bonded warehouses where
the goods are examined.
2) Depending on the results of documentation review, customs officer decides the type of examination that the goods have
to be subject to prior to clearance

Stage VIII: Payment of duties for imported goods via EDI

1) Results of the documentation review and goods examination are compiled
2) Importer pays the customs duty and other relevant taxes at the customs station.

Stage IX: Release of goods

1) On payment of all duties and charges, customs officer issues a release note to the importer.
2) The importer provides the release note to the bonded warehouse keeper who releases the goods from the Bonded
warehouses.

7.3 Lead Time and Cost involved for Overall Import Process28
According to the World Bank, the associated time and cost of import for a standard goods shipment listed in the Table 10
below:
Table 10: Lead Time and Cost for Customs Process
Lead Time Cost
S. No Import Procedure
(Hours) (SAR)
1 Documents preparation 194 2,810
2 Customs clearance and inspections 166 2,770
Total: 360 5,580

28 Doing Business

27
 8. Key import documents
8.1 Summary table of key import documents
8.1.1 Mandatory Documents29
Seven mandatory documents are required for importing goods into Ethiopia.
Table 11: Mandatory documents for Imports

Procured Procured
# Document 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
from for
Original airway bill / Shipping
1
Bill of Lading Company
Customs ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
2 Commercial Invoice Exporter Customs ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Import
3
Declaration Form
Importer Customs ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
4 Packing List Exporter Customs ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
5 Certificate of Origin MCI Customs ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Government
6 Import permit
agencies
Customs ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Ethiopian
7 Bank Permit
banks
Customs ✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
Note:
1 - Building Materials, 2 - Chemicals & Polymers, 3 - Food Products, 4 - Packaging, 5 - Consumer Durables, 6 - Heavy Machinery & Electronics, 7
- Precious Metals & Jewelry, 8 - Pharmaceuticals, 9 – Textiles

8.1.2 Additional Documents

A number of additional documents are generally required for customs clearance of specified products.
Table 12: Additional Documents for Imports
Procure
# Document Procured from 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
d for
1 Certificate of analysis Exporter Customs  ✓   ✓
2 GMP certificate Regulatory body Customs ✓
Phytosanitary/ Health Origin Regulatory
3
Certificate body
Customs ✓
4 Certificate of Conformity Regulatory body Customs ✓ ✓ ✓
✓✓✓✓✓✓
Note:
1 - Building Materials, 2 - Chemicals & Polymers, 3 - Food Products, 4 - Packaging, 5 - Consumer Durables, 6 - Heavy Machinery &
Electronics, 7 - Precious Metals & Jewelry 8 - Pharmaceuticals, 9 – Textiles

29 Ethiopia Chamber

28
 8.2 Documents Overview

8.1.1 Bill of Lading30

The Bill of Lading as defined by the International Trade Centre (Intracen) acts as,
• A receipt where the carrier acknowledges that he has received the carriage; this acts as an evidence for the contract
of carriage.
• A transferable document of title where the goods are delivered according to the “to order” provided in the Bill of
Lading and follow all validations that are provided in the order.

Figure 5: Ocean Bill of Lading - Sample

8.1.2 Commercial Invoice31

The commercial invoice is a bill provided for the purchase of goods, which is provided to the buyer by the seller. Such invoices
are mostly used in foreign trade as it allows governments to identify the actual value of the goods when they are assessed for
Customs duties.

Figure 6: Commercial Invoice - Sample

8.1.3 Import Declaration Form

An import declaration is a document provided by the importer to the Customs providing information about imported goods.
32 The information in the declaration is used to assess the duty and taxes for the goods.

30 Intracen

31 Aramex

32 Government of Australia

29
 Figure 7: Customs Import Declaration – Sample

8.1.4 Packing List

Packing list provide detailed information about the shipment. An international packing list contains details about the date of
shipment, seller, buyer, shipper, invoice number, the type of package, such as a box, crate, drum, or carton, mode of transport,
carrier, and itemizes quantity, description, the quantity of packages, total net and gross weight (in kilograms), package marks,
and dimensions. 33

Figure 8: Packing List - Sample

8.1.5 Certificate of Origin34

The Certificate of Origin (CoO) according to the International Chamber of Commerce is a document which attests that the
goods imported are wholly obtained, produced, manufactured or processed in a particular country.

Figure 9: Certificate of Origin - Sample

33 KK Freight

34 International Chamber of Commerce

30
 8.1.6 Bank Permit35
A Bank permit must be obtained for any foreign exchanges transactions that are performed in Ethiopia.

8.1.7 Certificate of Conformity36

A Certificate of Authority is issued to the importer when all the standard requirements are met by the manufacturers and
importers of the product.

Figure 10: Certificate of Conformity - Sample

8.1.8 Certificate of Analysis37

A document that us issued by QA that ensures the compliance of the product according to the provided regulation.

Figure 11: Certificate of Analysis - Sample

8.1.9 Import License/Permit38

For importation of controlled goods, importers require a prior permission or permit from the respective government agencies.

35 Daschen Bank

36 Intertek

37 Sigmaaldrich

38 US CBP

31
 Figure 12: Import Permit - Sample

8.1.10 GMP39
The “Good Manufacturing Practice” certificate is provided to authenticate that the product conforms to all requirements
prescribed by the regulatory authority. The scope of the certificate covers all aspects from the materials used, manufacturing
facilities and equipment to the level of training of the employees.

Figure 13: GMP - Sample

8.1.11 Phytosanitary certificate/ Health certificate

The purpose of the health certificate is to protect human health and safety, and to keep international trade under control. A
Phytosanitary Certificate is issued by the plant protection organization of the exporting country to the plant protection
organization of the importing country. 40

39 ISPE

40 Canadian Food Inspection Agency

32
 Figure 14: Phytosanitary Certificate – Sample

9. Key Government Agencies involved in Import

9.1 Summary table of Key Government Agencies involved in the Import
Process
There are number of government entities who are involved in the import process in Ethiopia. These entities or agencies are
summarized with their roles in the import process and website in Table 13 below
Table 13: Key Government Agencies

Key government agencies Role Website

• Responsible for facilitating trade and http://www.mot.gov.et/ho

Ministry of Trade
monitoring trade related activities me
• Responsible for clearance of goods
Bureau of Customs http://www.erca.gov.et/
imported to Ethiopia
Ethiopian Civil aviation • Responsible for management and
http://www.ecaa.gov.et/
Authority development of airports in Ethiopia

Ethiopian National • Responsible for accreditation of

certification bodies, inspection bodies, www.enao-eth.org/
Accreditation Office
testing and calibration laboratories.
• Responsible for implementing and
National Bank of Ethiopia https://www.nbe.gov.et/
monitoring foreign exchange transactions
9.2 Key Government Agencies involved in the Import of Specific Industries
targeted by Saudi Arabia
There are a number of other governmental entities or agencies involved in the import process in Ethiopia based on the type
of industry or products. A list of key entities or agencies along with the information such as the industry/ product types they
serve, role in the import process, and websites are given in table below:

33
 Table 14: Key Government Agencies for Specific Industries

Government agency Product/Industry Function/Role Website

• Responsible for developing,
http://www.ethiostandar
Ethiopian Standards implementing and coordinating
All products ds.org/
Agency standardization activities in the
country.
Food, Medicine and
• Responsible for regulating food,
Health Care
Food, Cosmetics drugs, cosmetics etc. http://www.fmhaca.gov.
Administration and
and Drug products • Responsible for developing and et/
Control Authority of
issuing standards for the products
Ethiopia (EFMHACA)
• Responsible for regulating the plant http://www.moh.go
Ministry of Health Food products
and livestock food products imports v.et/

10. Key Standard Agencies and Their Approval Process –

Ethiopia
10.1 Standard Agencies According to Industry
Saudi Exporters in the nine industries identified by Saudi Exports are to obtain certificates for their products exported to
Ethiopia from the standard agencies provided for in the table below
Table 15: Standard agencies according to industry

S.
Standard Agency Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Web link
No
Ethiopian Standards http://www.ethiost
1
Agency ✓✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ andards.org/
Food, Medicine and
Health Care
http://www.fmhaca
2 Administration and ✓ ✓ .gov.et/
Control Authority of
Ethiopia (EFMHACA)
Note:
1 - Building Materials, 2 - Chemicals & Polymers, 3 - Food Products, 4 - Packaging, 5 - Consumer Durables, 6 -
Heavy Machinery & Electronics, 7 - Precious Metals & Jewelry ,8- Pharmaceuticals, 9 – Textiles

34
 10.2 Ethiopian Standards Agency (ESA)
Ethiopian Standards Agency is the national regulatory authority for general industries in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Standards Agency
promotes the Ethiopian standards according to the provisions provided in the Regulation No193/2010. ESA is involved in
development of various standards at the national and international level. ESA is the national inquiry point and develops
conformity assessment guideline and technical regulations for products produced or imported to Ethiopia. ESA performs
inspection, testing and provides certification for imported products. For more information on ESA certification, Saudi
Exporters can copy and paste the link provided below in web browser:
http://www.ethiostandards.org/

10.2.1 Process for Acquiring the Inspection Certificate41

According to the regulation, prior to importation of products that require mandatory certification, importer must obtain the
Import certificate. The process to acquire Import certificate is illustrated in Figure 15 below:

Illustrative Process for Inspection Certificate

I II III
Submission of application Assessment of Clinical trials on
form, documents, and application the sample
application fee

IV

Inspection Certificate
is issued

Figure 15: Process for obtaining Inspection Certificate = Process stage

41 SGS

35
 Stage I:
Applicant obtains all the relevant certifications and documents from the manufacturer. Applicant submits the request for
certification form along with the notified documents mentioned in Section 9.2.2 to the ESA authorized third party laboratories.

Stage II:
Submitted documents are evaluated by the authorities in the accredited laboratories. If the test report is provided, the report
will be evaluated by the testing laboratory to confirm the compliance of the product with nationally accepted product
standards

Stage III:
Inspector/ inspecting body physically inspects the imported goods and collects samples for laboratory testing. The collected
sample are sent to a recognized testing laboratory. The laboratory performs proper coding and testing on the collected
samples and the test results are compiled.

Stage IV:
If the test results ensure the conformity of the products according to the Ethiopian standards, then a certificate of inspection
is approved for the product submitted. The applicant pays all the relevant fees and charges after which the certificate of
inspection is issued to the applicant

10.2.2 Key Documents Required

The key documents required to obtain the Inspection certificate are mentioned below:
• Request for certification form filled up – Can be obtained from the link provided below:
www.intertek.com/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=34359764547
o Must be filled according to the instructions provided in the application form
• Separate application required for each products
• Commercial Invoice
• Product technical data sheets
• Test reports
• Product specification documents
• Quality management certificates
• Existing approvals (if any)
10.3 Food, Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority
of Ethiopia
Food, Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia (EFMHACA) was established under the
provisions provided in the Proclamation No. 176/1999. EFMHACA is the national regulatory body for Medical devices, drug
and food products to ensure the safety, efficacy and quality of products under the Ministry of Health. EFMHACA protects the

36
 national safety and security through services like assessment of product qualities and registration of drug registration. For
more information on EFMHACA, Saudi Exporters can visit the link provided below:
http://www.mris.fmhaca.gov.et/public/home

10.3.1 Drug Registration Process42

Prior to import of drug products to Ethiopia, The importer must register the drug product under the regulation of Proclamation
No. 176/1999. The illustrative drug registration process is provided in the Figure 16 below:

Illustrative Process for Drug Registration

I II III
Submission of application Assessment of Clinical trials on
form, documents, and application the sample
application fee

IV

Product is
registered

Figure 16: Illustrative drug registration process = Process stage

Stage I:
Applicant submits the drug registration form to the EFMHACA along with all the medicine application dossier. The drug
registration fee is paid by the applicant and the copy of the receipt is submitted to the EFMHACA along with the documents.

42 FMHACA

37
 Stage II:
EFMHACA evaluates the submitted application form and the medicine dossier to ensure the completion of data. If required,
the applicant is notified to submit additional data of clinical studies. On acceptance of application form, an application
number is allocated and provided to the applicant. The data provided in the application and dossiers are entered into a
Medicine Registration Information System (MRIS). Authorities from the registration section analyses the submitted
documents to ensure compliance of the imported drug products.

Stage III:
On successful evaluation, sample of the drug products must be submitted along with the laboratory Quality Control
Requisition Form to the product quality assessment directorate. Saudi Exporters can obtain the requisition form from the
link provided below:
http://www.rrfa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Samples-Submision-Form-030.001.pdf
Clinical tests to ensure the quality, purity, and other physico-chemical qualities of the drug products are conducted.

Stage IV:
Findings of the clinical trials are compiled and evaluated. Laboratory reports along with the dossier submitted is forwarded
to the medicine registration and licensing directorate Director of FMHACA. If the submitted data and results of clinical trials
confirms the conformance of pharmaceutical products, the registration director issues the market authorization certificate
to the applicant. Once registered, the market authorization certificate is valid for 5 years. Renewal of market authorization
must be applied at least 120 days prior to expiry.

10.3.2 Key documents required

The key documents required for the drug approval process are as follows:
• Completed Application form – Can be obtained from the link provided below
http://www.ethiopianreview.com/pdf/001/Reuirments%20&%20Guidelines%20For%20The%20R
egistration%20Of%20Pharmactical%20Manufaturers.pdf
• Copy of agency agreement between the manufacturer & importer
• Product information and characteristics
• Certificate of suitability
• A GMP certificate and Certificate of Pharmaceutical product
• Clinical study reports
• Biopharmaceutical studies
• Representative sample
• Labelling materials

38
 10.3.3 Costs involved43
Table 16: Costs involved in pharma registration process

S. No. Contents Cost (SAR)

1 New drug Application 1,875
2 Renewal of registration 940
3 Amendments in registration 375
*Varies depending upon the type of pharmaceutical product

10.3.4 Lead Time

In general, it might require a duration 3 to 6 months for obtaining the market authorization for drug products in Ethiopia.

10.3 Customs Clearance Process for Imported Food at Ethiopia land port44
Food products are imported into Ethiopia under the regulations provided in the Ethiopian Food, Medicine and Healthcare
Administration and Control Authority Proclamation No. 661/2009. Imported food products are regulated by Food, Medicine,
Healthcare and Control Authority under the Ministry of Health in Ethiopia. FMHACA authorities ensure the conformance of
imported food products at the ports of entry.

The process for clearance of food products at port of entry is illustrated in Figure 17 below:

Stage I:
Importer must obtain an import permit from the relevant government agencies or regulatory bodies depending upon the
product types. Importer must also obtain a Letter of Credit covering the complete value of imported goods. Importer must
obtain the other documents mentioned in section from the relevant government agencies or authorities

Stage II:
Importer completes the customs declaration and submits all the necessary documents to customs for clearance via EDI to the
Ethiopian Revenue and Customs Authority.

Stage III:
Imported food products are detained at the port of entry for inspection. Submitted documents are evaluated by the customs
officer. Authorities from the respective government agencies perform examination and laboratory analysis to ensure the
safety and quality of the imported food products.

43
Ethiopia Regulatory - Overview
44 USDA

39
 Illustrative Imported Food Clearance Process at Port

I II III

Importer needs to check Importer files the customs Authorities examines

and obtain the Pre- declaration form and documents and goods
requisites documents
$

✓
IV
Clearance of goods

= Process stage

Figure 17: Import food clearance process

Stage IV:
If goods comply with the health and SPS regulations, then the goods are cleared and a release note is issued to the importer

10.3.1 Key documents required

The key documents required for import of food products are as follows:
• Pro forma invoice
• Transport documentations like Bill of Lading, packaging list etc.
• Certification of Origin
• Free sale certificates
• Quality and safety certificates
• Certificate of conformity

40
 • Import permit/ Special certificates/permits like phytosanitary and sanitary certificates depending on the type of
food products imported

10.3.2 Lead time

It might require up to 21 days for clearance of food products in Ethiopia ports of entry.

11. Packaging and Labelling Regulations – Ethiopia

11.1 General Industries

11.1.1 Industry Regulator

Ethiopian Standard Agency (ESA) is the national regulator for the general industries in Ethiopia. ESA establishes national
Standards, and the test methods, and code of products. For more information about the regulator, Saudi exporters may visit
the link provided below:
http://www.ethiostandards.org

11.1.2 Laws and Regulations

Ethiopian Standard Agency (ESA) was established under the laws and regulations that are set under Ethiopian Council of
Minister Regulation No. 193/2010. For more information about the laws and regulations, Saudi exporters may visit the links
provided below:
https://chilot.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/reg-no-193-2010-ethiopian-standards-agency-establishment.pdf

11.2 Food Industry

10.2.1 Industry Regulator, Laws and Regulations

Food, Medicine and Health Care Administration and control authority of Ethiopia is the primary regulator for food industry in
the country. For more information on the regulator, Saudi exporters may visit the link provided below:
http://www.fmhaca.gov.et/

Laws under which the food products are governed in Ethiopia are
• Ethiopian Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority Proclamation No. 661/2009
• Ethiopian Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority Regulation No. 189/2010
• Food Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Councils of Ministers Regulation No 299/2013.

10.2.2 Labelling Requirements45

The labelling requirements for prepacked food products are mentioned in the table below:

45Agri
Exchange

41
 Table 17: Labelling requirements

Language
S. no Category Information required
requirements

1 Product Name or
-
Name of the Food
2 -
Nutrient content
a) List of ingredients (except for single ingredient
Complete list of
3 foods) in descending order of weight
ingredients b) List of ingredients that may cause an allergic
reaction
Net contents and
4
drained weight - All information
must be provided in
Name and address of
English or Amharic
manufacturer,
a) Name and address of the manufacturer, packer, or a combination of
5 repacked, packer,
distributor, importer, exporter or vendor both
importer, trade and
distributor

6 Lot Identification Code identifying producing factory and lot

a) Must be provided as Day, Month, Year
7 Expiry date

Direction /
8 If needed
instruction for use
Additional GM foods must carry the label with the following
9
information statement: ‘genetically modified food’

10.3 Pharma industry46

10.3.1 Industry Regulator

Food, Medicine and Health Care Administration and control authority of Ethiopia is the primary regulator for pharma industry
in the country. For more information on the regulator, Saudi exporters may visit the link provided below:
http://www.fmhaca.gov.et/

46 FMHACA

42
 10.3.2 Laws and Regulations
“Guideline for Registration of medicines 2014” provides information about the labelling and packaging requirements of drugs
in Ethiopia.

For more information about the laws and regulations, Saudi exporters may visit the link provided below:
http://www.fmhaca.gov.et/documents/Guideline%20for%20Registration%20of%20Medicines%202014.pdf

The labelling requirements for food products are listed in the table below:
Table 18: Pharma labelling requirements

Language
S. No. Category Information required
requirements
1 Product Name -
a) Pharmaceutical form
2 Dosage form and strength
b) Route of administration
Details about weight / a) The volume of the contents
3 All
quantity b) The number of doses, or quantity in container information
Formulation or Qualitative and quantitative composition of active must be
4 ingredient(s),preservative(s), and antioxidant (s)
Composition provided in
Handling and storage English or
5 - Amharic or a
conditions
Including License number, Name and address, combination
6 Manufacturer details of both
Country of origin
7 Dates Expiry date and Manufacturing date
8 Additional information Complete directions for Use
9 Batch number -

10.4 Cosmetic industry47

10.4.1 Industry Regulator

Food, Medicine and Health Care Administration and control authority of Ethiopia is the primary regulator for Cosmetics
industry in the country. For more information on the regulator, Saudi exporters may visit the link provided below:
http://www.fmhaca.gov.et/

47 FMHACA

43
 10.4.2 Laws and Regulations
“Cosmetics and Sanitary Items Directive No.24./2014” provides information about the labelling and packaging requirements
of cosmetics.

For more information about the laws and regulations, Saudi exporters may visit the link provided below:
http://www.fmhaca.gov.et/documents/Cosmetics%20and%20Sanitary%20Items%20Directive.pdf

The labelling requirements for cosmetic products are listed in the table below:
Table 19: Cosmetic labelling requirements

Language
S. No. Category
requirements
1 Name & brand of the product
2 Name and full address of the manufacturer, including country of origin
3 Form of the product
4 Intended use of the product All information
5 Instructions of use must be
6 Net contents provided in
7 List of ingredients English or
8 Batch or lot number Amharic or a
9 Precautions and warnings (wherever necessary) combination of
10 Storage condition (as appropriate) both
11 Expiry date, best before or best before (period after opening)
SPF or equivalent category description shall be disclosed on the label of
12
sunscreen products

44
 12. References
S. Foot notes
No
1 http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/ethiopia
2 https://www.camelot-mc.com/en/
3 https://www.export.gov/article?id=Ethiopia-Business-Customs
4 http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/ethiopia#enforcing-contracts
5 http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/ethiopia
6 http://www.erca.gov.et/images/Documents/Customs/Preferetial_Trade_Agreement/50.pdf *
7 http://www.erca.gov.et/images/Documents/Customs/Preferetial_Trade_Agreement/50.pdf *
8 https://www.export.gov/article?id=Ethiopia-Import-Tariffs
http://www.erca.gov.et/images/Documents/Proclamation/VAT/reg-no-79-2002-council-of-ministers-value-
9
added-tax.pdf *
10 https://www.2merkato.com/articles/tax/types/54-excise-tax-in-ethiopia
11 https://www.2merkato.com/images/downloads/regulation_133_2007.pdf *
12 https://www.2merkato.com/images/downloads/proclamation_608_2008.pdf *
13 http://www.ethdiaspora.org.et/phocadownloadpap/Publications/moti-memorandumonthe-ftr.pdf *
https://chilot.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/regulation-no-279-2012-ethiopian-national-accreditation-
14
office.pdf
15 http://www.ethdiaspora.org.et/phocadownloadpap/Publications/moti-memorandumonthe-ftr.pdf *
http://www.mot.gov.et/information/-/asset_publisher/oK9j/content/port-utilization-and-transit-afairs-
16
department
17 http://www.ecaa.gov.et/
18 https://www.2merkato.com/articles/shipping/shipping-info/70-dry-ports-in-ethiopia
19 https://www.linescape.com/
20 http://worldfreightrates.com/en/freight
21 http://worldfreightrates.com/en/freight
22 http://worldfreightrates.com/en/freight
23 http://www.investethiopia.gov.et/investment-opportunities/strategic-sectors/industry-zone-development
24 http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/IDRL/Customs-ProclamationNo.%20859-2014%20ETH.pdf *
http://www.ethiopianchamber.com/Data/Sites/1/psd-hub-publications/the-impact-of-border-clearance-
25
procedures-on-the-cost-of-doing.pdf *
26 https://www.2merkato.com/images/downloads/proclamation_60_1997.pdf *
http://www.ethiopianchamber.com/Data/Sites/1/psd-hub-publications/the-impact-of-border-clearance-
27
procedures-on-the-cost-of-doing.pdf *
28 http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/trading-across-borders

45
 http://www.ethiopianchamber.com/Data/Sites/1/psd-hub-publications/the-impact-of-border-clearance-
29
procedures-on-the-cost-of-doing.pdf *
30 http://www.intracen.org/coffee-guide/logistics-and-insurance/bills-of-lading-and-waybills/
31 http://www.lynden.com/lint/PDF/Shipping_Forms/Commercial-Invoice.pdf *
https://www.border.gov.au/Importingandbuyinggoodsfromoverseas/Documents/importdeclarationsweb.p
32
df *
33 http://www.kkfreight.com/packing-list.html
http://www.iccwbo.org/chamber-services/trade-facilitation/certificates-of-origin/what-is-a-certificate-of-
34
origin-/
35 https://dashenbanksc.com/internationalbanking/foreignexchangepermits.html
36 http://www.intertek.com/government/certificate-of-conformity/
37 http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/united-kingdom/technical-services/c-of-a.html
38 https://help.cbp.gov/app/answers/detail/a_id/197/~/importing---licenses%2Fpermits
39 http://www.ispe.org/gmp-resources
http://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/exports/phytosanitary-
40
certificates/eng/1299872808479/1299872974262
41 http://www.sgs.com/-/media/global/documents/flyers-and-leaflets/sgs-gis-pca-leaflet-ethiopia-a4-en.pdf *
42 http://www.mris.fmhaca.gov.et/public/registration
43 www.idc-dx.org/download/file/fid/470
https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Ethiopia%27s%20Food%20and%20Ag%20Imp
44
ort%20Reg%27s%20and%20Standards%20(FAIRS)_Addis%20Ababa_Ethiopia_6-12-2015.pdf *
http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/IR_Standards/Import_Regulation/Ethiopias%20Food%20and%20Ag%20I
45
mport%20Regs%20and%20Standards%20FAIRSAddis%20AbabaEthiopia6122015.pdf *
http://www.fmhaca.gov.et/documents/Guideline%20for%20Registration%20of%20Medicines%202014.pd
46
f*
47 http://www.fmhaca.gov.et/documents/Cosmetics%20and%20Sanitary%20Items%20Directive.pdf *
*Kindly copy and paste this link on a web browser to know more information and for updates

46