Homework 3 - Solutions
Complex Variables
Section 20, Problem 1. By definition, f ′ (z0 ) is
Δf f (z0 + Δz) - f (z0 ) (z0 + Δz)2 - z0 2 z0 2 + 2 z0 Δz + Δz2 - z0 2
lim = lim = lim = lim
Δz → 0 Δz Δz → 0 Δz Δz → 0 Δz Δz → 0 Δz
2 z0 Δz + Δz2
= lim
Δz → 0 Δz
= lim 2 z0 + Δz
Δz → 0
= 2 z0 .
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Section 20, Problem 2(d). We have:
4 d 4 4 d 3 4
d 1 + z2 z2 dz
1 + z2 - 1 + z2 dz
z2 4 z2 1 + z2 (2 z) - 1 + z2 (2 z)
= =
dz z2 z2
2 z4
3 4
8 z3 1 + z2 - 2 z1 + z2
= .
z4
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Section 20, Problem 4. Since f ′ (z0 ) and g′ (z0 ) exist, and g′ (z0 ) ≠ 0, we know that
f (z)- f (z0 )
lim
f ′ (z0 ) z → z0 z-z0
= .
g′ (z0 ) lim g(z)-g(z0 )
z → z0 z-z0
But f (z0 ) = g(z0 ) = 0 implies
f (z) - f (z0 ) f (z) g(z)
lim = lim and lim .
z → z0 z - z0 z → z0 z - z0 z → z0 z - z0
Therefore,
f ′ (z0 ) f (z)/ (z - z0 ) f (z)
= lim = lim .
g′ (z 0)
z → z0 g(z)/ (z - z0 ) z → z0 g(z)
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Section 20, Problem 8(a). First,
Δf f (z + Δz) - f (z) Re(z + Δz) - Re(z) Re(z) + Re(Δz) - Re(z) Re(Δz)
:= = = = ,
Δz Δz Δz Δz Δz
where Δz = Δx + iΔy. If f ′ (z) = limΔz → 0 Δf /Δz exists, it must have the same value independently of the path in
which we approach the origin.
If we approach the origin through the real axis, then Re(Δz) = Δx = Δz, and consequently limΔz → 0 Δf /Δz = 1. On
approach origin through consequently
the other hand, if we approach the origin through the imaginary axis, then Re(Δz) = 0, and therefore
limΔz → 0 Δf /Δz = 0. Hence, f ′ (z) does not exists at any point.
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Section 20, Problem 9. Suppose that z = 0. For Δz = Δx + iΔy we have
Δf f (z + Δz) - f (z) f (0 + Δz) - 0 f (Δz) (Δz)2
:= = = = .
Δz Δz Δz Δz (Δz)2
If Δz lies on the real axis, then Δz = Δx, and so Δ f /Δz = (Δx)2 (Δx)2 = 1; if Δz lies on the imaginary axis, then
Δz = iΔy and so Δf /Δz = (iΔy)2 (iΔy)2 = 1. Therefore, Δf / Δz = 1 over the real and imaginary axes. On the other
hand, when Δz lies on the line Δx = Δy, then Δz = Δx + iΔx, and
Δf (Δz)2 (Δx - iΔx)2 -2 i(Δx)2
= = = = -1.
Δz (Δz)2 (Δx + iΔx)2 2 i(Δx)2
Hence, f ′ (0) does not exist since it is not independent of the path in which we approach the origin.
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Section 24, Problem 1(d).
Let z := x + iy ∈ ℂ. Then, f (z) := ex e-iy = ex (cos(-y) + i sin(-y)) = ex cos y - i ex sin y. Therefore,
u(x, y) = e cos y and v(x, y) = -e sin y. Then, ux = e cos y and vy = -e cos y. The only way for ux = vy to hold is
x x x x
then if cos y = 0. Similarly, uy = -ex sin y and vx = -ex sin y, so the only way for uy = -vx to hold is if sin y = 0. It
is not possible for both cos y = 0 and sin y = 0 to be true simultaneously, and so the Cauchy-Riemann equations
are not satisfied at any point. Therefore, f ′ (z) does not exist at any point.
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Section 24, Problem 3(b). Let z0 := x0 + iy0 ∈ ℂ. Write f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), where u(x, y) = x2 and v(x, y) = y2 .
Then, f is defined everywhere and ux = 2 x, uy = 0 = vx , and vy = 2 y.
By the theorem in Section 23, we know that f ′ (z0 ) exists, and equals ux (x0 , y0 ) + ivx (x0 , y0 ), if the first-order
partial derivatives of u and v:
(a) exist in some neighborhood of (x0 , y0 );
(b) are continuous at (x0 , y0 );
(c) and satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations at (x0 , y0 ).
Clearly, (a) and (b) are satisfied. However, (c) is satisfied if and only if ux (x0 , y0 ) = 2 x0 = 2 y0 = vy (x0 , y0 ), which
in turn is equivalent to x0 = y0 . Therefore, f ′ (z) exists for every z0 ∈ ℂ where z0 = x0 + ix0 , and in such a case
f ′ (z0 ) = ux + ivx = 2 x0 .
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Section 24, Problem 6. Recall from page 69 that ur = ux cos θ + uy sin θ, uθ = -ux r sin θ + uy r cos θ,
vr = vx cos θ + vy sin θ, and vθ = -vx r sin θ + vy r cos θ. So, ur + i vr = ux cos θ + uy sin θ + i(vx cos θ + vy sin θ).
Since the Cauchy-Riemann equations hold, we can rewrite this as
ur + i vr = ux cos θ - vx sin θ + i vx cos θ + i ux sin θ = (ux + i vx ) (cos θ + i sin θ) = (ux + i vx ) eiθ .
Therefore, ux + i vx = (ur + i vr ) e-iθ . We already know that f ′ can be written as ux + i vx , so we’re done.
2 | Homework 3 - Solutions
