1.

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 ORGANIZATION

An organization is a social unit which is deliberately constructed and

reconstructed to seek specific goals. It is a social group which distributes tasks for
collective goals or to pursue collective goals on a continuing basis. All
organization have a management structure that determines relationship between
functions and postion, and subdivide and delegates roles, responsibilities and
authority to carry out defined tasks. Organisation are open system in that they
affect and are affected by the environment beyond their boundaries

1.1.2 Organizational Study:

Organisational study is an effort towards understanding the

organization , its policies structure and methodology adopted .It gives us brief
description of the overall functioning of the company or organisation

Organization study is “The examination of how individuals

construct organizational structures , processes, and practices and how these, in turn,
shape social relation and create institutions that ultimately influence people”,
organisational studies comprise different areas that deal with the different aspects
of the organisations, many of the approaches are functionalist but critical research
also provide alternative frame for understanding the field.

The organisational studies (OS) major within the sociology

department is designed to provide a board understanding of political, social and
economic organizations that make up modern society. Whether thinking about the
structure of government bureaucracies, legal system, economic markets,
educational system or workplaces, OS offers an interdisciplinary view from which
to understand the contemporary world in which complex and formal organization
are ubiquitous. Formal organizations influence how we feel, what we think, and
what we can accomplish. As such, the OS major provides both a basic
understanding of the field as well as enhancing your ability to pursue more
specialized career interests.

OB plays a major role in organizational development, enhancing

organizational performance, as well as individual and group performance/
satisfaction/commitment. The organization study is the systematic learning process
about an organization the different roles, decisional roles and informational roles of
various members are evaluated and how it affects the functioning of the
organization is analysed. In Dev optical industries was selected for the organization
study.

Period of the study

The study was held for two Week on September 2019

SPECTACLES:

Glasses (also called as eyeglasses or spectacles) or frames bearing lenses

worn in front of the eyes, normally for vision correction eye protection or for
protection from UV rays.

Modern glasses are typically supported by pads on the bridge of the nose
and Simple placed over the ears. Safety glasses provide protection against flying
debris for construction workers or lab technicians; these glasses may have
protection for the side of the eyes as well as in the lenses. Some types of glasses are
used to protect against visible and near-visible light or radiation. Glasses are worn
for eye protection in some sports, such as squash

Glasses wears may use a strap to prevent the glasses from falling off during
movement or sports. Wearers of glasses that are used only part of the ti,e may have
the glasses attached to a cord that goes around their neck, to prevent the loss of the
glasses and breaking.

Sun glasses allow for better vision in bright daylight and may protect one’s
eyes against damage from excessive levels of ultraviolet light. Typical sunglasses
lenses are tined for protection against bright light or polarized to remove glares.
Photo chromatic glasses are clear in dark or indoor condition, but turn into
sunglasses when in they come in contact with Ultraviolet Light. Most over the
counter sunglasses do not have corrective power in the lenses; however, special
prescription sunglasses can be made.

Specialized glasses may be used for viewing specific visual information,

for example 3D glasses for 3D films (stereoscopy). Sometimes glasses are worn
purely for fashion or aesthetic purposes. Even with glasses used for vision
correction, a wide range of fashion are available, using plastic, metal, wire, and
other materials.

People are more likely to need glasses the older they get with 93% of people
between the ages of 65 and 75 wearing corrective lenses.

1.1.3 Objectives

1. To analyse the working process in Dev Optical Industry.

2. To study the types of frames produced in the Dev Optical Industry.
3. To analysis the production performance.
4. To make a whole analyse about the Industry.
5. To make suggestion based on the findings of the study
1.1.4 Scope

Scope of this industry is extend to all over the worlds and this industry export
its product to all over the countries like Malaysia, Srilanka etc.,

1.1.5 Limitations

Since the time period of the study is limited to the extend of two weeks.
So through study to all aspects of this company is not possible within a short
period.

1.1.6 INDUSTRY PROFILE

Registered in 2011, Dev Optical Industries has made a name for itself in
the list of the top suppliers in India. The supplier company is located in
kanyakumari, Tamilnadu and is one of the leading seller of listed products. Dev
Optical Industries is listed in trade India’s list of verified sellers offering supreme
quality of etc. buy in bulk from us for the best quality products and service. It has
three types of business. They are exporter/ manufacturer/ suppliers and product
suppliers, optical frames and spectacles frames.

Optical frames change the direction of the light rays entering into the eye
so that they focus them properly on the retina in the eye. Optical frames need
different types of lens for various lifestyle activities or vision problems. Lined
bifocals-bifocal or executive bifocal are being produced in Dev industry

Lenses were originally made from glasses , at many are now from
various types of metal, plastic, polycarbonate. The earliest spectacles were made of
convex lenses. Now a days they are made of both convex and concave lenses.

Convex lenses are used for farsightedness so that the light rays are covered.
Concave lenses are used for near sightedness, so that the rays of light are diverged.
There are many industries in India manufacturing spectacle frame. Dev Optical
Industry is one of the them concentrating on the southern tip of India

1..1.7 COMPANY PROFILE:

Dev designs, manufactures and repairs some of the most

complex and innovative optical, electronic and mechanical products in the world.
Recognized as technology leader, Sanmina provides end to end design,
manufacturing and logistics solutions, delivering superior quality and support to
original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) primarily in the communications
networks, computing and storage, medical, defense and aerospace, industrial and
semiconductor, multimedia automotive and clean technology sectors.

1.1.8 Importance

1. The industry gives employement oppourtunities to many people

who live around this area.
2. This industry produce high quality optical which is having national
asas well as international marketing.
3. Industry produce high quality of cellulose acetate sheet which does
not make any scar in the face

1.1.9 Mission

Our mission is to provide the best in value oriented eye wear to modern
families everywhere.

1.1.10 Vision

“To be the leader in the spectacles industry by setting up world class system to
ensure customers satisfaction anthed business success”

1.2 FORM OF OWNERSHIP

 Dev optical industry is carried out by an individual
ownership. Mr. DAVID WILLIAM is a single owner who has been run the
industry in such successful manner.

Sole proprietor  

This is the most simple business entity there is. As the name
implies, the establishment has just one owner. That owner may choose to use his or
her own name or “d/b/a”, which means, “doing business as”. The requirements are
minimal – just a social security number and the necessary permits and licenses.

These are often a top choice for small businesses because they are so economical to
start up. Benefits include the fact that income is taxed once, instead of twice as a
company and then personal source of revenue. Sole proprietorships are not
subjected to as much government involvement and taxation as some other business
types. Since only one person is involved, conflicts with partners, their associates or
family members are nonexistent. Also, it is very easy to dissolve.

A major point to be aware of is that under the law, there is no distinction between
the individual and the business. That can sometimes jeopardize the owner’s
personal assets should the business go through financial problems. The same is true
in the reverse, should the business owner experience hardships, such as divorce,
illness, or some other personal difficulty, the business may be negatively affected.

It takes an astute individual to successfully operate this type of business. They are
100 percent responsible for all of the decisions and raising capital. There are also
certain employee benefits that can not be fully deducted from the firm’s income.
Owners should realize that some costs could only be partially deducted later as an
adjustment.
1.3 LICENSE OR REGISTRATION

REGISTRATION

Company is a legal entity. According to Section 3 of Companies Act

company means a legal entity formed and registered under Companies Act 1956.
Under the Ministry of corporate affairs every company is to be registered by the
registrar of companies for the state.

REGISTRATION IN INDIA

The Manufacturing sector of India is one of the most globally

prominent and high growth economic sectors of the country, possessing the
potential to reach one trillion by the year 2025 and to contribute up to 25% to the
national GDP by then , boosted by ambitious “Make in India” ampaign of Modi
government

The legal and advisory service including service for a private or public limited
compay registration for smooth and profitable business of a manufacturing
company in india include the folling services

 Getting prepared the DSCs and DINs for the director [Form DIR-3]
 Getting Reservation to the proposed company name [Form INC-1]
 Preparation of appropriate MOA And AOA Consent letter affidavits
power of attomeys etc
 Filing application for compay registration [through form INC-7]
 Submission of other demanded form and document to the concerned
ROC
 Obtaining PAN, TAN, GSTIN, Bank Account, Export-Import code
(IEC) etc for the manufacturing company
 Obtaining requisite permission and licenses from the concerned
Governmental authorities
 Establishing manufacturing or production infrastructure
 Expert and innovatives legal services for registration and protection of
the brand, logos, trademarks, patents or designs of the manufacturing
compaies
 Preparing perfectly various contracts or agreement related with
manufacturing processes commercial dealings and transaction various
core activities of the manufacturing company, leasing/hiring of
equipment and machinery, financing, franchising, distribution and
marketing of finished product, etc of the company
 All necessary annual and periodic compliances by the manufacturing
company with ROC and other regulatory authorities
 Service releted with FDI policy of india and rules and regulation of
FEMA, RBI, etc
 Service under SEBI related with its various provision and regulation
applicable especially for the listed manufacturing companies
 Processes and compliances concerned with various other legal acts and
statutes, such as labour and Employment laws, Intellectual property
laws, Commercial laws, Maritime and Admiralty laws, ESI and PF
Regulations, Environmental laws, Interational business etc.,
 1.4 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

Owner

General Manager

Marketing Store
Finance Production
General manager
Manager Manager Manager

Accounts
Manager Supervisor

Store charge in

Marketing
Sales manager
manager
Production

Production is a process of actual transformation of raw materials into finished

products. It is the process by which goods and services are created

1.5 SOURCE OF FINANCE

Finance

Finance is the one of the basic function of all kinds of day-to-day operations. The function
of finance provide authorization and control to all other subsystems to utilize money effectively
through a well-designed mechanism. Hence efficient management of every enterprise is closely
with efficient management of its finance.

Source of finance

Business cannot simply function without money and the money required to make a
business function is known as business fund. Throughout the life of business, money is required
continuously. Source of finance are used in activities of the business. In Dev Optical Industry
they use the long term equity as a source of finance

Long Term Equity

The funds which are not paid back within a period of less than a
year are referred to as long term finance. Certain long term finance options directly
form a part of the permanent capital of the firm. In such cases, the repayment
obligation does not even arise. A 20 year mortgage or 10 year treasury bills are
examples of long term finance. The primary purpose of obtaining long-term funds
is to finance capital projects and carrying out operations on an expansionary scale.
Such funds are normally invested into avenues from which greater economic
benefits are expected to arise in future.
 Duration of long term finance have longer time span varying from
1-30 years. The collaterals are the most primary condition for the furnishing of
long term finance.interest rate are stable and the terms of loans offer flexibility
such as prepayment options, renegotiation of interests upon improvement in credit
rating etc.a large volume of funds can be obtained. However the same is restricted
to the nature of securites furnished, the credit rating of borrower, etc., examples of
long term loans are leasing, term loans, public deposits, bonds etc.
2.1 EMPLOYEE:

An individual who works a part time or full time under a contract of

employment, whether oral or written, express or implied, and has recognized rights
& duty, also called as workers.

Number of employee:

There are 30 women employees and 20 men employees were working in

Dev Optical Industry

Office working time:

The office working time is 8 hours. This duration is from 9 am to 6 pm

2.2 RECRUITMENT PROCESS:

Recruitment is the process of searching the candidates for

employment and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organization

Planning:

The Recruitment process begin with the planning where in the vacant
job position or analysed and the comprehensive job draft is prepared that includes
job specification and its nature, skills, qualification, experience needed for the job
etc. the recruitment committee decides on the number and the types of applicants to
be conducted. The aim of any organisation is to attract more candidates as some of
them might not be willing to join or some might not qualified for the job position
so the company has a sufficient number of candidates to choose amongst them. The
type of candidates require for the job is well specified in terms of the task and
responsibilities involve in the job alone with the qualification and experience
expected.

Strategy development

Once the comprehensive job draft is prepared the type and the number
of recruits required are decided upon the extent step is to decide a strategy i.e
adopted while recruiting the prospective candidates in the organisation

 Make or buy employees

It means the firm either decide to select less skilled employee
and invest in training and education programmes are higher skilled
professional
 Methods of recruitment
The firms decide on the methods used for recruiting the
individual. Such as the internet provides detailed information about the
prospective candidates and helps in shortlisting the best qualified
individuals.
 Geographical Area,  the next decision is related to the area from where the
candidates shall be searched. The firm looks for those areas where the
handful amount of qualified employees is concentrated, with a view to
curtailing a search cost.

Searching:

Once the strategy is prepared the search for the candidates can be
initialized. It includes two steps: source activation and selling. The source
activation means, the search for the candidate activates on the employee requisition
i.e. until and unless the line manager verifies that the vacancy exists, the search
process cannot be initiated.
 The next point to be considered is selling, which means the firm
must judiciously select that media of communication that successfully conveys the
employment information to the prospective candidates.

Screening:

The screening means to shortlist the applications of the candidates

for further selection process. Although, the screening is considered as the starting
point of selection but is integral to the recruitment process. This is because the
selection process begins only after the applications are scrutinized and shortlisted
on the basis of job requirements. The purpose of  recruitment here is to remove
those applications at an early stage which clearly seems to be unqualified for the
job.

Evaluation and Control:

Evaluation and control is the last stage in the recruitment process

wherein the validity and effectiveness of the process and the methods used therein
is assessed. This stage is crucial because the firm has to check the output in terms
of the cost incurred.

Sources of Recruitment:
 There are many sources of recruiting potential employees but all of them
can be grouped into two categories, namely.

Internal Sources of Recruitment 

Internal sources of recruitment consist of employees who are

already on the payroll of a firm. It also includes former employees who have returned
to work for the organization. Recruitment from internal sources is done to fill up
vacancies through promotion, re-hiring and transferring employees within the
company.

Advantages of Internal Sources of Recruitment 

 Selecting and transferring existing employees is a simpler process.

 The managers are aware of the talents and abilities of already existing
employees.

 Internal recruitment serves as a tool to boost the morale of employees as

internal hiring creates job and promotion opportunities for existing employees.

 Internal hiring promotes a feeling of loyalty amongst the employees.

 Existing employees are already aware of the company’s working methods

and don’t take a long time to adjust to new positions.

However, there is a potential drawback to the internal recruitment process. It can lead
to a stagnation in the company’s workforce. No introduction of new employees or
fresh ideas.

Often employees who are not suitable for a higher position are given promotions just
because they have been at the organization for a long time, not because of their skills
and qualifications

Characteristics of Internal Sources of Recruitment

 Quick process.
 Cheaper than the external recruitment process.
 Works as a tool of motivation for the staff.
 The company’s choice is limited to existing employees of the company.
 Hiring fresh employees is a lost prospect.

External Sources of Recruitment

External sources of recruitment refer to the sources that lie

outside or exist external to the organization.
Sources of external recruitment include:

1. People joining an organization, specifically through recommendations.

2. Employment agencies( e.g. naukri.com) or employment exchanges.

3. Advertising

4. Institutes like colleges and vocational schools (e.g. campus selection)

5. Contractors

6. Hiring unskilled labour

7.  List of applications

Characteristics of External Sources

 Long and time-consuming process.

 It is an expensive process.

  When external people are given opportunities over them, then existing
workers lose morale

 Hiring new employees can lead to the introduction of new blood and thus the
introduction of a new set of skills and ideas

Recruitment process in Dev optical:

External sources of recruitment are done by this industry. In cases of the

requirement they do hire the employees inside the organization for certain purpose.

2.3 TRAINING:
 Training is teaching or developing in one self or other any skill and
knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has specific goals
of improving one’s capability, capacity, productivity and performance.

Training is crucial for organizational development and success. It is

fruitful to both employers and employees of an organization. An employee will
become more efficient and productive if he is trained well.

Training is given on four basic grounds:

1. New candidates who join an organization are given training. This

training familiarizes them with the organizational mission, vision, rules and
regulations and the working conditions.

2. The existing employees are trained to refresh and enhance their

knowledge.

3. If any updation and amendments take place in technology,

training is given to cope up with those changes. For instance, purchasing a new
equipment, changes in technique of production, computer implantment. The
employees are trained about use of new equipment’s and work methods.

4. When promotion and career growth becomes important. Training is

given so that employees are prepared to share the responsibilities of the higher
level job

Training helps to improve morale of employees, less supervision, fewer accidents,

and chance of promotion and increase productivity.

Improves morale of employees

Training helps the employee to get job security and job satisfaction.
The more satisfied the employee is and the greater is his morale, the more he will
contribute to organizational success and the lesser will be employee absenteeism
and turnover.

Less supervision

A well trained employee will be well acquainted with the job

and will need less of supervision. Thus, there will be less wastage of time and
efforts.

Fewer accidents

Errors are likely to occur if the employees lack knowledge and

skills required for doing a particular job. The more trained an employee is, the less
are the chances of committing accidents in job and the more proficient the
employee becomes.

Chances of promotion

Employees acquire skills and efficiency during training.

They become more eligible for promotion. They become an asset for the
organization.

Increased productivity

Training improves efficiency and productivity of

employees. Well trained employees show both quantity and quality performance.
There is less wastage of time, money and resources if employees are properly train

Methods of Training in Dev Optical

On the job training:

 On the job training methods are those which are given to the
employees within the everyday working of a concern. It is a simple and cost-
effective training method. The proficient as well as semi- proficient employees
can be well trained by using such training method. The employees are trained in
actual working scenario. The motto of such training is “learning by doing.”
Instances of such on-job training methods are job-rotation, coaching, temporary
promotions, etc.

2.4 PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL

Performance Appraisal is the systematic evaluation of the
performance of employees and to understand the abilities of a person for further
growth and development. Performance appraisal is generally done in systematic
ways which are as follows:

1. The supervisors measure the pay of employees and compare it with targets
and plans.
2. The supervisor analyses the factors behind work performances of employees.
3. The employers are in position to guide the employees for a better
performance.

Objectives of Performance Appraisal

 To maintain records in order to determine compensation packages, wage

structure, salaries raises,etc
 To identify the strengths and weaknesses of employees to place right men on
right job.
 To maintain and assess the potential present in a person for further growth
and development.
 To provide a feedback to employees regarding their performance and related
status.
 To provide a feedback to employees regarding their performance and related
status.
 It serves as a basis for influencing working habits of the employees.
 To review and retain the promotional and other training programmes.

Performance Appraisal in Dev Optical Industry:

1. Promotion: Performance Appraisal helps the supervisors to chalk out the

promotion programmes for efficient employees. In this regards, inefficient

workers can be dismissed or demoted in case.
2. Employees Development: The systematic procedure of performance

appraisal helps the supervisors to frame training policies and programmes. It

helps to analyse strengths and weaknesses of employees so that new jobs can
be designed for efficient employees. It also helps in framing future
development programmes.
3. Selection Validation: Performance Appraisal helps the supervisors to

understand the validity and importance of the selection procedure. The

supervisors come to know the validity and thereby the strengths and
weaknesses of selection procedure. Future changes in selection methods can
be made in this regard.
4. Communication: For an organization, effective communication between
employees and employers is very important. Through performance appraisal,
communication can be sought for in the following ways:
a. Through performance appraisal, the employers can understand and
accept skills of subordinates.
 b. The subordinates can also understand and create a trust and
confidence in superiors.
c. It also helps in maintaining cordial and congenial labour management
relationship.
d. It develops the spirit of work and boosts the morale of employees.

All the above factors ensure effective communication.

5. Motivation: Performance appraisal serves as a motivation tool. Through

evaluating performance of employees, a person’s efficiency can be

determined if the targets are achieved. This very well motivates a person for
better job and helps him to improve his performance in the future
3.1 PRODUCT:

A product is the item offered for sales. A product can be service or an

item. It can be physical or in virtual or cyber form. Every product is made at a cost
and each is sold at a price. The price that can be charged depends on the market,
the quality, the marketing and the segment that is targeted. Every product has a
useful life after which iit needs replacement, and a life cycle after which it has to be
re-invented. Here we make a study about the optical glass which has a great part in
our daily life.

Dev Optical Industry Produce Shell Frames

Fig.no.1Shell Frame

Glasses Frame Types:

The glasses frames are into three basic frame types: full frame half-
rimless frame, and rimless frame. A full glasses frame has a rim that completely
encircles the lens. In a half-rimless glasses frame there is no rim on the but some
half frames have the rim on the bottom. Half-rimless glasses frames that are rimless
on top are usually for reading, and they are called half eye frames (the lens sits low
on your nose and the top of the lens is flat, so it looks like half a lens).

 RIMLESS FRAME

Fig.no.2 Rimless Frame

Rimless glasses frames have no frame at all around the lens.

Rimless eyeglasses come in three pieces (two temples and the nose part). The
lenses are actually part of the structure of the frame, so it is important to only use
high index, polycarbonate or Trivex lens material on rimless glasses.

Mounting lenses into rimless eyeglass frames is tricky and requires a skilled and
experienced technician. Each lens must be drilled perfectly so that the frame fits
snugly into the lens. Poorly mounted rimless glasses frames will begin to rattle, and
can eventually crack the lens. One advantage of buying rimless glasses frames
online at Eyeglasses.com is that our labs produce very high quality rimless
mountings.

 HALF-RIMLESS FRAME:

Fig.No.3 Half Rimless Frame

A half-rimless glasses frame design has a rim over the top half
of the lens (and sometimes just on the bottom half). In most cases the bottom part
of the lens is held in place by a nylon cord, but some frames are drill mounted so
the cord is not necessary. The frame on a half-rimless frame is most commonly on
the top of the lens, although occasionally it is located on the bottom of the lens.

 READING GLASS:
This is a generic term that refers to glasses frames that hold lenses
that are used only for reading (near vision). A reading lens simply magnifies
objects that are close to us, like the letters in a book. Your eye doctor can
determine the magnification power that is best for you, or you can figure it out by
yourself through trial and error. Once you know your power, it is easy to shop for
reading glasses frames online. Follow this link to read more about reading glasses.
A doctors prescription is not required in order to select a reading lens. Drugstore
reading glasses are simply glasses frames with lenses pre-loaded in a range of
magnification powers. It is usually less expensive to purchase reading glasses
frames this way, but stock lens powers may not provide a perfect vision correction.
For best results, reading lenses with magnification customized to your needs can be
installed in any pair of glasses frames or rx-able sun glasses frames. You can also
make your own sun-readers for reading at the beach just by adding tint to the lens.
Reading glasses are becoming very fashionable, and many designer
glasses frames are now made as reading glasses. Or, you can customize a pair of
regular prescription designer glasses frames just by adding reading lenses to them.

 COMPUTER GLASSES:

Fig.No.4 Computer Glass

The phrase computer glasses frames refers to any pair of eye

glasses frames with lenses that have a focal length set at arms length, and with anti-
reflective (AR) coating. The wearer needs to measure the average distance from
his/her face to the computer screen, and give that measurement to the eye doctor.
The eye doctor will then prescribe an intermediate (arms-length) prescription
power to be used in the lenses. The anti-reflective coating helps to reduce the glare
that may come off of the computer screen.
Parts of Frame

fig.No.5 Parts of frame

TEMPLES- long arms on the side of the frame that extend from the hinge and over
the ears to keep the glasses on the face. Temple length varies and plays a factor in
the fit of a frame

HINGES – moveable joints found on the frame which allows the temples to fold
inward. Spring hinges in eyeglass frames allow for the best fit flexibility in a
frame, as the spring temples can hyperextend beyond 180 degrees

LENSES – the clear or tinted material placed inside the frame you choose. Lenses
commonly come in clear plastic or polycarbonate. Fully maginified, bifocal,
multifocal, reading sunglasses and computer lens are the types of lenses
NOSE PADS – Small pieces secured under the frame bridge that rest on the nose
and help keep the frame in place, ehile providing comfort and a sung fit. On metal
farmes , nose pads are plastic while most plastic frames have built in nose pads

TOP BAR – A bar that sits above the bridge and connect the frame around each
lens. (top bar is usually available on aviator or treandy frames)

BRIDGE – the arched position of the front frames that rest on your nose and bears
most of the weight of the glasses

PAD ARMS – Adjustable poeces attached to the frame on one end and the nose
pad on the wearer natural face shape. (it is commonly found in metal frame)

TEMPLES TIPS – shell pieces that cover the temple ends where the temples rest
behind the ears. They provide extra comfort to the wearer, especially on the glasses
with metal frames

SCREWS – Small metal or plastic piece is inserted into the hinges to connect the
temple to the frame’s end piece. Screw may also be found on the bridge to hold
nose pads in place.

END PIECES – Small part of the front frame that extend outward from the lens to
connect the front frame to hinges.

EYE WIRES – Also known as RIM, his is the front portion of a shell frames where
lenses/glasses are inserted and held in place

3.2 PRODUCT / SERVICE PRODUCED OR OFFERED

A product is a tangible item that is put on the market for acquisition, attention or
consumption while a service is an intangible item which arises from the output of one or more
individuals.
 Fig.No.6 product / service

Maintain a product / service

 Indicate the reason for the product or seervice needed

 Highlight the features
 Focus on the benefit
 Be clear and concise
 Show off the expertise, experience and accoloades
 Be the expert but talk in layman terms

3.3 MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Production department is headed by the production manager. The production process
is broadly divided into five stages

i. Milling
ii. Inserting
iii. Barrel section
iv. Polishing
v. Packing
Milling:

The cellulose acetate sheet is cut according to the requires size. Then it the following
milling operation

 Inside Milling
 Outside Milling
 Double Head Milling
 Curvature Cutting

Inserting:

Hinges and wires are inserted at the sides of the frames. This is made by heating the
frame and inserting hinges inside the frame

Barrel selection:

The frame is subjected to barrel operation such as

 Drum polish
 Course grinding
 Fine grinding

In the drum polishing there are four barrels. In each barrel are larege amount of wooden pieces.
The frame is put inside the barrel for 18 hours

Polishing:

Polishing is done in three steps

 Pre-polishing
 Polishing
 Manual polishing

Packaging:

After polishing the part of the frames are assembled and the frames are packed for sales
Process

Sheet Cutting:

To start the large material sheet is to cut into smaller sheets.holes are
drilled into the smaller sheet as a basis for threshold to create front piece. Looking
for a way to reduce the amount of waste material when producing eyeglasses and sunglasses,
they decides to take a new approach. With eyewear being such a small product that has to take
into account many things – comfort, nose size, distances between eyes and ears, durability,
materials, etc not much by way of innovation has been happening in the field.

Fig.7 sheet cutting

Innovative thing with frames being made from sheet metal that it got
them thinking. Instead of laser cutting the front side of the glasses out of the sheet metal, they
realized they could produce a lot more pairs by cut the metal in a way which leads to frame.
They’re able to reduce waste significantly by cutting their glasses out as thin metal bands that
are then shaped to form the frames. Not only is waste reduced, but more glasses can be cut out of
a single sheet of metal thereby reducing production costs. The band easily goes from two
dimensional to three dimensional and is secured without the need for screws or welding. Just a
note, they have incorporated a hinge, to finish the glasses off. While frame is still in the concept
stage, hopefully it will make it onto the market at some point.

Inner Milling Machine:

After heating the small sheet, a press machine is used to create a curvature.to heat a
sheet oven is used at correct temperature. Every bending mold is made depending on frame
design.

Our frame fronts are heated in an oven before we curve them using our self-built
pneumatic press. At the correct temperature, frame is swiftly removed from the oven and placed
under our press. A pneumatic piston is deployed, descending to curve your frame using a
precision machined mould below.

These curves make your frame comfortable to wear and allows lenses to fit more easily. To
keep its shape, your frame is then plunged into cold water.
 Fig.8 Inner Milling Machine

We make various glasses machines for professional eyeglasses manufactures.

Our frames designs are timeless and quiet, but making them is loud. Outside our workshop, you
will often hear the deafening buzz of our in-house CNC machine.

Ear defenders definitely on the frame fronts are precision cut from strips
of thick acetate sections. Confidence and commitment the required attributes to cut the lens
grooves in our frames. This involves using a custom built table and cutting tool to cut a small
channel in the inner periphery of the lens hole, without this groove, the frame can’t be fitted with
lenses

This fine process requires a handheld-drill to create four small recesses in the acetate frame
front. These four holes are for our small stainless steel rivets. If the recess is too deep, the frame
is ruined. Too shallow, the rivets stick out and catch on your cardigan. Curves always nice
especially in the right places.

Outer Milling Machine:

Cutting out front part, remaining area to create the front shape The
lens fitting process involves tracing the frame shape onto the lens and edging the
lens along the traced shape. In the manual method, almost all processes are done by
hand
 Fig.9 outer milling machine

The lens fitting process involves tracing the frame shape onto the lens and edging
the lens along the traced shape. In the manual method, almost all processes are
done by hand.

Lens Marking

The centre of the lens is marked along with the axis meridian. The frame
shape is then traced onto the lens by adjusting its position for PD, centring and
segment height. The lens is held against the rim of the frame in such a way that the
above criteria are when the lens has been marked the excess lens material around
the usable area is grossly cut out by marking the area with a diamond tip and
snapping it off. Then a chipper is used to chip off the rest of the lens as close to the
marked area as possible. This step involves the finer edging of the lens to shape of
the frame rim and creating a level for the lens to be seated in the frame groove.
Technological improvements have made this process accurate and easy. The
manual edger houses an electrically operated abrasive rotating diamond wheel by
holding the lens against the wheel and guiding it, the lens material can be edged
into to the desired shape. The edger has multiple wheels, provided for gross edging,
finishing and for bevel creation. Water is used to wash away the excess material
and to act as coolant during the edging of the lens. The lens is now ready to be
fitted into the frame. The power of the lens is checked by means of a lens meter.
Then, the shape of the frame is traced by a frame tracer in which a pin traces the
shapes of the frame and converts it into digital data. Thus the frame shape can be
viewed on a screen. An axis marker is a screen displaying the actual frame shape
with a graduated top showing the different axes- here the lens is placed and the
appropriate lens position is marked and a block is attached. A block holds the lens
in position while the lens is being edged.

Drilling holes:

Twist drills are used to drill holes in plastic lenses. Howeve, when using any hand drill,
be sure to start the hole with a sharp-pointed object otherwise the bit will slip off and scratch the
lens.

The following should be ensured while drilling the holes

- Always ensure that the cylindrical axes are marked and the lens is in proper position
before you begin the drilling operation
- Do not drill too close to the lens edge. You should allow at least 3mm from the hole
to the edge of the lens. The plastic may fracture if the hole is drilled too close to the
edge.

Usually the hole should be drilled perpendicular to a flat surface rather than being oriented to the
lens’s surface
V grove cutter:

A lens shape is cut out from the small material sheet. Grooves are the made inside
the lens holes. This process requires a high level of skill. V-groove, also been called CNC V-
cutting machine, V-groooving machine. It’s mainly used to realize a certain depth V-cutting of
stainless steel plate, ordinary sheet plate, aluminium plate & copper plate under 4mm before bend
forming. The work piece produced with such technique has small bending radius, not obvious
colour changes, small bending force requirements etc. Besides, it reduces the straightness error
of the round edge of narrow long work pieces and the common press brake and tooling can be
used to bend the work piece with complicated section shape.

Fig.10 V-Groove
 Optical glass/lens edge grinder:- this machine is specially design for all
opticians. In this machine there is a slander diamond wheel with fine diamond mesh & buffing
wheel to grind, finish &polish the lens as per your frames size. Machines are available with
different sizes/types diamond wheels and colours body. Ske-glass edge grinding machine is
generally with 125 × 16 × 3 mm auto standard diamond wheel also we are manufacture machines
with 150×16×3mm diamond wheels and types of combination / ‘v’ grooving / tribal combination
etc diamond wheels with different quality for optical glass / lens grinding and fitting as per
frames

Nose Pad Pasting:

Nose pad are glued to the front part. The roughness of the surface is removed by a
small cutter or metal file. When worn anti-slip and comfortable, better durability and corrosion
resistance, nose contact with the surface of skin can easily slide frame. Nose mat contact with the
skin surface and the frame are not easy to slide.
 Fig. 11 Nose Pad

Increased Nose higher and non-slip nose mats Advantages:

Adopt imported food grade ultra-soft silicone production,feel very soft

and comfortable to wear. Selection excellent material and not easy yellowing,durability. Non-
toxic environmentally friendly materials, ease to use! Matte material, the effect of non-slip are
more beter!

Application to all types of sheet metal optical frames, sunglasses plates, plastic
frames, TR90 frames. Original nose pad position is wide, after wearing glasses significantly fall,
eyelashes hit the lens, check touched the frame, nose is too low and etc,can be used the nose pads
to pad high and anti-slip.

There are two Pasting method:

 The first method: coated pasting.

Applies to original nose pads are shorter and smaller frames,large part is pad high
fuction,affixed to the outside of the nose pads frame,small piece of reinforcing part
is over and affixed to the inside of the nose pads.

 The second method: Single sided pasting.

Applicable to a wide part of the frame of the original nose pads.Need to adjust
narrow frame,tear off stickers directly to put a large portion affixed the nose pads
to the outside,reached to non-slip and padded nose pads function.

Parallel Method:

The main tool today for refining the all-important subjective refraction
is the phoropter. It consists of small diameter lenses that are flat in curve positioned
perpendicular to the floor at zero pantoscopic tilt, positioned in a flat plane, at zero
wrap angle and position a fixed distance from the eye, approximately 12mm-
14mm. But outside the exam room,lenses for eyeglasses are larger requiring a
curved profile for better peripheral vision .At the same time the lens’ actual
position in front of the eye i,e.the position of wear ,differs as well from the frames
that are encountered in the exam room. For example there is pantoscopic
angle,eyewires are tilted inward,toward the cheeks approximately 5-8 degree.There
is also a wrap angle.The frame is wrapped a modest degree approximately 5 to 7
degrees,around toward the temple . This is done to improve cosmetics and reduce
off axis aberrations, including skew or geometric distortion. There profile and
positional differences are the basic elements that corrected curve theory and
Martin’s Rule of Tilt attempt to address to maximize peripheral acuity in single
vision lenses. However in progressives the situation becomes more
complicated.Because of the need to the blend progressive corridor into the
adjoining lens topography,maintaining good acuity in the peripheral temporal areas
becomes far more important.The inferior area also rises in priority as the pres by
opic eye relies this region for reading.These two considerations mandate that the
precise position of the lenses be seen from a more global perspective in order to
deliver fully the potential of customized free from optimization. In traditional
progressives,entry of individual position of wear parameters into the design process
is not possible. Engineers therefore relied on averages gleaned from accumulated
fitting data. The advent of using POW values in real-time lens optimization
represents an important milestone in the evolution of progressive lenses. Faced
with the daily task of integrating the above considerations in every pair of
progressive glasses can appear daunting to ECPs, and it is easy to see why many
continue to rely upon what’s worked “good enough” in the past.But continuing to
rely on a traditional design, fitted with default position of wear values, a simple
PD,height and boxed frame dimensions is quite a bit away from the state of the
art.Further, avoiding the use of customized progressives is not only amounts to
leaving “money on the table,” it is, more importantly,on longer what today’s

Barrel (Acetone Gas process) & polishing

A barrel is a cylindrical container bulging out in the middle,

traditionally made of wooden staves with metal hoops round them. This make faint
scratches more visible the front piece is exposed to acetone gas. The front piece is
then put into a tumbling machine together with small abrasive chips made of nylon
for 48 hours. This process removes scratches and rough edges just a river creates a
natural smoothness of stones.
 Fig 10&11 Barrel

Step 1
 This step will remove tool marks, round off edges and leave a satin finish.
The load height should be approximately three inches below center. Start with 5
lb of coarse Dry abrasive cream(10 lb if using new pegs). After 16-24 hours, add
5 lb of fine Dry Abrasive Cream (10 lb if using new pegs). Before unloading, run
the barrel with screen doors for approximately one hour to remove old compound
and extra plastic.

Step 2

This step will produce a smooth surface and keep parts clean. The load
height should be approximately at the center. Use 5 lb of Shynolyte Pre-
Polishing Cream (10 lb if using new pegs). Run the barrel for 24 hours. Before
unloading, run the barrel with screen doors for approximately one hour. Hinges
can be installed after this process.

Step 3

This step is used to run the parts with hinges installed. This step will
remove scratches created when slotting and installing hinges. The load height
should be approximately at the center. Use one tablespoon of Shynolyte Pre-
Polishing Cream for each run. Run the barrel for about 24 hours. (To break in
new pegs, use one pint of Shynolyte Pre-Polishing Cream and run the pegs for a
few hours without parts.)

Step 4

This step will produce a high luster. The load height should be
approximately at the center. Use one tablespoon of microlyte polishing cream
for each run. Run the barrel for about 24 hours. (To break in new pegs, use one
pint of Microlyte Polishing Cream and run the pegs for a few hours without
parts.)
Hinge attachment
 Small holes are created behind the front piece and temples. The hinges are
presses into the holes by heat for attachment of hinge

Assembling

The joints of the front piece and temples are cut to fit each other. The joint
surfaces are levelled by polishing and filling

Final polishing

The final polishing process is done by hand with a polishing cloth and a
buffer. One frame goes through a hand polishing process atleast 10 times. Hand
polishing creates a smoother ultra-polished surface that cannot be rendered through
a machine-made process.
Quality check

After logos and models numbers are engraved, frames are polished once
more. The quality is then checked making sure aligment and balance are good.
Once they go through this process, pre-adjustments of the frames are made, and
finally frames are ready to go

3.4 RAW MATERIALS:

Cellulose acetate or ZYL (zylonite) is a natural plastic which is

manufactured from purified natural cellulose. It’s a hypoallergenic material. Raw
material for shell frames are cellulose acetate or ZYL. Cellulose acetate is the
natural plastic which is manufactured from natural cellulose. Natural cellulose of
the appropriate properties is derived primarily from two sources cotton linters and
wood pulp. In the manufacturing process of cellulose acetate, natural cellulose is
reacted with acetatic anhydride to produce cellulose acetate which comes out in a
flake form. This flake is then ground to a fine powder

Cellulose acetate in primary form cannot be processed as a

thermoplastics. However it can be processed by normal plastic processing the
chnologies in compounded form. For this cellulose acetate has to be blended with a
suitable combination of plasticizers and additives and melt compounded to get
cellulose acetate granules cellulose acetate granules can be processed by all
standard techniques.

Shell frame are produced in two ways Dev, they are manual & CNC
(computer numeric control)

Import of raw materials

Raw Materials are imported from Mumbai. Materials such as Sheet,

Acetate, Screw, Inches etc.,
Export of products

Optical are exported to tamilnadu, kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and

to some international countries like Malaysia, Singapore etc

3.5 EQUIPMENT:

i. Sheet cutting machine

ii. Inner cutting machine
iii. Outer cutting machine
iv. Pad pasting machine
v. V groove machine
vi. Nose bending machine
vii. Barrel
viii. Curvature

3.6 LOGO & SLOGAN

Logo :

Logos serve to represent a given organisation or

company through a visual image that can be easily
understood and recognised. A logo generally involves
symbols, stylized text or both.
“Look Better And Live Better”
4.1 MARKETING PRODUCT OR SERVICE

Product marketing refers to the process in which the

marketing activities are aligned to promote and sell a specific product for a
particular segment.

Service marketing implies the marketing of economic

activities, offered by the business to its clients for adequate consideration.

Business-to-business distribution occur between a

producer and industrial users of raw material needed for the manufacturer of
finished products. For example a logging company needs a distribution
system to connect it with the lumber manufacturer who makes wood for
building and furniture.
Business-to-customer distribution occur between the
producer and the final user. For instance, the lumber manufacturer sells
lumber to the furniture maker, who then makes the furniture and sells it to
retailer stores, who then sell it to the final customer.

4.2 CHANNEL OF DISTRIBUTION

Distribution channel includes wholesalers, retailers,

distribution and the internet. In the direct distribution, the manufacturer sells
directly to the consumer. Indirect channel involves multiple intermediaries
before the product ends up in the hand of the consumer.
Direct or indirect distribution structure includes any
combination or all of the following:
a) A wholesaler or distributor
b) The internet (direct)
 c) Sales teams
d) Dealers
e) Retailers etc

Dev optical distribute their product through dealers & retailers.

4.3 ADVERTISING

Advertising is a marketing communication that employs an openly

sponsored, non-personal message to promote or sell a product, service or idea.
Sponsors of advertising are typically businesses wishing to promote their products
or services.

4.4 SALES PROMOTION AND SALES MANAGEMENT

SALES MANAGEMENT

Sales management is the process of developing a sales force,

coordinating sales operation and implementing sales techniques that allow a
business to consistently hit and even surpass its sales target. The three aspects of
sales management:

a) Sales operations
b) Sales strategy
c) Sales analysis
 Fig.15 sales management

a) Sales Operation

sales operation is a set of business activity and processes that help a

sales organisation run effectively, efficiently and in support of business strategy
and objectives. It is also referred as sales, sales support or business operation.

b) Sales Strategy

A sales strategy is a plan by a business or individual on how to go about

selling products and services and increasing the profit. Sales strategy are typically
developed by a company’s admistration, along with its sales, marketing and
advertising managers.

c) Sales Analysis

sales analysis examines sales report to see what goods and services have
not sold well. This analysis is used to determine how to stock inventory, how to
measure the effectiveness of a sales force, hoe to set manufacturing capacity and to
see how the company is performing against its goals.
SALES PROMOTION

Sales promotion is the process of persuading a potential customer to

buy the product. Sales promotion is designed to be used as a short-term tactic to
boost sales. It is rarely suitable as a method of building long term customer loyalty.
Some sales promotion are aimed at consumers. Sales promotion is a type of pull
marketing technique. When a product is new in the market or not receiving any
attention then they promote the product to customers via sales promotion.

There are two types of sales promotion. They are

a) Consumer sales promotion

b) Trade sales promotion

a) Consumer Sales Promotion

Any sales promotion activity that keeping the end consumer in mind
in known as consumer sales promotion. The objective of Consumer sales
promotions might be various. A consumer might be asked to test a sample of a
completely new perfume in the market and rate it. An existing customer might be
asked to use a Scratch card so that he receives a gift. At the end, the result should
be an action from the consumer. Either the consumer should  purchase  the product
right away, or he should come to know about the product so that further awareness
is created for the brand

b) Trade Sales promotions

If your promotional activities are focused on dealers, distributors or

agents, then it is known as trade promotions. There is a lot of competition in any
field. And in channel sales, to get the products moving and to motivate the dealer
to perform better, trade discounts are given.
Promotion tool for Dev Optical Industry :

Visiting cards are the effective networking tool for professionals

and also serve as a promotional tool for a business or company division. A
compelling design with the right combination of colour and images helps to
optimize these advantages when sharing the card. Dev optical use visiting cards as
the tool for their product promotion.
5.1 FINDING
 There is sufficient technology for production
 Employees in the organization are benefited with welfare measure
 There is no trade union
 The company is depends on the employees
 Company staff and workers are following the quality management
system
 There is a team spirit among the staff.
5.2 SUGGESTION:
 Industry is better to extend for more spacious.
 Company should find more new markets for their awaiting success
 Increase statutory benefits to employees
 Increase the production of frames, it will increase the profit of the
company and also more exportation of goods is help to increase the
economic level of the nation.
5.3 CONCLUSION
In the competitive global market, every organisation success is
known by its performance. Every business aims at growth achievement of its
goals. The company has been marketing in great success and has been
achieving its goals from the time it is established. Through they planned for
the future they must also manage the current scenario. For that every
employee of the organization should be deductive in his work.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.devoptical.com


https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Glasses

Organisation Studies (Journal)

Organisational Behaviour  by K. Aswathappa (Author)