CHAPTER 3

ANALYSIS OF LOW-RISE AND HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

UNDER VARIOUS WIND SPEEDS AND EARTHQUAKE FORCES

3.1. General
The proposed buildings are four-storeyed and sixteen-storeyed reinforced
concrete building. Data for building information, material properties, load
consideration, load combinations that are used in analysis are described in this
chapter. Structural members are designed according to ACI 318-99. Wind load and
earthquake load are based on UBC-97. The structural analysis of the building is
carried out by using ETABS software. The analysis procedure is static approach with
various wind speeds and different seismic zones. And then, the stability of the
structure is checked with wind speed 80 mph in zone 2.

3.2. Building Information

The proposed reinforced concrete superstructures are sixteen-storeyed and
four-storeyed reinforced concrete buildings. It is composed of Moment Resisting
Frame. The lateral force resisting system consists of three shear walls. Line plan of
the sixteen-storeyed building is shown in Fig 3.1 and line plan of the four-storeyed
building is shown in Fig 3.2.
High-rise building informations are as follows.
(a) 20 ft four spans, and 10 ft one span in X-direction
(b) 20 ft one span, and 15 ft two spans in Y-direction
(d) 10 ft height in each story
(e) Maximum length = 90 ft
(f) Maximum width = 50 ft
(g) Overall Height = 187 ft
Table .3.1. Shear Wall Sizes for High Rise Building (Unit in inch)
 23

Story Shear wall labels Sizes(Thickness)

Story 1 to Story 16 W1 , W2, W3 10

20ʹ 20ʹ 10ʹ 20ʹ 20ʹ

15ʹ

W2
15ʹ
W1 W3

20ʹ

Figure 3.1. Line Plan of the Sixteen-storeyed Building

Low-rise building informations are as follows.

(a) 20 ft four spans, and 10 ft one span in X-direction

(b) 20 ft one span, and 15 ft two spans in Y-direction

(d) 10 ft height in each story

(e) Maximum length = 90 ft

(f) Maximum width = 50 ft

(g) Overall Height = 47 ft

 24

20ʹ 20ʹ 10ʹ 20ʹ 20ʹ

15ʹ

15ʹ

20ʹ

Figure 3.2 Line Plan of the Four-storeyed Building

3.3. Materials Properties of the Structure

The strength of a structure must be adequate to resist all loads and the strength
of the structure depends on the type of material used. Material properties for structural
elements used for proposed building are as follows.
Analysis property data
(a) Weight per unit volume of concrete = 150 pcf
(b) Modulus of elasticity = 3122 ksi
(c) Poisson’s ratio = 0.2
(d) Coefficient of thermal expansion = 5.5 × 10-6 in / in per degree Fahrenheit
Design property data
(a) Reinforcing yield stress, fy = 50,000 psi
(b) Concrete strength, fc′ = 3,000 psi

3.4. Loading consideration

The following dead loads, live loads, wind load and earthquake load are
considered in the structural analysis.
 25

3.4.1. Dead Load

Dead load is a fixes position service load, so called because it acts continuously
toward the earth when the structure is in service. Dead load consists of the structural
frame’s own weight and other loads that are permanently attached to the frame.
Data for dead loads are as follows.
(a) unit weight of concrete = 150 pcf
1
(b) 4 inches thick brick wall weight = 55 psf
2
(c) 9 inches thick brick wall weight = 100 psf
(d) superimposed dead load = 25 psf
(e) superimposed dead load of water tank= 320 psf(for four-storeyed building)
= 531 psf (for sixteen-storeyed
building)
(f) weight of elevator = 3 tons

3.4.2. Live Load

Live load is load that may change in magnitude and location. Live load may
be either static or they may have a dynamic effect. Live loads that move under their
own power, such as people, trucks, vehicles are said to be moving loads.
Data for live loads are as follows.
(a) Live load on residential area = 40 psf
(b) Live load on stair-case = 100 psf
(c) Live load on roof = 20 psf

3.4.3. Wind Load

The force exerted by winds on buildings increase dramatically with the
increase in building heights. The wind pressure on a structure depends on the wind
velocity, height, exposure, and dynamic response of the structure.
Data for wind load are as follows:
(a) Exposure type =B
(b) Important factor =1.0
(c) Wind speed
Basic wind speed = 80 mph
High wind speed = 100 mph, 120mph
 26

(d) Method = Normal force method

(e) Windward coefficient = 0.8
(f) Leeward coefficient = 0.5

3.4.4. Earthquake Load

Earthquake load consists of the inertial forces of building mass that result from
the shaking of its foundation by a seismic disturbance.
Data for earthquake load are as follows:
(a) Important factor = 1.0
(b) Seismic zone factor = 0.2g, 0.3g, 0.4g
(c) Soil type = SD
(d) Ca = 0.28, 0.36, 0.44 Na
(e) Cv = 0.4, 0.54, 0.64 Nv
(f) R = 5.5, 8.5
(g) Ct = 0.03

3.5. Loading Combination

According to ACI 318-99, there are 26 number of load combinations which
are used in analysis.
(a) COMB 1: 1.4 DL
(b) COMB 2: 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
(c) COMB 3: 1.05 DL + 1.275 LL + 1.275 WX
(d) COMB 4: 1.05 DL + 1.275 LL - 1.275 WX
(e) COMB 5: 1.05 DL + 1.275 LL + 1.275 WY
(f) COMB 6: 1.05 DL + 1.275 LL - 1.275 WY
(g) COMB 7: 0.9 DL + 1.3 WX
(h) COMB 8: 0.9 DL - 1.3 WX
(i) COMB 9: 0.9 DL + 1.3 WY
(j) COMB 10: 0.9 DL - 1.3 WY
(k) COMB 11: 1.05 DL + 1.28L + EQX
(l) COMB 12: 1.05 DL + 1.28L - EQX
(m)COMB 13: 1.05 DL + 1.28L + EQY
 27

(n) COMB 14: 1.05 DL + 1.28L - EQY

(o) COMB 15: 0.9 DL + 1.02 EQX
(p) COMB 16: 0.9 DL - 1.02 EQX
(q) COMB 17: 0.9 DL + 1.02 EQY
(r) COMB 18: 0.9 DL - 1.02 EQY
(s) COMB 19: 1.19 DL +1.28L + EQX
(t) COMB 20: 1.19 DL +1.28L - EQX
(u) COMB 21: 1.19 DL +1.28L + EQY
(v) COMB 22: 1.19 DL +1.28L - EQY
(w) COMB 23: 0.757 DL + 1.02 EQX
(x) COMB 24: 0.757 DL - 1.02 EQX
(y) COMB 25: 0.757 DL + 1.02 EQY
(z) COMB 26: 0.757 DL - 1.02 EQY
where,
DL = Dead load
LL = Live load
WX = Wind load in X-direction
WY = Wind load in Y-direction
EQX = Earthquake load in X-direction
EQY = Earthquake load in Y-direction

3.6. Analyzing with ETABS Software

In this study, the proposed building is considered with same sizes of column
and beam for all cases. All floors are assumed to be rigid diaphragms.
After analyzing, the story drift, overturning moment, sliding and torsional
irregularity are checked to be satisfied. The following column and beam sizes are
used.
The designed beam sizes are presented in Table 3.2 and typical beam layout
plan is shown in Fig 3.2 for high-rise building and in Table 3.3 design results for
beams are presented and typical beam layout plan is shown in Fig 3.3 for low-rise
building.
 28

Table 3.2. Beam Sizes for High-Rise Building (unit in inch)

Story Beam labels Sizes

B1 14 x 20

B2 12 x 18

Story 1 to Story 16 B3 10 x 15

B4 12 x 14

B5 10 x 12

B2 B2 B3 B2 B2
B3

B3

B3

B5
B3

B3

B3
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2
B4

B4
B3

B3

B3

B3
B2 B2 B3 B2 B2
B5

B5
B2
B5
B2
B2

B5
B5

B1

B2
B5 B5 B5 B5
B1

B2 B2 B3 B2 B2

Figure 3.3. Typical Beam Layout Plan for High-Rise Building

Table 3.3. Beam Sizes for Low-Rise Building (unit in inch)

Story Beam labels Sizes

B1 12 x 18

B2 10 x 15

Story 1 to Story 4 B3 12 x 14

B4 10 x 12

B5 9x9
 29

B1 B1 B3 B1 B1

B2

B2

B5

B2
B2

B2
B2
B1 B1 B4 B1 B1

B5

B2
B2
B2

B2

B2

B2
B1 B1 B3 B1 B1
B1

B1

B1
B1
B1

B1
B4
B1 B1 B2 B1 B1

Figure 3.4. Typical Beam Layout Plan for Low-Rise Building

The design results of columns are described in Table 3.4 and column layout plan is
shown in Fig 3.4 for high-rise building and in Table 3.4 and column layout plan is
shown in Fig 3.4 for low-rise building.

Table 3.4. Column Sizes for High-Rise Building (unit in inch)

Story Column labels Sizes

Story 1 to Story 4 C1, C2 20 x 20

Story 5 to Story 7 C1, C2 18 x 18

Story 8 to Story 12 C1, C2 16 x 16

C1 14 x 14
Story 13 to Story 15
C2 16 x 16

Story 16 C1, C2 14 x 14
 30

C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1

C2 C2
C1 C1 C1 C1
C2 C2

C1 C1 C2 C2 C1 C1

C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1

Figure 3.5. Typical Coloumn Layout Plan for High-Rise Building

Table 3.5. Column Sizes for Low-Rise Building (unit in inch)

Story Column labels Sizes

Story 1 C1 14 x 14

Story 2 to Story 4 C1 12 x 12

C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1

C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1

C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1

C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1

Figure 3.6. Typical Coloumn Layout Plan for Low-Rise Building

 31

3.7. Checking for Stability of the Superstructure with Basic Wind speed 80 mph
The increasing height and greater structural efficiency of tall building have led
to their having smaller reserves of stiffness and consequently stability. Checking for
structural stability has become an important part of the building design process. The
superstructure should be checked in the following cases in order to know the
structural stability of the proposed building with basic wind speed of 80 mph.

(a) Story Drift

(b) Overturning Moment
(c) Sliding
(d) Torsional Irregularity

3.8 Stability Check for High Rise Building

3.8.1 Checking for Story Drift

According to the UBC-97 Code, story drift shall not exceed 0.025 times the
story height for structures having the fundamental period of less than 0.7 second. For
structures having a fundamental period of 0.7 second or greater, the story drift shall
not exceed 0.02 times the story height.

ΔM = 0.7R ΔS
where ,
ΔS = story drift
ΔM = maximum story drift
R = response modification factor = 5.5
T = Ct h3/4
Ct = 0.03
h = 187 ft.
T = 0.03 × (187)3/4
= 1.52 sec ≥ 0.7 sec
The fundamental period (T) is greater than 0.7 second. So, the story drifts limit
must be lower than 0.02 times the story height. Checking for story drift is expressed
in Table 3.6.
 32

Table 3.6 Checking for Story Drift in X-direction and Y-direction (High-Rise
Building)
Height Drift Drift ΔSx ΔSy ΔMx ΔMy ΔLimit
Story
(in) Ratio X Ratio Y (in) (in) (in) (in) (in)

Story 16 120 0.000646 0.000555 0.07752 0.0666 0.298452 0.25641 2.40

Story 15 120 0.000658 0.00057 0.07896 0.0684 0.303996 0.26334 2.40

Story 14 120 0.000694 0.000585 0.08328 0.0702 0.320628 0.27027 2.40

Story 13 120 0.000728 0.000596 0.08736 0.07152 0.336336 0.275352 2.40

Story 12 120 0.000754 0.000614 0.09048 0.07368 0.348348 0.283668 2.40

Story 11 120 0.000782 0.00062 0.09384 0.0744 0.361284 0.28644 2.40

Story 10 120 0.000808 0.000626 0.09696 0.07512 0.373296 0.289212 2.40

Story 9 120 0.000821 0.000625 0.09852 0.075 0.379302 0.28875 2.40

Story 8 120 0.000832 0.000627 0.09984 0.07524 0.384384 0.289674 2.40

Story 7 120 0.000802 0.000608 0.09624 0.07296 0.370524 0.280896 2.40

Story 6 120 0.000798 0.000598 0.09576 0.07176 0.368676 0.276276 2.40

Story 5 120 0.000789 0.000581 0.09468 0.06972 0.364518 0.268422 2.40

Story 4 120 0.000772 0.000558 0.09264 0.06696 0.356664 0.257796 2.40

Story 3 120 0.000737 0.000525 0.08844 0.063 0.340494 0.24255 2.40

Story 2 120 0.000711 0.000488 0.08532 0.05856 0.328482 0.225456 2.40

Story 1 120 0.000694 0.000438 0.08328 0.05256 0.320628 0.202356 2.40

GL 324 0.00049 0.000246 0.15876 0.079704 0.611226 0.3068604 6.48

All the storys are within the ΔLimit, the structure is stable.

3.8.2 Checking for Overturning Moment

The summation of moments due to the distributed lateral forces is the
overturning moment. For structural stability, the resisting moment of the dead weight
of the building must be greater than the overturning moment by acceptable factor of
safety. Overturning moment for the building in X-direction and Y-direction are
checked as follows.
 33

In X-direction,
Overturning Moment, My = 269125 kip-in
Total dead weight = 9011.71 kips
Centre of mass in X-direction = 539.5 in
Resisting Moment = 0.9 × Total dead weight × XCM
= 0.9 × 9011.71 × 539.5
= 4375636 kip-in
Resisting Moment
Factor of safety = Overturning Moment

= 16.2587 > 1.5


Satisfactory

In Y-direction,
Overturning Moment, Mx = 296162 kip-in
Total dead weight = 9011.71 kips
Centre of mass in Y-direction = 293.583 in
Resisting Moment = 0.9 × Total dead weight × YCM
= 0.9 × 9011.71 × 293.583
= 2381116 kip-in

Resisting Moment
Factor of safety = Overturning Moment

= 8.03992 > 1.5


Satisfactory
3.8.3 Checking for Sliding
The resistance to sliding is the ratio of resistance due to friction to sliding
force must be greater than 1.5. Sliding for the building in X-direction and Y-direction
are checked as follows;
In X-direction,
Sliding Force, Vx = 163.58 kips
Friction coefficient, μ = 0.25
Resistance due to friction = μ × 0.9 × Total Dead Weight
= 0.25 × 0.9 × 9011.71
 34

= 2027.63475 kips
Resistance due to friction
Factor of Safety = Sliding force

2027.63475
=
163.58
= 12.032 > 1.5 
Satisfactory
In Y-direction,
Sliding Force, Vy = 186.42 kips
Friction coefficient, μ = 0.25
Resistance due to friction = μ × 0.9 × Total Dead Weight
= 0.25 × 0.9 × 9011.71
= 2027.63475 kips
Resistance due to friction
Factor of Safety = Sliding force

2027.63475
=
186.42
= 10.877 > 1.5 
Satisfactory

There is no sliding in both directions.

3.8.4 Checking for Torsional Irregularity

Displacement and drift results for point 1 and 9 are listed in Table (3.7) to
Table (3.8). These two points are located at the lines passing across the diagonal of
the building. So, these points are the control points for the whole building. That is
why, if it is checked, the building will be safe for torsional irregularity.

Table 3.7 Displacements at Point 1 (High Rise Building)

Displacement-X Displacement-Y Drift-X Drift-Y

Story
(in) (in) (in) (in)

Story 16 1.582 1.1754 0.000646 0.000053

Story 15 1.5113 1.1101 0.000658 0.000025
Story 14 1.4355 1.043 0.000694 0.000004
 35

Story 13 1.3546 0.9742 0.000728 0.000031

Table 3.7 (Continued)

Story 12 1.2684 0.9034 0.000754 0.000039

Story 11 1.1801 0.8315 0.000782 0.000055
Story 10 1.088 0.758 0.000808 0.000073
Story 9 0.9926 0.6835 0.000821 0.000092
Story 8 0.8944 0.6086 0.000832 0.000105
Story 7 0.7946 0.5338 0.000802 0.000094
Story 6 0.6989 0.4609 0.000798 0.000106
Story 5 0.6032 0.3892 0.000789 0.000124
Story 4 0.5085 0.3194 0.000772 0.000142
Story 3 0.4158 0.2525 0.000737 0.00016
Story 2 0.3273 0.1895 0.000711 0.000192
Story 1 0.2419 0.1309 0.000694 0.00026
GL 0.1587 0.0786 0.00049 0.000273

Table 3.8 Displacements at Point 9 (High Rise Building)

Displacement-X Displacement-Y Drift-X Drift-Y

Story
(in) (in) (in) (in)

Story 16 1.2994 1.177 0.000005 0.000555

Story 15 1.3087 1.1103 0.000005 0.00057
Story 14 1.2306 1.043 0.000004 0.000585
Story 13 1.15 0.9742 0.000005 0.000596
Story 12 1.0666 0.9034 0.000009 0.000614
Story 11 0.9817 0.8304 0.000004 0.00062
Story 10 0.8948 0.7569 0.000003 0.000626
 36

Story 9 0.806 0.6824 0.000003 0.000625

Table 3.8 (Continued)

Story 8 0.7164 0.6075 0.000016 0.000627

Story 7 0.6263 0.5328 0.000002 0.000608

Story 6 0.5392 0.4599 0.000002 0.000598

Story 5 0.4533 0.3881 0.000001 0.000581

Story 4 0.37 0.3184 0.000004 0.000558

Story 3 0.2904 0.2514 0.000001 0.000525

Story 2 0.2168 0.1885 0.000005 0.000488

Story 1 0.1492 0.1299 0.000001 0.000438

GL 0.0901 0.0777 0.000003 0.000246

For X-direction,

Δmax = 1.582
1.582  1.3087
Δavg =
2
= 1.44535
max
avg
= 1.095 < 1.2

Satisfactory

For Y-direction,

Δmax = 1.1754
1.1754  1.177
Δavg =
2
= 1.1762
max
avg
= 1.00 < 1.2
 37


Satisfactory

Therefore, torsional irregularity does not exist in this building.

Figure 3.7. Location of Points for High-Rise Building

3.9 Stability Check for Low-Rise Building

3.9.1 Checking for Story Drift

According to the UBC-97 Code, story drift shall not exceed 0.025 times the
story height for structures having the fundamental period of less than 0.7 second. For
structures having a fundamental period of 0.7 second or greater, the story drift shall
not exceed 0.02 times the story height.

ΔM = 0.7R ΔS

where ,

ΔS = story drift

ΔM = maximum story drift

R = response modification factor = 5.5

T = Ct h3/4

Ct = 0.03
 38

h = 47 ft.

T = 0.03 × (47)3/4

= 0.538 sec ≤ 0.7 sec

The fundamental period (T) is less than 0.7 second. So, the story drifts limit
must be lower than 0.025 times the story height. Checking for story drift is expressed
in Table 3.9.

Table 3.9 Checking for Story Drift in X-direction and Y-direction (Low-Rise
Building)
Height Drift Drift ΔSx ΔSy ΔMx ΔMy ΔLimit
Story
(in) Ratio X Ratio Y (in) (in) (in) (in) (in)

Story 4 120 0.000002 0.000563 0.00024 0.06756 0.000924 0.260106 3.00

Story 3 120 0.000016 0.000759 0.00192 0.09108 0.007392 0.350658 3.00
Story 2 120 0.000037 0.00086 0.00444 0.1032 0.017094 0.39732 3.00

Story 1 120 0.000009 0.000794 0.00108 0.09528 0.004158 0.366828 3.00

GL 84 0.000005 0.001605 0.00042 0.13482 0.001617 0.519057 2.10
All the storys are within the ΔLimit, the structure is stable.

3.9.2 Checking for Overturning Moment

The summation of moments due to the distributed lateral forces is the
overturning moment. For structural stability, the resisting moment of the dead weight
of the building must be greater than the overturning moment by acceptable factor of
safety. Overturning moment for the building in X-direction and Y-direction are
checked as follows.
In X-direction,
Overturning Moment, My = 35509.3 kip-in
Total dead weight = 2024.93 kips
Centre of mass in X-direction = 540 in
Resisting Moment = 0.9 × Total dead weight × XCM
= 0.9 × 2024.93 × 540
= 984116 kip-in
 39

Resisting Moment
Factor of safety = Overturning Moment

= 27.7144 > 1.5


Satisfactory
In Y-direction,
Overturning Moment, Mx = 22386.7 kip-in
Total dead weight = 2024.93 kips
Centre of mass in Y-direction = 300.598 in
Resisting Moment = 0.9 × Total dead weight × YCM
= 0.9 × 2024.93 × 300.598
= 547821kip-in
Resisting Moment
Factor of safety = Overturning Moment

= 24.4708 > 1.5


Satisfactory

3.9.3 Checking for Sliding

The resistance to sliding is the ratio of resistance due to friction to sliding
force must be greater than 1.5. Sliding for the building in X-direction and Y-direction
are checked as follows;
In X-direction,
Sliding Force, Vx = 85.35 kips
Friction coefficient, μ = 0.25
Resistance due to friction = μ × 0.9 × Total Dead Weight
= 0.25 × 0.9 × 2024.93
= 455.60925 kips
Resistance due to friction
Factor of Safety = Sliding force

455.60925
=
85.35
= 5.338 > 1.5

Satisfactory
 40

In Y-direction,
Sliding Force, Vy = 85.35 kips
Friction coefficient, μ = 0.25
Resistance due to friction = μ × 0.9 × Total Dead Weight
= 0.25 × 0.9 × 2024.93
= 455.60925 kips
Resistance due to friction
Factor of Safety = Sliding force

455.60925
=
85.35
= 5.338 > 1.5 
Satisfactory

There is no sliding in both directions.

3.9.4 Checking for Torsional Irregularity

Displacement and drift results for point 1 and 9 are listed in Table (3.10) to
Table (3.11). These two points are located at the lines passing across the diagonal of
the building. So, these points are the control points for the whole building. That is
why, if it is checked, the building will be safe for torsional irregularity.

Table 3.10 Displacements at Point 1 (Low Rise Building)

Displacement-X Displacement-Y Drift-X Drift-Y

Story
(in) (in) (in) (in)

Story 4 0.4977 0.4746 0.000524 0.000017

Story 3 0.4367 0.407 0.000829 0.000054
Story 2 0.3472 0.3268 0.000953 0.000069
Story 1 0.2329 0.228 0.000901 0.00005
GL 0.1248 0.1336 0.001537 0.000052

Table 3.11 Displacements at Point 9 (Low Rise Building)

Displacement-X Displacement-Y Drift-X Drift-Y

Story
(in) (in) (in) (in)
 41

Story 4 0.4848 0.4707 0.000002 0.000563

Story 3 0.4218 0.4038 0.000016 0.000759

Story 2 0.3376 0.3265 0.000037 0.00086

Table 3.11 (Continued)

Story 1 0.2323 0.2301 0.000009 0.000794
GL 0.1291 0.1348 0.000005 0.001605

For X-direction,

Δmax = 0.4977
0.4977  0.4848
Δavg =
2
= 0.49125
max
avg
= 1.013 < 1.2

Satisfactory

For Y-direction,

Δmax = 0.4746
0.4746  0.4707
Δavg =
2
= 0.47265
max
avg
= 1.004 < 1.2

Satisfactory

Therefore, torsional irregularity does not exist in this building.

 42

Figure 3.8. Location of Points for Low-Rise Building