Basic Parameters

Bridge Design
Primary Data
Arun Khola Bridge

Materials and Properties for Abutment

Concrete M25
Reinforcement Fe 500

Basic Permissible Stresses of Concrete as per IRC : 21-2000

Permissible direct compressive stress σco 6.25 MPa
Permissible flexural compressive stress σc 8.33 MPa
Basic permissible tensile Stress σt 0.61 MPa
Maximum Permissible shear stress τmax 1.9 MPa

Basic Permissible Stresses of Reinforcing Bars as per IRC : 21-2000

Permissible Flexural Tensile stress σst 240 MPa
Permissible Direct Compressive stress σco 205 MPa

Modular Ratio m 10
Horizontal Seismic Coefficient AH 0.216
Response reduction Factor, R 2.500
Importance Factor, i 1.200
Zone Factor, Z 0.360
Average Response Acceleration Coefficient, Sa/g 2.500
Time Period, T 0.200
Self weight of materials as per IRC : 6-2014
Concrete (Cement-Reinforced) 2500 Kg/m³ (Assumed)
Macadam (Binder Premix) 2200 Kg/m³ (Assumed)
Self Weight of Railing 500 Kg/m
Revised Pedestrian LoadingRate(Cl.209.4) 400.00 Kg/m²
Pedestrian LoadingRate of 400 Kg/m²
Water 1000 Kg/m³
Backfill 1800 Kg/m³
Saturated unit weight 1800 Kg/m³
Utility loading Rate 100 Kg/m

Materials and Properties for Abutment

Angle of internal friction of backfill 32.000 degree
Return wall thickness 0.400 m
Approach slab
Length, L 3.500 m
Width, B 7.500 m
Depth, D 0.300 m

Design Calculation 1
 Basic Parameters
Bridge Design
Primary Data
Arun Khola Bridge

Size of bearing
Elastomeric Length 0.500 m
Width 0.400 m

Design Calculation 2
 Basic Parameters
Bridge Design
Primary Data
Arun Khola Bridge

Thickness including pedestal 0.150 m

POT Length 0.800 m
Width 0.800 m
Thickness of bearing including pedestal 0.500 m

Hydrological Data
Parameters
Scour Depth from HFL (for ABUT) d 4.000 m
Scour Depth from HFL (For Pier) d 20.440 m
Freeboard(min) Fb 2.50 m
Avg. Velocity of water current 5.63 m/s

Level of Bridge Components

Effective Span of Bridge, S1 58.3 m
Effective Span of Bridge, S2 58.3 m
Effective Span of Bridge, S3 58.3 m
Numbers of Span 3.0 Nos
Width of Expantion Joint 0.050 m
Nos. of Longitudinal Girder 2.0 Nos
Spacing of Longitudinal Girder (B3) 4.500 m
Rib Width of Main Girder at bottom bulb (B4) 0.600 m
Thickness of Wearing Coat (H4) 0.075 m
Proposed depth of the girder towards Abutment 3.900 m
Proposed depth of the girder towards Pier P2 3.900 m

Depth of Kerb above Deck Slab (H3) 0.250 m

Width of kerb(Footpath) 1.750 m

Minimum Bed Level
177.510 m
HFL Q100 185.230 m
Lowest Water Level (LWL) 177.510 m
Scour Level for Abutment (MSLa)
181.230 m
Scour Level for Piers (MSLp) 164.790 m

Thickness of Leveling Course 0.100 m

Current maximum depth of flood 7.720 m
Proposed clearance under the girder 2.500 m
Height of Abut 10.126 m
Level of the maximum scour near Abut 181.230 m
Bottom of the bridge 187.730 m
Abutment Foundation Level (Top) 179.510 m
Abutment Foundation Level (Bottom) 177.510 m

Design Calculation 3
 Basic Parameters
Bridge Design
Primary Data
Arun Khola Bridge

Road Level(Top) 191.705 m

Design Calculation 4
 Basic Parameters
Bridge Design
Primary Data
Arun Khola Bridge

Level of Maximum Scour near Pier 164.790 m

Materials and Properties for Foundation

Bearing Capacity of Soil 14625.00
( Average value from geotechnical investigation)
Foundation type Pile

Pile Foundation (Abutment)

Concrete M25
Reinforcement Fe 500
Level at top of the Pile Cap 179.510 m
Level at bottom of the Pile Cap 177.510 m
Level at the bottom of pile 147.510
Depth of Pile Cap 2.00 m
Total length of pile 30.00 m
length of pile below Scour Level 33.720 m
Adopted dia. Of Pile 1.000 m
Bearing Capacity of Pile(Individual) 975.0 KN
Bearing Capacity of Pile(Group) 14625.0 KN

Pile Foundation (Pier)

Concrete M25
Reinforcement Fe 500
Level at top of the Pile Cap 179.510 m
Level at bottom of the Pile Cap 177.510 m
Level at the bottom of pile 147.510
Depth of Pile Cap 2.00 m
Total length of pile 30.00 m
length of pile below Scour Level 17.280 m
Adopted dia. Of Pile 1.000 m
Bearing Capacity of Pile(Individual) 1262.00 KN
Bearing Capacity of Pile(Group) 20192.0 KN

Design Calculation 5
Page 6 of 169 Design of Bridge Super Structure 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge
Page 7 of 169 Design of Bridge Super Structure 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

KN-m

KN-m

KN
Page 8 of 169 Design of Bridge Super Structure 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

0.725
Page 9 of 169 Design of Bridge Super Structure 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

3.0 Design of Longitudinal Girder

Item Load (Kg)
1.
Railing/P
arapet
400
2. Kerb 900
3.
wearing
coat 1056
Total
SIDL 2356

SPAN 40 m
SPACING OF GIRDER 10 m
No. of cross girder 5

3.1 Calculation of dead load moment and shear force on longitudinal girder:
Span of Girder= 40.00 m
Total dead load of deck slab= 2356 Kg/m

Reaction at support= 47120.00

Page 10 of 169 Design of Bridge Super Structure 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

47120.00 Kg

Impact factor= 4.5/(6+40)

= 1.10

Shear Force due to Dead load:

At support= 47120.00 Kg
th
At 1/8 span= 47120-(x5)-(x0)
= 47120 Kg
th
At 1/4 span= 47120-(x10)-(x0)
= 47120.00 Kg
th
At 3/8 span= 47120-(x15)-(x1)
= 47120.00 Kg
At center of span= /2
= 0.00 Kg
Page 11 of 169 Design of Bridge Super Structure 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

Bending moment due to Dead Load

At center of span= (47120x20)-(x20x20/2)-(x10)
= 942400.00 Kg-m
th
At 3/8 span= (47120x15)-(x15x15/2)-(x5)
= 706800.00 Kg-m
th
At 1/4 span= (47120x10)-(x10x10/2)-(x0)
= 471200.00 Kg-m
th
At 1/8 span= (47120x5)-(x5x5/2)-(x0)
= 235600.00 Kg-m

Calculation of live load moment and shear force on longitudinal girder:

a)     Due to Live load: Class A

W
W W B1 W W
B2
400.00 1800.00 Clearance 1800.00
H4
H1
B11 B12 B13 B14 B15

Ra Rb Rc

B4

B5 B3 B3 B5

Reaction on the grider will be maximum when the eccentricity is maximum. The loading is
arranged in the transverse direction as shown in figure, allowing minimum clearance near the
left Kerb. All four wheel loads are of equal magnitude

Reaction factor for grider A= 4W  1.5I 

1 xB3x e
3  IxB3² 
Clearance= 1.1 m
where, e is the eccentricity= 8.125 m
Page 12 of 169 Design of Bridge Super Structure 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

Therefore, reaction factor for girder A,

Ra= 2.00 W1
Similarly,
Rb= 4W/3(1+0)
= 2 W1

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8
x1 1100 3200 1200 4300 3000 3000 3000

x
Ra Rb
IL
ordinate

The influence line diagram for bending moment is shown in figure above.

Loads Values Loads Values

W1 2.7 t W5 6.8 t
W2 2.7 t W6 6.8 t
W3 11.4 t W7 6.8 t
W4 11.4 t W8 6.8 t

Distances Values Distances Values

X Varies X5 4.3 m
X1 Varies X6 3.0 m
X2 1.1 m X7 3.0 m
X3 3.2 m X8 3.0 m
X4 1.2 m X9 Varies

Bending Moment Ordinate at considered section, Mx= (1-x/L)x

Page 13 of 169 Design of Bridge Super Structure 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

i Calculation of bending moment at L/2, when load W4 is at L/2

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 10.000 m
Load Position from Left Moment
Load Value IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 2.7 14.500 7.250 19.575
W2 2.7 15.600 7.800 21.06
W3 11.4 18.800 9.400 107.16
W4 11.4 20.000 10.000 114
W5 6.8 24.300 7.850 53.38
W6 6.8 27.300 6.350 43.18
W7 6.8 30.300 4.850 32.98
W8 6.8 33.300 3.350 22.78
Total = 414115.00 Kg-m
Total Bending Moment including impact = 454626.25 Kg-m

ii Calculation of bending moment at 3L/8, when load W4 is at 3L/8

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 9.375 m
Load Load Value Position from Left Moment
IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 2.7 9.5 5.938 16.03
W2 2.7 10.6 6.625 17.89
W3 11.4 13.8 8.625 98.33
W4 11.4 15 9.375 106.88
W5 6.8 19.3 7.763 52.79
W6 6.8 22.3 6.638 45.14
W7 6.8 25.3 5.513 37.49
W8 6.8 28.3 4.388 29.84
Total = 404373.70 Kg-m
Total Bending Moment including impact = 443932.00 Kg-m

iii Calculation of bending moment at 3L/8, when load W3 is at 3L/8

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 9.375 m
Load Position from Left Moment
Load Value IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 2.7 10.7 6.688 18.06
W2 2.7 11.8 7.375 19.91
W3 11.4 15 9.375 106.88
W4 11.4 16.2 8.925 101.75
W5 6.8 20.5 7.313 49.73
W6 6.8 23.5 6.188 42.08
W7 6.8 26.5 5.063 34.43
W8 6.8 29.5 3.938 26.78
Total = 399603.70 Kg-m
Total Bending Moment including impact = 438695.37 Kg-m
Page 14 of 169 Design of Bridge Super Structure 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

iv Calculation of bending moment at L/4, when load W4 is at L/4

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 7.500 m
Load Position from Left Moment
Load Value IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 2.7 4.500 3.375 9.11
W2 2.7 5.600 4.200 11.34
W3 11.4 8.800 6.600 75.24
W4 11.4 10.000 7.500 85.50
W5 6.8 14.300 6.425 43.69
W6 6.8 17.300 5.675 38.59
W7 6.8 20.300 4.925 33.49
W8 6.8 23.300 4.175 28.39
Total = 325352.50 Kg-m
Total Bending Moment including impact = 357180.46 Kg-m

v Calculation of bending moment at L/4, when load W3 is at L/4

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 7.500 m
Load Load Value Position from Left Moment
IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 2.7 5.700 4.275 11.54
W2 2.7 6.800 5.100 13.77
W3 11.4 10.000 7.500 85.50
W4 11.4 11.200 7.200 82.08
W5 6.8 15.500 6.125 41.65
W6 6.8 18.500 5.375 36.55
W7 6.8 21.500 4.625 31.45
W8 6.8 24.500 3.875 26.35
Total = 328892.50 Kg-m
Total Bending Moment including impact = 361066.77 Kg-m

vi Calculation of bending moment at L/8, when load W4 is at L/8

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 4.375 m
Load Position from Left Moment
Load Value IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 2.7 0.6 0.525 1.42
W3 11.4 3.8 3.325 37.91
W4 11.4 5 4.375 49.88
W5 6.8 9.3 3.838 26.10
W6 6.8 12.3 3.463 23.55
W7 6.8 15.3 3.088 21.00
W8 6.8 18.3 2.713 18.45
Total = 178291.10 Kg-m
Total Bending Moment including impact = 195732.62 Kg-m
Page 15 of 169 Design of Bridge Super Structure 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

vii Calculation of bending moment at L/8, when load W3 is at L/8

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 4.375 m
Load Position from Left Moment
Load Value IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 2.7 0.7 0.613 1.66
W2 2.7 1.8 1.575 4.25
W3 11.4 5 4.375 49.88
W4 11.4 6.2 4.225 48.17
W5 6.8 10.5 3.688 25.08
W6 6.8 13.5 3.313 22.53
W7 6.8 16.5 2.938 19.98
W8 6.8 19.5 2.563 17.43
Total = 188961.20 Kg-m
Total Bending Moment including impact = 207446.53 Kg-m
CALCULATION OF SHEAR FOR CLASS AA LOADING

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8
x1 1100 3200 1200 4300 3000 3000 3000

02
01 x9
07
06
x 05

RA 03 04 RB

Ordinate of Shear Force at considered section= 1-x/L

i Calculation of shear force at x=0, i.e. at left support.

Load W1 is just right of left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Value IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 2.7 0 1.000 2.70
W2 2.7 1.1 0.973 2.63
W3 11.4 4.3 0.893 10.18
W4 11.4 5.5 0.863 9.84
W5 6.8 9.8 0.755 5.13
W6 6.8 12.8 0.680 4.62
W7 6.8 15.8 0.605 4.11
W8 6.8 18.8 0.530 3.60
Total = 42821.50 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 47010.56 Kg
Page 16 of 169 Design of Bridge Super Structure 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

ii Calculation of shear force at x=0, i.e. at left support.

Load W2 is just right of left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Value IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 2.7 0 1.000 2.70
W3 11.4 3.2 0.920 10.49
W4 11.4 4.4 0.890 10.15
W5 6.8 8.7 0.783 5.32
W6 6.8 11.7 0.708 4.81
W7 6.8 14.7 0.633 4.30
W8 6.8 17.7 0.558 3.79
Total = 41571.60 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 45638.39 Kg

iii Calculation of shear force at x=0, i.e. at left support.

Load W3 is just right of left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Nos. Load Value support IL Ordinate Component
W1 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W3 11.4 0 1.000 11.40
W4 11.4 1.2 0.970 11.06
W5 6.8 5.5 0.863 5.87
W6 6.8 8.5 0.788 5.36
W7 6.8 11.5 0.713 4.85
W8 6.8 14.5 0.638 4.34
Total = 42871.60 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 47065.56 Kg

iv Calculation of shear force at x = L/8

Load W3 is at L/8 from left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Value IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 2.7 0.7 0.018 0.05
W2 2.7 1.8 0.045 0.12
W3 11.4 5 0.875 9.98
W4 11.4 6.2 0.845 9.63
W5 6.8 10.5 0.738 5.02
W6 6.8 13.5 0.663 4.51
W7 6.8 16.5 0.588 4.00
W8 6.8 19.5 0.513 3.49
Total = 36791.70 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 40390.89 Kg
Page 17 of 169 Design of Bridge Super Structure 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

v Calculation of shear force at x = L/8

Load W4 is at L/8 from left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Value IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 2.7 0.6 0.015 0.04
W3 11.4 3.8 -0.095 -1.08
W4 11.4 5 0.875 9.98
W5 6.8 9.3 0.768 5.22
W6 6.8 12.3 0.693 4.71
W7 6.8 15.3 0.618 4.20
W8 6.8 18.3 0.543 3.69
Total = 26762.10 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 29380.13 Kg

vi Calculation of shear force at x = L/4

Load W3 is at L/4 from left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Value IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 2.7 5.7 -0.143 -0.39
W2 2.7 6.8 -0.170 -0.46
W3 11.4 10 0.750 8.55
W4 11.4 11.2 0.720 8.21
W5 6.8 15.5 0.613 4.17
W6 6.8 18.5 0.538 3.66
W7 6.8 21.5 0.463 3.15
W8 6.8 24.5 0.388 2.64
Total = 29526.50 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 32414.96 Kg

vii Calculation of shear force at x = 3L/8

Load W3 is at 3L/8 from left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Value IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 2.7 10.7 -0.268 -0.72
W2 2.7 11.8 -0.295 -0.80
W3 11.4 15 0.625 7.13
W4 11.4 16.2 0.595 6.78
W5 6.8 20.5 0.488 3.32
W6 6.8 23.5 0.413 2.81
W7 6.8 26.5 0.338 2.30
W8 6.8 29.5 0.263 1.79
Total = 22601.50 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 24812.52 Kg
Page 18 of 169 Design of Bridge Super Structure 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

viii Calculation of shear force at x = L/2

Load W3 is at L/2 from left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Value IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 2.7 15.7 -0.393 -1.06
W2 2.7 16.8 -0.420 -1.13
W3 11.4 20 0.500 5.70
W4 11.4 21.2 0.470 5.36
W5 6.8 25.5 0.363 2.47
W6 6.8 28.5 0.288 1.96
W7 6.8 31.5 0.213 1.45
W8 6.8 34.5 0.138 0.94
Total = 15676.50 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 17210.07 Kg

CALCULATION OF SHEAR FOR CLASS 70R LOADING

i Calculation of shear force at x=0, i.e. at left support.
Load W2 is just right of left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Value IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 8 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 12 0 1.000 12.00
W3 12 1.52 0.962 11.54
W4 17 3.65 0.909 15.45
W5 17 5.02 0.875 14.87
W6 17 8.07 0.798 13.57
W7 17 9.44 0.764 12.99

Total = 80417.50 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 72393.23 Kg

ii Calculation of shear force at x=0, i.e. at left support.

Load W3 is just right of left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Value IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 8 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 12 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W3 12 0 1.000 12.00
W4 17 2.13 0.947 16.10
W5 17 3.5 0.913 15.52
W6 17 6.55 0.836 14.21
W7 17 7.92 0.802 13.63

Total = 71466.00 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 64334.94 Kg
Page 19 of 169 Design of Bridge Super Structure 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

iii Calculation of shear force at x=0, i.e. at left support.

Load W4 is just right of left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Value IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 8 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 12 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W3 12 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W4 17 0 1.000 17.00
W5 17 1.37 0.966 16.42
W6 17 4.42 0.890 15.13
W7 17 5.79 0.855 14.54

Total = 63087.00 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 56792.01 Kg

iv Calculation of shear force at x = L/8

Load W3 is at L/8 from left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Value IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 8 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 12 3.48 -0.087 -1.04
W3 12 5 0.875 10.50
W4 17 7.13 0.822 13.97
W5 17 8.5 0.788 13.40
W6 17 11.55 0.711 12.09
W7 17 12.92 0.677 11.51

Total = 60422.00 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 54392.94 Kg

v Calculation of shear force at x = L/4

Load W3 is at L/4 from left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Value IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 8 4.52 -0.113 -0.90
W2 12 8.48 -0.212 -2.54
W3 12 10 0.750 9.00
W4 17 12.13 0.697 11.85
W5 17 13.5 0.663 11.27
W6 17 16.55 0.586 9.96
W7 17 17.92 0.552 9.38

Total = 48018.00 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 43226.64 Kg

vi Calculation of shear force at x = 3L/8

Page 20 of 169 Design of Bridge Super Structure 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

Load W3 is at 3L/8 from left support

Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Value IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 8 9.52 -0.238 -1.90
W2 12 13.48 -0.337 -4.04
W3 12 15 0.625 7.50
W4 17 17.13 0.572 9.72
W5 17 18.5 0.538 9.15
W6 17 21.55 0.461 7.84
W7 17 22.92 0.427 7.26

Total = 35518.00 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 31973.92 Kg

vii Calculation of shear force at x = L/2

Load W3 is at L/2 from left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Value IL Ordinate
Nos. support Component
W1 8 14.52 -0.363 -2.90
W2 12 18.48 -0.462 -5.54
W3 12 20 0.500 6.00
W4 17 22.13 0.447 7.60
W5 17 23.5 0.413 7.02
W6 17 26.55 0.336 5.71
W7 17 27.92 0.302 5.13

Total = 23018.00 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 20721.20 Kg

Design of Section
Total Design Bending Moment:
Section Bending Moments (Kg-m)
Due to DL Due to LL Total
X = 0 for 2-lane 0.00 0.00 0.00
X=0 0.00 0.00 0.00
X = L/8 235600.00 207446.53 443046.53
X = L/4 471200.00 361066.77 832266.77
X = 3L/8 706800.00 443932.00 1150732.00
X = L/2 942400.00 454626.25 1397026.25
Page 21 of 169 Design of Bridge Super Structure 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

Total Design Shear Force: CLASS A LOADING

Section Shear Force (Kg)
Due to DL Due to LL Total

X=0 47120.00 47065.56 94185.56

X = L/8 47120.00 40390.89 87510.89
X = L/4 47120.00 32414.96 79534.96
X = 3L/8 47120.00 24812.52 71932.52
X = L/2 0.00 17210.07 17210.07

Total Design Shear Force: CLASS 70RLOADING

Section Shear Force (Kg)
Due to DL Due to LL Total

X=0 47120.00 72393.23 119513.23

X = L/8 47120.00 54392.94 101512.94
X = L/4 47120.00 43226.64 90346.64
X = 3L/8 47120.00 31973.92 79093.92
X = L/2 0.00 20721.20 20721.20

b)     Due to Live load: Class 70R tracked vehicle

Distribution of live loads on longitudinal girder for bending moment:
Reaction on the girder will be maximum when the eccentricity is maximum. Eccentricity will be maximum
when the loads are very near to the kerb. Position of loads for maximum eccentricity is shown in figure.
All the girders are assumed to have the same moment of inertia.

W1 W1

Reaction on Outer Girder RA,

RA= 2W1  3I  0.813 W1

1   2.40  0.35 
3  2I   2.40 2

2W 1
RB =
1  0   0.667 W1
3
Rc = 0.521 W1
Page 22 of 169 Design of Bridge Super Structure 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

If W be the axle load, then wheel load W1 = W/2

Then reaction factor, RA = 0.406 W
RB = 0.333 W
Rc = 0.260 W

Calculation of bending moment at L/2.

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 6.25 m

Leff= 25 m

Leff

4.57 m
700 kN
5 .1 1

5 .1 1

RA RB

Bending Moment = 3975.125 kN-m

Bending Moment including impact and rection factor for outer Girder= 1776.38 kN-m

b)     Due to Live load: Class 70R wheeled vehicle

Position of loads for maximum eccentricity is shown in figure.

W1 W1

Reaction on Outer Girder RA,

RA= 2W1  3I 
1   2.40  0.7  0.82 W
3  2I   2.40 2

2W 1
RB = 1  0   0.180 W
3
2W1  3I 
1   2.40  0.7 
Rc = 3  2I   2.40 2
 0.0688 W1

If W be the axle load, then wheel load W1 = W/2

Then reaction fact = 0.632 W
Page 23 of 169 Design of Bridge Super Structure 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

RB = 0.333 W
Rc 0.034 W
The influence line diagram for bending moment is shown in figure.
Effective span of girder, le = 25 m
LoadValues Unit Loads Values
W1 80 kN W5 170 kN
W2 120 kN W6 170 kN
W3 120 kN W7 170 kN
W4 170 kN W8 0 kN

DistaValues Unit Distances Values

X Varies X5 1.37 m
X1 Varies X6 3.05 m
X2 3.96 m X7 1.37 m
X3 2.13 m X8 0.91 m
X4 2.13 m X9 Varies

Ordinate of Bending Moment at considered section, Mx =

Calculation of bending moment = 12.5 m, when load W4 is at L/2

Ordinate of Influence line at mid 6.25 m Leff= 25 m

W1=80kN W 2=120kN W3=120kN W 4=170kN W5=170kN W 6=170kN W7=170kN

6.25

x = 12 .5m
RA RB

Fig . 12a: ILD for BM at L/2

Position
from
Load Nos. Load Values kN Maximum IL Ordinate Moment Component
W1 80 Ordinate
-8.22 2.14 171.2
W2 120 -4.26 4.12 494.4
W3 120 -2.13 5.185 622.2
W4 170 0 6.25 1062.5
W5 170 1.37 5.565 946.05
W6 170 4.42 4.04 686.8
W7 170 5.79 3.355 570.35
Total = 4553.50 kN-m
Total Bending Moment including impact for Outer Girder = 1580.40 kN-m
Total Bending Moment including impact for Inner Girder = 833.16 kN-m
Page 24 of 169 Design of Bridge Super Structure 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge
3.0 Design of Longitudinal Girder
Item Load (Kg)
1.
Railing/Pa
rapet
400
2. Kerb 900
3.
wearing
coat 1056

Total SIDL 2356

SPAN 40 m
SPACING OF GIRDER 10 m
No. of cross girder 5

3.1 Calculation of dead load moment and shear force on longitudinal girder:
Span of Girder= 40.00 m
Total dead load of deck slab= 2356 Kg/m

Reaction at support= 47120.00

47120.00 Kg
 Impact factor= 4.5/(6+40)
= 1.10

Shear Force due to Dead load:

At support= 47120.00 Kg
th
At 1/8 span= 47120-(x5)-(x-1)
= 47120 Kg
th
At 1/4 span= 47120-(x10)-(x-1)
= 47120.00 Kg
th
At 3/8 span= 47120-(x15)-(x-1)
= 47120.00 Kg
At center of span= Err:508
= Err:508 Kg

Bending moment due to Dead Load

At center of span= (47120x20)-(x20x20/2)-(x30)
= 942400.00 Kg-m
th
At 3/8 span= (47120x15)-(x15x15/2)-(x15)
= 706800.00 Kg-m
th
At 1/4 span= (47120x10)-(x10x10/2)-(x0)
= 471200.00 Kg-m
At 1/8th span= (47120x5)-(x5x5/2)-(x0)
= 235600.00 Kg-m

Calculation of live load moment and shear force on longitudinal girder:

a)     Due to Live load: Class A

W
W W B1 W W
B2
400.00 1800.00 Clearance 1800.00
H4
H1
B11 B12 B13 B14 B15

Ra Rb Rc

B4

B5 B3 B3 B5

Reaction on the grider will be maximum when the eccentricity is maximum. The loading
is arranged in the transverse direction as shown in figure, allowing minimum clearance
near the left Kerb. All four wheel loads are of equal magnitude
4W  1.5I 
1 xB3x e
3  IxB3² 
 Reaction factor for grider A= 4W  1.5I 
1 xB3x e
3  IxB3² 
Clearance= Err:509 m
where, e is the eccentricity= Err:508 m

Therefore, reaction factor for girder A,

Ra= 2.00 W1
Similarly,
Rb= 4W/3(1+0)
= 2 W1

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8
x1 1100 3200 1200 4300 3000 3000 3000

x
Ra Rb
IL
ordinate

The influence line diagram for bending moment is shown in figure above.

Loads Values Loads Values

W1 2.7 t W5 6.8 t
W2 2.7 t W6 6.8 t
W3 11.4 t W7 6.8 t
W4 11.4 t W8 6.8 t

Distances Values Distances Values

X Varies X5 4.3 m
X1 Varies X6 3.0 m
X2 1.1 m X7 3.0 m
X3 3.2 m X8 3.0 m
X4 1.2 m X9 Varies

Bending Moment Ordinate at considered section, Mx= (1-x/L)x

i Calculation of bending moment at L/2, when load W4 is at L/2

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 10.000 m
 Load Position from Left Moment
Load Nos. IL Ordinate
Value support Component
W1 2.7 0.000 7.250 19.575
W2 2.7 0.000 7.800 21.06
W3 11.4 0.000 9.400 107.16
W4 11.4 0.000 10.000 114
W5 6.8 0.000 10.000 68
W6 6.8 0.000 10.000 68
W7 6.8 0.000 10.000 68
W8 6.8 0.000 10.000 68.00
Total = 533795.00 Kg-m
Total Bending Moment including impact = 586014.08 Kg-m

ii Calculation of bending moment at 3L/8, when load W4 is at 3L/8

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 9.375 m
Load Position from Left Moment
Load Nos. IL Ordinate
Value support Component
W1 2.7 0 5.938 16.03
W2 2.7 0 6.625 17.89
W3 11.4 0 8.625 98.33
W4 11.4 0 9.375 106.88
W5 6.8 0 9.375 63.75
W6 6.8 0 9.375 63.75
W7 6.8 0 9.375 63.75
W8 6.8 0 9.375 63.75
Total = 494120.10 Kg-m
Total Bending Moment including impact = 542457.94 Kg-m

iii Calculation of bending moment at 3L/8, when load W3 is at 3L/8

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 9.375 m
Load Position from Left Moment
Load Nos. IL Ordinate
Value support Component
W1 2.7 0 6.688 18.06
W2 2.7 0 7.375 19.91
W3 11.4 0 9.375 106.88
W4 11.4 0 9.375 106.88
W5 6.8 0 9.375 63.75
W6 6.8 0 9.375 63.75
W7 6.8 0 9.375 63.75
W8 6.8 0 9.375 63.75
Total = 506720.10 Kg-m
Total Bending Moment including impact = 556290.54 Kg-m

iv Calculation of bending moment at L/4, when load W4 is at L/4

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 7.500 m
Load Position from Left Moment
Load Nos. Value IL Ordinate
support Component
 W1 2.7 0.000 3.375 9.11
W2 2.7 0.000 4.200 11.34
W3 11.4 0.000 6.600 75.24
W4 11.4 0.000 7.500 85.50
W5 6.8 0.000 7.500 51.00
W6 6.8 0.000 7.500 51.00
W7 6.8 0.000 7.500 51.00
W8 6.8 0.000 7.500 51.00
Total = 385192.50 Kg-m
Total Bending Moment including impact = 422874.38 Kg-m

v Calculation of bending moment at L/4, when load W3 is at L/4

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 7.500 m
Load Position from Left IL Ordinate Moment
Load Nos.
Value support Component
W1 2.7 0.000 4.275 11.54
W2 2.7 0.000 5.100 13.77
W3 11.4 0.000 7.500 85.50
W4 11.4 0.000 7.500 85.50
W5 6.8 0.000 7.500 51.00
W6 6.8 0.000 7.500 51.00
W7 6.8 0.000 7.500 51.00
W8 6.8 0.000 7.500 51.00
Total = 400312.50 Kg-m
Total Bending Moment including impact = 439473.51 Kg-m

vi Calculation of bending moment at L/8, when load W4 is at L/8

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 4.375 m
Load Nos. Load
Position from Left IL Ordinate Moment
Value support Component
W1 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 2.7 0 0.525 1.42
W3 11.4 0 3.325 37.91
W4 11.4 0 4.375 49.88
W5 6.8 0 4.375 29.75
W6 6.8 0 4.375 29.75
W7 6.8 0 4.375 29.75
W8 6.8 0 4.375 29.75
Total = 208197.50 Kg-m
Total Bending Moment including impact = 228564.65 Kg-m

vii Calculation of bending moment at L/8, when load W3 is at L/8

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 4.375 m
Load Position from Left Moment
Load Nos. IL Ordinate
Value support Component
W1 2.7 0 0.613 1.66
W2 2.7 0 1.575 4.25
 W3 11.4 0 4.375 49.88
W4 11.4 0 4.375 49.88
W5 6.8 0 4.375 29.75
W6 6.8 0 4.375 29.75
W7 6.8 0 4.375 29.75
W8 6.8 0 4.375 29.75
Total = 224657.60 Kg-m
Total Bending Moment including impact = 246634.97 Kg-m
CALCULATION OF SHEAR FOR CLASS AA LOADING

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8
x1 1100 3200 1200 4300 3000 3000 3000

02
01 x9
07
06
x 05

RA 03 04 RB

Ordinate of Shear Force at considered section= 1-x/L

i Calculation of shear force at x=0, i.e. at left support.

Load W1 is just right of left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Nos. IL Ordinate
Value support Component
W1 2.7 0 1.000 2.70
W2 2.7 0 0.973 2.63
W3 11.4 0 0.893 10.18
W4 11.4 0 0.863 9.84
W5 6.8 0 0.755 5.13
W6 6.8 0 0.680 4.62
W7 6.8 0 0.605 4.11
W8 6.8 0 0.530 3.60
Total = 42821.50 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 47010.56 Kg

ii Calculation of shear force at x=0, i.e. at left support.

Load W2 is just right of left support

Load Nos. Load Position from Left IL Ordinate Shear Force

Value support Component
W1 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 2.7 0 1.000 2.70
W3 11.4 0 0.920 10.49
W4 11.4 0 0.890 10.15
W5 6.8 0 0.783 5.32
W6 6.8 0 0.708 4.81
W7 6.8 0 0.633 4.30
 W8 6.8 0 0.558 3.79
Total = 41571.60 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 45638.39 Kg

iii Calculation of shear force at x=0, i.e. at left support.

Load W3 is just right of left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Nos. IL Ordinate
Value support Component
W1 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W3 11.4 0 1.000 11.40
W4 11.4 0 0.970 11.06
W5 6.8 0 0.863 5.87
W6 6.8 0 0.788 5.36
W7 6.8 0 0.713 4.85
W8 6.8 0 0.638 4.34
Total = 42871.60 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 47065.56 Kg

iv Calculation of shear force at x = L/8

Load W3 is at L/8 from left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Nos. IL Ordinate
Value support Component
W1 2.7 0 0.018 0.05
W2 2.7 0 0.045 0.12
W3 11.4 0 0.875 9.98
W4 11.4 0 0.000 0.00
W5 6.8 0 0.000 0.00
W6 6.8 0 0.000 0.00
W7 6.8 0 0.000 0.00
W8 6.8 0 0.000 0.00
Total = 10145.10 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 11137.56 Kg

v Calculation of shear force at x = L/8

Load W4 is at L/8 from left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Nos. IL Ordinate
Value support Component
W1 2.7 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 2.7 0 0.015 0.04
W3 11.4 0 -0.095 -1.08
W4 11.4 0 0.875 9.98
W5 6.8 0 0.000 0.00
W6 6.8 0 0.000 0.00
W7 6.8 0 0.000 0.00
W8 6.8 0 0.000 0.00
Total = 8932.50 Kg
 Total Shear Force including impact = 9806.33 Kg

vi Calculation of shear force at x = L/4

Load W3 is at L/4 from left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Nos. IL Ordinate
Value support Component
W1 2.7 0 -0.143 -0.39
W2 2.7 0 -0.170 -0.46
W3 11.4 0 0.750 8.55
W4 11.4 0 0.720 8.21
W5 6.8 0 0.613 4.17
W6 6.8 0 0.538 3.66
W7 6.8 0 0.463 3.15
W8 6.8 0 0.388 2.64
Total = 29526.50 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 32414.96 Kg

vii Calculation of shear force at x = 3L/8

Load W3 is at 3L/8 from left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Nos. IL Ordinate
Value support Component
W1 2.7 0 -0.268 -0.72
W2 2.7 0 -0.295 -0.80
W3 11.4 0 0.625 7.13
W4 11.4 0 0.595 6.78
W5 6.8 0 0.488 3.32
W6 6.8 0 0.413 2.81
W7 6.8 0 0.338 2.30
W8 6.8 0 0.263 1.79
Total = 22601.50 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 24812.52 Kg

viii Calculation of shear force at x = L/2

Load W3 is at L/2 from left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Nos. IL Ordinate
Value support Component
W1 2.7 0 -0.393 -1.06
W2 2.7 0 -0.420 -1.13
W3 11.4 0 0.500 5.70
W4 11.4 0 0.470 5.36
W5 6.8 0 0.363 2.47
W6 6.8 0 0.288 1.96
W7 6.8 0 0.213 1.45
W8 6.8 0 0.138 0.94
Total = 15676.50 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 17210.07 Kg
 CALCULATION OF SHEAR FOR CLASS 70R LOADING
i Calculation of shear force at x=0, i.e. at left support.
Load W2 is just right of left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Nos. IL Ordinate
Value support Component
W1 8 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 12 0 1.000 12.00
W3 12 0 0.962 11.54
W4 17 0 0.909 15.45
W5 17 0 0.875 14.87
W6 17 0 0.798 13.57
W7 17 0 0.764 12.99

Total = 80417.50 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 72393.23 Kg

ii Calculation of shear force at x=0, i.e. at left support.

Load W3 is just right of left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Nos. Value support IL Ordinate Component
W1 8 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 12 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W3 12 0 1.000 12.00
W4 17 0 0.947 16.10
W5 17 0 0.913 15.52
W6 17 0 0.836 14.21
W7 17 0 0.802 13.63

Total = 71466.00 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 64334.94 Kg

iii Calculation of shear force at x=0, i.e. at left support.

Load W4 is just right of left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Nos. IL Ordinate
Value support Component
W1 8 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 12 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W3 12 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W4 17 0 1.000 17.00
W5 17 0 0.966 16.42
W6 17 0 0.890 15.13
W7 17 0 0.855 14.54

Total = 63087.00 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 56792.01 Kg
iv Calculation of shear force at x = L/8
Load W3 is at L/8 from left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Nos. IL Ordinate
Value support Component
W1 8 Beyond Span 0.000 0.00
W2 12 0 -0.087 -1.04
W3 12 Load (Kg) 0.875 10.50
W4 17 0 0.000 0.00
W5 17 400 0.878 14.93
W6 17 900 0.881 14.98
W7 17 1056 0.882 14.99

Total = 54353.00 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 48929.52 Kg

v Calculation of shear force at x = L/4

Load W3 is at L/4 from left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Nos. IL Ordinate
Value support Component
W1 8 0 -0.113 -0.90
W2 12 0 -0.212 -2.54
W3 12 0 0.750 9.00
W4 17 0 0.000 0.00
W5 17 0 0.000 0.00
W6 17 0 0.000 0.00
W7 17 0 0.000 0.00

Total = 5552.00 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 4998.01 Kg

vi Calculation of shear force at x = 3L/8

Load W3 is at 3L/8 from left support
Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Nos. IL Ordinate
Value support Component
W1 8 0 -0.238 -1.90
W2 12 0 -0.337 -4.04
W3 12 0 0.625 7.50
W4 17 0 0.597 10.15
W5 17 0 0.579 9.84
W6 17 0 0.540 9.18
W7 17 0 0.522 8.87

Total = 39598.00 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 35646.81 Kg

vii Calculation of shear force at x = L/2

Load W3 is at L/2 from left support
 Load Position from Left Shear Force
Load Nos. IL Ordinate
Value support Component
W1 8 0 -0.363 -2.90
W2 12 0 -0.462 -5.54
W3 12 0 0.500 6.00
W4 17 0 0.478 8.13
W5 17 0 0.463 7.87
W6 17 0 0.432 7.34
W7 17 0 0.417 7.09

Total = 27982.00 Kg
Total Shear Force including impact = 25189.88 Kg

Design of Section
Total Design Bending Moment:
Section Bending Moments (Kg-m)
Due to DL Due to LL Total
X = 0 for 2-lane 0.00 0.00 0.00
X=0 0.00 0.00 0.00
X = L/8 235600.00 246634.97 482234.97
X = L/4 471200.00 439473.51 910673.51
X = 3L/8 706800.00 556290.54 1263090.54
X = L/2 942400.00 586014.08 1528414.08

Total Design Shear Force: CLASS A LOADING

Section Shear Force (Kg)
Due to DL Due to LL Total

X=0 47120.00 47065.56 94185.56

X = L/8 47120.00 11137.56 58257.56
X = L/4 47120.00 32414.96 79534.96
X = 3L/8 47120.00 24812.52 71932.52
X = L/2 0.00 17210.07 17210.07

Total Design Shear Force: CLASS 70RLOADING

Section Shear Force (Kg)
Due to DL Due to LL Total

X=0 47120.00 72393.23 119513.23

X = L/8 47120.00 48929.52 96049.52
X = L/4 47120.00 4998.01 52118.01
X = 3L/8 47120.00 35646.81 82766.81
X = L/2 0.00 25189.88 25189.88
b)     Due to Live load: Class 70R tracked vehicle
Distribution of live loads on longitudinal girder for bending moment:
Reaction on the girder will be maximum when the eccentricity is maximum. Eccentricity will be maximum
when the loads are very near to the kerb. Position of loads for maximum eccentricity is shown in figure.
All the girders are assumed to have the same moment of inertia.

W1 W1

Reaction on Outer Girder RA,

RA= 2W1  3I  0.813 W1

1   2.40  0.35 
3  2I   2.40 2

RB = 2W 1 0.667 W1
1  0  
Rc = 3 0.521 W1

If W be the axle load, then wheel load W1 = W/2

Then reaction factor, RA = 0.406 W
RB = 0.333 W
Rc = 0.260 W

Calculation of bending moment at L/2.

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 6.25 m

Leff= 25 m

Leff

4.57 m
700 kN
5 .1 1

5 .1 1

RA RB

Bending Moment = 3975.125 kN-m

Bending Moment including impact and rection factor for outer Girder= 1776.38 kN-m
b)     Due to Live load: Class 70R wheeled vehicle
Position of loads for maximum eccentricity is shown in figure.

W1 W1

Reaction on Outer Girder RA,

RA= 2W1  3I  0.82 W

1   2.40  0.7 
3  2I   2.40 2

2W 1
RB = 1  0   0.180 W
3
2W1  3I 
1   2.40  0.7 
Rc = 2I   2.40 0.06875 W1
2
3  

If W be the axle load, then wheel load W1 = W/2

Then reaction factor, RA = 0.632 W
RB = 0.333 W
Rc 0.034 W
The influence line diagram for bending moment is shown in figure.
Effective span of girder, le = 25 m
Loads Values Unit Loads Values
W1 80 kN W5 170 kN
W2 120 kN W6 170 kN
W3 120 kN W7 170 kN
W4 170 kN W8 0 kN

Distances Values Unit Distances Values

X Varies X5 1.37 m
X1 Varies X6 3.05 m
X2 3.96 m X7 1.37 m
X3 2.13 m X8 0.91 m
X4 2.13 m X9 Varies

Ordinate of Bending Moment at considered section, Mx =

Calculation of bending moment at L/2 = 12.5 m, when load W4 is at L/2

Ordinate of Influence line at mid span = 6.25 m Leff= 25 m

W1=80kN W 2=120kN W 3=120kN W 4=170kN W5=170kN W 6=170kN W 7=170kN

6.25

x = 12.5m
RA RB

Fig . 12a: ILD for BM at L/2

 W1=80kN W 2=120kN W 3=120kN W 4=170kN W5=170kN W 6=170kN W 7=170kN

6.25

RA x = 12.5m
RB

Fig . 12a: ILD for BM at L/2

Position
from
Maximum
Ordinate

Load Nos. Load Values kN IL Ordinate Moment Component

W1 80 -8.22 2.14 171.2
W2 120 -4.26 4.12 494.4
W3 120 -2.13 5.185 622.2
W4 170 0 6.25 1062.5
W5 170 1.37 5.565 946.05
W6 170 4.42 4.04 686.8
W7 170 5.79 3.355 570.35
Total = 4553.50 kN-m
Total Bending Moment including impact for Out 1580.40 kN-m
Total Bending Moment including impact for Inn 833.16 kN-m
 5.000 -5.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
-1.000
10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
-1.000
15.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 15.000
-1.000
20.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 30.000
-1.000
20
 7.25 14.5
7.8 15.6
9.4 18.8
10 20
10 24.3
10 27.3
10 30.3
10 33.3

15

5.9375 9.5
6.625 10.6
8.625 13.8
9.375 15
9.375 19.3
9.375 22.3
9.375 25.3
9.375 28.3

15

6.6875 10.7
7.375 11.8
9.375 15
9.375 16.2
9.375 20.5
9.375 23.5
9.375 26.5
9.375 29.5

10
 3.375 4.5
4.2 5.6
6.6 8.8
7.5 10
7.5 14.3
7.5 17.3
7.5 20.3
7.5 23.3

10

4.275 5.7
5.1 6.8
7.5 10
7.5 11.2
7.5 15.5
7.5 18.5
7.5 21.5
7.5 24.5

-0.4375 -0.5
0.525 0.6
3.325 3.8
4.375 5
4.375 9.3
4.375 12.3
4.375 15.3
4.375 18.3

0.6125 0.7
1.575 1.8
 4.375 5
4.375 6.2
4.375 10.5
4.375 13.5
4.375 16.5
4.375 19.5

1 0
0.9725 1.1
0.8925 4.3
0.8625 5.5
0.755 9.8
0.68 12.8
0.605 15.8
0.53 18.8

-1.1 ii

-0.0275 -1.1
1 0
0.92 3.2
0.89 4.4
0.7825 8.7
0.7075 11.7
0.6325 14.7
0.5575 17.7

-4.3 iii

-0.108 -4.3
-0.080 -3.2
1.000 0
0.970 1.2
0.863 5.5
0.788 8.5
0.713 11.5
0.638 14.5

0.700 iv

0.0175 0.7
0.045 1.8
0.875 5 0.125
0.000 6.2 0.000 1.2
0.000 10.5 0.000 4.3
0.000 13.5 0.000 3
0.000 16.5 0.000 3
0.000 19.5 0.000 3
40

-0.500

-0.0125 -0.5
0.015 0.6
0.095 3.8
0.875 5 0.125
0.000 9.3 0.000 4.3
0.000 12.3 0.000 3
0.000 15.3 0.000 3
0.000 18.3 0.000 3
40
 5.700

0.143 5.7
0.170 6.8
0.750 10 0.25
0.720 11.2 0.733 1.2
0.613 15.5 0.674 4.3
0.538 18.5 0.633 3
0.463 21.5 0.592 3
0.388 24.5 0.550 3
40

10.700

0.2675 10.7
0.295 11.8
0.625 15 0.375
0.595 16.2 0.611 1.2
0.4875 20.5 0.562 4.3
0.4125 23.5 0.528 3
0.3375 26.5 0.493 3
0.2625 29.5 0.459 3
40

15.700

0.3925 15.7
0.42 16.8
0.5 20 0.5
0.47 21.2 0.489 1.2
0.3625 25.5 0.450 4.3
0.2875 28.5 0.422 3
0.2125 31.5 0.394 3
0.1375 34.5 0.367 3
40
 -3.96

-0.099 -3.96
1.000 0
0.962 1.52
0.909 3.65
0.875 5.02
0.798 8.07
0.764 9.44

-5.48

-0.137 -5.48
-0.038 -1.52
1.000 0
0.947 2.13
0.913 3.5
0.836 6.55
0.802 7.92

-7.61

-0.190 -7.61
-0.091 -3.65
1.053 -2.13
1.000 0
0.966 1.37
0.890 4.42
0.855 5.79
-0.480

-0.012 -0.48
0.087 3.48
0.875 5 0.125
0.000 7.13 0.000 2.13
0.878 8.5 0.878 1.37
0.881 11.55 0.881 3.05
0.882 12.92 0.882 1.37
0.882 0.882 -1016

4.520

0.113 4.52
0.212 8.48
0.75 10 0.25
0.000 12.13 0.000 2.13
0.000 13.5 0.000 1.37
0.000 16.55 0.000 3.05
0.000 17.92 0.000 1.37
0.000 0.000 40

9.520

0.238 9.52
0.337 13.48
0.625 15 0.375
0.597 17.13 0.597 2.13
0.579 18.5 0.579 1.37
0.540 21.55 0.540 3.05
0.522 22.92 0.522 1.37
0.522 0.522 40

14.520
0.363 14.52
0.462 18.48
0.5 20 0.5
0.478 22.13 0.478 2.13
0.463 23.5 0.463 1.37
0.432 26.55 0.432 3.05
0.417 27.92 0.417 1.37
0.417 0.417 40
RB

11200.38
 4553.50
1648.54
869.08

4553.5

11004.4
Page 51 of 169 Design of Bridge Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

1.0 Design Data

1.1 Materials and Properties
Concrete M25
Reinforcement Fe 500

Basic Permissible Stresses of Concrete as per IRC : 21-2000

Permissible direct compressive stress(σco) 6.25 MPa
Permissible flexural compressive stress(σc) 8.33 MPa
Basic permissible tensile Stress(σt) 0.61 MPa
Maximum Permissible shear stress(τ max) 1.90 MPa

Basic Permissible Stresses of Reinforcing Bars as per IRC : 21-2000

Permissible Flexural Tensile stress(σst) 240.00 MPa
Permissible Direct Compressive stress(σco) 205.00 MPa

Self weight of materials as per IRC : 6-2000

Concrete (Cement-Reinforced) 25.00 KN/m3
Macadam (Binder Premix) 22.00 KN/m3
Water 10 KN/m3
Backfill 16 KN/m3

Design of Data:
Modular Ratio (m) 10.00
Neutral axis depth factor, n = (mσc)/( mσc+σst) 0.26
Lever arm factor, j = (1-n/3) 0.91
Moment of resistance coefficient, R = ½ x n x j x σ c 0.98 Mpa
Left Bank foundation on Rock, Right Bank foundation on soil

Maximum Seismic Coefficient for Seismic Zone V according

to IS: 1893-1984 0.12

1.2 Dimension Parameters

Effective Span of Bridge 40.00 m
Total Span of Bridge 0.00 m
Angle of internal friction of backfill 35.00 degree
Return wall thickness 0.3 m
Approach slab
Length, L 3.50 m
Width, B 6.00 m
Depth, D 0.25 m
Size of bearing
Length 0.40 m
Width 0.50 m
Thickness 0.05 m
Page 52 of 169 Design of Bridge Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

High Flood Level, HFL 1138.56 m

Lowest Bed Level, LBL 1133.65 m
Bottom level of abutment 1132.150 m
Clearance above HFL 1.50 m
Top level of abutment 1140.01 m
Depth of superstructure 2.40 m

h1 = 10.06 m
h2 = 0.25 m
h3 = 2.45 m
h4 = 7.36 m
h5 = 0.05 m
h6 = 0.50 m

b1 = 1.60 m
b2 = 0.30 m
b3 = 1.30 m
b4 = 1.30 m
b5 = 0.00 m CHECK
b6 = 1.30 m

Length of abutment shaft = 8.40 m

1.3 Calculation of weight and C.G. of the abutment stem

Area, Ai Yi (m)
Elements Weight (KN) Xi (m) from AiXi AiYi
(m2) from back
bottom
P1 9.57 2009.28 0.65 3.68 6.22 35.21
P2 1.10 231.84 1.40 2.45 1.55 2.71
P3 0.80 168.00 0.8 7.61 0.64 6.09
P4 0.74 154.35 0.15 8.58 0.11 6.31
12.21 2563.47 8.52 50.32
C.G. from back of abutment, x = 0.70 m
from bottom of abutment, y = 4.13 m
e = 1.6/2-0.7= 0.10 m
which is <1.6/6= 0.266666666666667, Hence there will be no tension force.
Moment about back face = 1788.16 KN-m
Page 53 of 169 Design of Bridge Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

1.4 Calculation of Loads and Moments

Due to Dead Load
Dead load from superstructure= 0.00 KN
Weight of bearings, expansion joint etc.= 100.00 KN
Total dead load from superstructure on each abutment, P DL= 100.00 KN
Distance of bearing center from front of abutment= 1.30 m
Eccentricity of DL & LL acting through bearing, e= 0.10 m
Moment due to DL of superstructure about back of abutment = 0.00 KN-m

Due to Live Load

Live load from superstructure:
Due to IRC Class A wheel load, in longitudinal direction,

Max. LL on abutment from right side

(11.4x40+11.4x38.8+6.8x34.5+6.8x31.5+6.8x28.5+6.8x25.5)/40
= 42858.00 Kg = 428.58 KN
Impact factor 1.10
Max LL including Impact for two identical vehicles, P LL = 941.01 KN
Moment due to eccentric load= 941.02*(0.3+0) 282.30 KN-m

Due to Live Load

Live load from superstructure:
Due to IRC Class 70R wheel load, in longitudinal direction,

120 kN 120 kN 170 kN 170 kN 170 kN 170 kN

Fig. 2
 120 kN 120 kN 170 kN 170 kN 170 kN 170 kN

Page 54 of 169 Design of Bridge Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge
Fig. 2

Max. LL on abutment from right side

(12x40+12x38.48+17x36.35+17x34.98+17x31.93+17x30.56)/40
= 80417.5 Kg
= 804.175 KN
Impact factor 1.10
Max LL including Impact for one 70R identical vehicles, P LL = 882.84 KN
Moment due to eccentric load= 882.85*(0.3+ 264.85 KNm

Due to Earth Pressure

Horizontal force due to earth pressure= 0.5 × ϒ s × h12 × tan2(45⁰-Ф/2) × t
=0.5*16*10.06*10.06*tan(27.5)*tan(27.5)*8.4
1842.97 KN
Which acts at a distance from abutment base= 0.42xh1
= 4.23 m
Magnitude of surcharge, q= 1.2 × ϒs
19.2 KN/m²
Horizontal force due to surcharge= qxh 1
xtan²(45-Ф/2)xt
439.68 KN
Which acts at a distance h1/2 from abutment base= 5.03 m
Moment due to earth pressure about abutment base= 1842.97x4.2252+439.68x5.03 KN-m
= 9998.49 KN-m
Due to Temperature Variation
Maximum temperature variation, T = 25 oC
Coefficient of thermal expansion, a = 1.17E-05 /m/oC
Strain due to concrete shrinkage = 2.00E-04
Total Strain due to shrinkage = 4.93E-04
Hori. Deformation of deck due to tem. & shrinkage affecting one abutment
= 0.00 mm
Shear Modulus of bearing material, G = 1.00 Mpa
Depth of bearing = 50.00 mm
Strain in bearing = 0.00
Hori. force due to strain in long. Direction at bearing level
= 0.000 kN
This force acts at the bearing level, i.e. at a distance from abutment base
= 7.41 m
Moment due to temperature variation = 0.000 kN.m

Due to Braking Effect

Effect due to class A loading = 0.2x554 110.8 KN
This acts at distance above deck level 1.2 m
And at a distance from abutment base 11.51 m
Moment due to braking about abutment base 1275.31 KN-m
Page 55 of 169 Design of Bridge Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

Due to Seismic force

Total Load Seismic Lever arm
Description Moment (KN-m)
(KN) Load (KN) (m)
Superstructure DL 100.00 12.00 9.06 108.72
Abutment shaft P₁ 2009.28 241.11 3.68 887.30
Abutment shaft P2 231.84 241.11 2.45 591.53
Abutment shaft P3 168.00 241.11 7.61 1834.87
Abutment shaft P4 154.35 18.52 8.58 159.01
Approach slab 131.25 15.75 10.19 160.41
Backfill 0.00 0.00 5.03 0.00
Total 2794.72 769.61 3741.85

Summary of Loads and Moments

The summary of loads and moments are tabulated below. The transverse forces and moments
are not considered, since it would not be critical due to high moment of inertia of abutment.
Therefore stresses are checked in longitudinal direction only.

Description Vertical load (KN) Horizontal force (KN) Moment (KN-m)

Superstructure DL 100.00 0.00
LL including Impact
941.01 282.30

Self wt. of abutment 2563.47 1788.16

Braking effect 110.8 1275.31
Temperature 0.00 0.00
Variation
Earth Pressure 1842.97 9998.49
Sub Total 3604.48 1953.77 13344.26
Seismic Force 769.61 3741.85
Total 3604.48 2723.38 17086.11

As per standard design practice, design of abutment would be carried out for case A, and checked
for case B, as given below.
Case A: (N+T) B: (N+T+S)
Vertical load (KN) 3604.48 3604.48
Horizontal force (KN) 1953.77 2723.38
Moment (KN-m) 12844.26 17086.11

Design of abutment stem section

Abutment section will be designed for case A and the section adequacy will be checked for case B.
Design vertical load 3604.48 KN
Design moment 12844.26 KN-m

Depth of section required= M/(Rxb)

= 1248.50 mm
Page 56 of 169 Design of Bridge Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

< 1600-75-16 = 1509 mm, OK

Clear cover to reinforcement= 75 mm

Effective depth provided= 1509 mm

Area of steel required for tension, A st= M/(σst x j x d)

= 38797.87 mm²

Thus provide 54 Nos. Ф 32.00 mm bars @ c/c spacing of 150 mm

Giving an Steel Area of= 43429.38 mm²

At the front side of the abutment,

Provide 54 Nos. of Ф 25.00 mm bars @ c/c spacing of 150 mm
Giving an Steel Area of= 26507.19 mm²

Design horizontal force = 1953.77 KN

Shear stress, τv= 0.15 N/mm²
Percentage area of tension steel, 100A st/bd = 0.34 %
Shear strength increment factor = 1+5P/(A g x fck) = 1.00
< 1.5, OK
Design shear strength of concrete, τ c = 0.26 N/mm²
> 0.15, OK

Check for shear at the bottom of the abutment cap.

Total horizontal force at the bottom of the cap = 110.80 KN
Depth of abutment= 1600 mm
Effective depth, d= 1493 mm
Corresponding shear stress, τv= 0.01 N/mm²
< 0.26, OK

Tension reinforcement required at different level along the height of abutments.

At 3.68 m above base of abutment
Description Load (KN) Lever Arm (m) Moment (KN-m)
Superstructure DL 100.00 0.10 10.24
Live load (LL) 941.01 0.10 96.40
Braking load 110.80 7.83 867.56
Temperature load 0.00 4.18 0.00
Earth Pressure 1842.97 2.68 4938.43
Surcharge 176.84 3.19 564.12
Total 6476.75
Overall depth of abutment = 1450.00 mm
Effective depth of abutment = 1359.00 mm
Area of tension reinforcement req. = M/(σst x j x d)
21723.30 mm²
Page 57 of 169 Design of Bridge Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

Thus provide 28 Nos. of Ф 32.00 mm bars @ c/c spacing of 300 mm

Giving an Steel Area of= 22518.94 mm²
Actual point of curtailment is 5.15 m from base of abutment.

Rear side Reinforcement

Provide 16 mm f bars @ 150 mm c/c at rear side of the abutment.

Check for stresses for case B

Bending Moment = 17086.11 KN-m
Stress in steel = 2.85 Mpa
< 360 Mpa, OK
Horizontal force = 2723.38 KN
Corresponding shear stress = 0.21 N/mm²
< 0.39 N/mm², OK

Design of abutment cap:

Vertical reaction due to Dead load, P DL= 100.00 KN
Live load including impact, PLL= 941.01 KN
Total vertical reaction= 1041.01 KN

Assume Cap thickness= 500.00 mm

Providing min. area of steel @1%, area of steel required /m = 5000.00 mm²
Thus Provide, on top and bottom, Ф 20.00 mm bars @ 100.00 mm c/c
Giving an Steel Area of= 6283.19 mm²

As per IRC:78-2000, clause 710.10.4 the two layers of mesh reinforcement, one at 20 mm from top
and the other at 100 mm from top of abutment cap each consisting of 8 mm Ф bars @ 100 mm c/c in
both directions, shall be provided directly under the bearings.

Check for bearing stresses

The allowable bearing pressure with nearly uniform distribution on the loaded area of a footing
or base under a bearing or column shall be given by following equation,
C= C0(A1/A2)1/2
Permissible direct compressive stress in concrete,C 0= 6.25 MPa
Dispersed largest concentric area similar to A 2, A1= 2.1 m²
Loaded area, A2= 0.2 m²
Therefore, C= 12.50 MPa
Actual compressive stress= #DIV/0! MPa
#DIV/0!

Design of Backwall:
o
Horizontal force due to earth pressure= 0.5γs×(h3- h2)²×tan²(45 -Ф/2)
= 10.49 KN/m
Which acts at a distance from backwall base= 0.924 m
Page 58 of 169 Design of Bridge Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

Magnitude of surcharge, q= 19.2 KN/m²

Horizontal force due to surcharge = q×(h3-h2)×tan 2(45o-Ф/2)

= 11.45 KN/m
Which acts at a distance from backwall base= 1.1 m

Self weight of backwall /m width= 18.375 KN/m

Live load on back wall considering class A loading= 57 KN
This acts at a distance from backwall toe= 0.150 m

Moment due to earth pressure about backwall base= 22.29 KN-m/m

Moment due to self weight and LL= 11.31 KN-m/m
Total Moment= 33.59 KN-m/m

Effective depth of backwall= 242 mm

Area of steel required, Ast= 632.73 mm²

Thus Provide Ф 16.00 mm bars @ 150.00 mm c/c

Giving an Steel Area of= 1340.41 mm²
And, as distribution bar, provide Ф 12.00 mm bars @ 200.00 mm c/c

Design of Approach Slab:

The approach slab is resting over the abutment and the other end supported by the soil underneath.
It should be designed on the basis of elastic base theory, which is complicated. Hence the dimensions
and reinforcement is provided as per the standard design practice.
thickness= 0.25m Self weight /m width= 6.25 KN/m
Weight of pavement= 1.76 KN/m
Total udl= 8.01 KN/m

Maximum live load= 2×114 KN at 1.2m spacing

Max moment in longitudinal Direction (from SAP analysis)= 20.10 KN-m/m

Effective depth of slab required= 143.14 mm

Effective depth provided= 204.00 mm
Area of steel required= 449.11 mm²

Thus, provide, on top and bottom, Ф 12.00 mm bars @ 150.00 mm c/c

Giving an Steel Area of= 753.98 mm²

Max moment transverse Direction (from SAP analysis)= 15.90 Kg-m

Effective depth of slab required= 127.31 mm
Effective depth provided= 192.00 mm

Area of steel required= 377.47 mm²

Page 59 of 169 Design of Bridge Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

Thus, provide, on top and bottom, Ф 12.00 mm bars @ 150.00 mm c/c

Giving an Steel Area of= 753.98 mm²
And, as distribution bar, provide Ф 10.00 mm bars @ 150.00 mm c/c

Maximum shear force= 31.00 kN/m

Shear stress= 0.16 N/mm²
Percentage area of steel= 0.39
Permissible shear stress= 0.25 N/mm²
> 0.16 N/mm², OK

Design of RCC Stoppers:

Base width of sttoper, b1 = 0.45 m
Top width of sttoper, b2 = 0.35 m
Height above abutment cap, h1 = 0.45 m
Length of sttoper, l = 0.5 m

Horizontal force acting on the stopper above pier cap

= 10% of vertical load
= 10.00 KN

Friction resistance= 15.00 KN

However for additional factor of safety, assuming an extra lateral force in excess of
frictional resistance taking aR = 0.20 in worst case.
Therefore, Fs= 20.00 KN
Difference 5.00 KN
Moment at the base of stopper = 2.25 KN-m
Effective depth required = 67.73 mm
Effective depth provided = 392.00 mm
Area of steel required = 26.16 mm²
Thus Provide Ф 16.00 mm bars @ 100.00 mm c/c
Giving an Steel Area of= 1005.31 mm²

Max. Shear stress= 0.03 N/mm²

Percentage area of steel provided= 0.51
Permissible shear stress= 0.30 N/mm²
> 0.03 N/mm², OK
Thus provide nominal shear reinforcement, Ф 10.00 mm bars @ 100.00 mm c/c

Design of Return wall:

Return wall will be monolithic with backwall. They are joined together as shown. The load acting on
the wing walls would be earth pressure and is designed to withstand a live load equivalent to
surcharge of 1.2 m height of earth fill according to IRC:78-2000.
h1 = 4.02 m
h2 = 2.00 m
h3 = 2.45 m
 Page 60 of 169 Design of Bridge Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

h4 = 0.50 m 
B3 x e 
b1 = 3.50 m 
Thickness of return wall assumed= 300.00 mm
Average value of earth pressure=
0.5γs×(h1/2+h2/2+1.2)²×tan²(45o-Ф/2)
= 38.43 KN
Acting at a distance from wing wall bottom= 1.51 m
Moment due to earth pressure= 93.00 KN-m/m
Depth required= 177.46 mm
Effective depth provided= 242.00 mm
Area of steel required= 1751.74 mm²

Thus Provide Ф 16.00 mm bars @ 100.00 mm c/c

Giving an Steel Area of= 6052.69 mm²
And, as distribution bar, provide Ф 10.00 mm bars @ 150.00 mm c/c in vertical direction

In the fillet joint, provide Ф 10.00 mm bars @ 200.00 mm c/c as nominal reinforcement

The wing wall would be properly anchored to the abutment, backwall and abutment cap.
Page 61 of 169 Design of Open Foundation for Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads ###

Division Road Office, Baitadi ###
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge ###
###
Design of Abutment Base Slab ###
Geometrical Properties ###
###
High Flood Level, HFL= 1138.56 m ###
Maximum depth of scour from HFL= 3.610 m ###
Elevation of maximum scour level (MSL)= 1134.950 m ###
Max. Water depth in the river= 4.91 m ###
Water depth near the abutment= 4.91 m ###
Proportionate scour depth near the abutment 3.61 m ###
Elevation of MSL near abutment= 1134.950 m ###
HFL
Lowest Bed Level= 1133.650 m ###
Elevation of top of foundation base= 1132.15 m ###
Bottom level of foundation= 1130.65 m ###
h1= 10.06 m ###
h2= 0.25 m ###
h3= 2.45 m ###
h4= 7.36 m ###
h5= 0.05 m ###
h6= 0.50 m
Depth of foundation, h7= 1.50 m ###
HFL above MSL, h8= 3.61 m ###
HFL above min. bed level h9= 4.91 m ###
MSL below min. bed level, h10= -1.30 m( No Scouring) ###
Top of foundation base below MSL, h11= 2.80 m
b1= 1.60 m
b2= 0.30 m
b3= 1.30 m ###
b4= 1.30 m ###
b5= 0.00 m ###
b6= 1.30 m
b7= 3.00 m ###
b8= 3.20 m ###
Foundation base length, b8= 1.6+3+3.2= 7.80 m ###
###
Abutment base length= 8.40 m ###
Foundation projection beyond abutment stem= 0.20 m ###
Total width of foundation= 8.60 m ###
Angle of internal friction of soil= 35.00 degree ###
Safe bearing capacity of soil= 490.00 KN/m² ###

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Page 62 of 169 Design of Open Foundation for Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads ###

Division Road Office, Baitadi ###
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge ###
###
Calculation of vertical load on foundation base ###
Due to Dead Load ###
Superstructure= 100.00 KN ###
Abutment shaft= 2563.47 KN ###
Soil behind abutment= 4931.41 KN ###
Approach slab= 131.25 KN ###
Soil in front of abutment= 784.32 KN ###
Total= 8510.45 KN

Due to Live Load

Maximum live load including impact= 941.01 KN

Due to self weight of foundation base= 2515.50 KN

Loss in weight due to Buoyancy

Depth of abutment shaft below HFL= 6.41 m
Abutment width at HFL= 1.34 m
Loss in weight of abutment shaft(Rectangle)= 737.98 KN
Loss in weight of abutment shaft( Triangle)= 72.02 KN
Loss in weight of abutment shaft= 810.00 KN
Loss in weight of soil behind abutment= 1653.78 KN
Loss in weight of soil in front of abutment= 1764.03 KN
Total buoyant force on abutment= 4227.81 KN

Buoyant force on foundation base= 1006.20 KN

Calculation of Moments at Foundation Base Level

Due to superstructure DL+LL
Total superstructure DL+LL= 1041.01 KN
This load acts at bearing which is at distance from foundation toe= 4.15 m
Corresponding moment= 4320.20 KN-m
Superstructure DL= 100.00 KN
Moment at foundation toe due to DL= 415.00 KN-m

Due to Abutment + Soil filling DL

A. Maximum Load Condition
i) Due to abutment body
Load= 2563.47 KN
Lever arm= 4.10 m
Moment= 10516.50 KN-m
ii) Due to Backfill and approach slab
Load= 5062.66 KN
Lever arm= 6.62 m
Moment= 33514.82 KN-m

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Page 63 of 169 Design of Open Foundation for Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads ###

Division Road Office, Baitadi ###
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge ###
iii) Due to soil fill in front of abutment
Load= 784.32 KN
Lever arm= 1.60 m
Moment= 1254.91 KN-m

Total moment due to abutment + soil filling DL= 45286.23 KN-m

B. No LL + Buoyancy Condition
i) Due to abutment body
Load= 1753.47 KN
Lever arm= 4.10 m
Moment= 7193.51 KN-m
ii) Due to Backfill and approach slab
Load= 3408.88 KN
Lever arm= 6.62 m
Moment= 22566.80 KN-m
iii) Due to soil fill in front of abutment
Load= -979.71 KN
Lever arm= 1.60 m
Moment= -1567.54 KN-m

Total moment due to abutment + soil filling DL = 28192.77 KN-m

Due to Foundation Base DL

Load= 2515.50 KN
Lever arm= 3.90 m
Moment= 9810.45 KN-m

Due to Earth Pressure

Earth pressure= 1842.97 KN
Lever arm= 5.73 m
Surcharge= 439.68 KN
Lever arm= 6.53 m
Total Moment= 13422.46 KN-m

Due to Longitudinal forces:

a) Due to tractive effort or braking= 110.80 KN
Which acts at a distance above foundation bottom= 13.01 m
Moment due to tractive effort or braking about foundation base= 1441.51 KN-m

b) Force due to resistance in bearings due to temperature (DL+LL)= 156.15 KN

Which acts at a distance above foundation bottom= 9.31 m
Moment due to temperature about foundation base= 1453.77 KN-m

c) Force due to resistance in bearings due to temperature (0.2DL)= 20.00 KN

Moment due to tractive effort or braking about foundation base= 186.20 KN-m

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Page 64 of 169 Design of Open Foundation for Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads ###

Division Road Office, Baitadi ###
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge ###

Due to Seismic force

A. Along longitudinal direction for maximum load condition
Total Load Seismic Load Lever arm
Description Moment (KN-m)
(KN) (KN) (m)
Superstructure DL 100.00 12.00 10.59 127.02
Abutment shaft P₁ 2009.28 241.11 5.18 1248.97
Abutment shaft P2 231.84 27.82 3.95 109.98
Abutment shaft P3 168.00 20.16 9.11 183.66
Abutment shaft P4 154.35 18.52 10.59 196.06
Approach slab 131.25 15.75 11.69 184.04
Backfill 4931.41 591.77 6.53 3864.25
Foundation Base 2515.50 301.86 0.75 226.40
Total 7726.13 927.14 5913.98

B. Case of buoyancy and no live load

The seismic load will be lesser than that for N+T case due to submerged part of the sub structure
which will be under buoyancy.
Description Total Load Seismic Lever arm Moment (KN-m)
(KN) Load (KN) (m)
Superstructure DL 100.00 12.00 10.59 127.02
Abutment shaft P₁ 1271.30 152.56 5.18 790.24
Abutment shaft P2 159.82 19.18 3.95 75.82
Abutment shaft P3 168.00 20.16 9.11 183.66
Abutment shaft P4 154.35 18.52 10.59 196.06
Approach slab 131.25 15.75 11.69 184.04
Backfill above HFL 3088.26 370.59 8.34 3088.88
Backfill below HFL 1728.47 207.42 3.31 685.51
Foundation Base 1509.30 181.12 0.75 135.84
Total 5072.98 608.76 4645.71

Summary of Moments and Forces

Vertical Loads
Description Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Buoyancy+ No LL Case I + Seismicity
DL superstructure + abutment 8510.5 4282.6 8510.5
DL of foundation base 2515.5 1509.3 2515.5
Live load 941.0 - 941.0
Total 11967.0 5791.9 11967.0

Horizontal Loads
Description Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Buoyancy+ No LL Case I + Seismicity
Earth Pressure 2282.6 2282.6 2282.6
Tractive effort or braking 110.8 - 110.8
Temperature effect 156.2 156.2 156.2

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Page 65 of 169 Design of Open Foundation for Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads ###

Division Road Office, Baitadi ###
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge ###
Seismic Force - - 927.1
Total 2549.6 2438.8 3476.7

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Page 66 of 169 Design of Open Foundation for Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads ###

Division Road Office, Baitadi ###
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge ###

Resisting Moments
Description Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Buoyancy+ No LL Case I + Seismicity
Superstructure DL+LL 4320.2 415.0 4320.2
Abutment +Soil filling DL 45286.2 28192.8 45286.2
Foundation Base DL 9810.5 5886.3 9810.5
Total 59416.9 34494.0 59416.9

Overturning Moments
Description Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Buoyancy+ No LL Case I + Seismicity
Earth pressure 13422.5 13422.5 13422.5
Tractive effort or braking 1441.5 - 1441.5
Temperature effect 1453.8 186.2 1453.8
Seismic force - - 4645.7
Total 16317.7 13608.7 20963.4

Summary
Loads and moments per meter width of the foundation base will be as follows.
Case I Case II Case III
Description Unit
Max. Load Buoyancy+ No LL Case I + Seismicity
ΣP KN 1391.5 673.5 1391.5
ΣH KN 296.5 283.6 404.3
ΣMR KN-m 6908.9 4010.9 6908.9
ΣMO KN-m 1897.4 1582.4 2437.6

Design of foundation base

Check against overturning= ΣMR/ΣMO

Case I: Max. Load 3.64 > 2.00 Safe
Case II: Buoyancy + No LL 2.53 > 2.00 Safe
Case III: Case I + Seismicity 2.83 > 1.50 Safe

Check against Sliding= 0.6ΣP/ΣH

Case I: Max. Load 2.82 > 1.50 Safe
Case II: Buoyancy + No LL 1.42 CHECK must be > 1.5
Case III: Case I + Seismicity 2.07 > 1.25 Safe

Check bearing capacity

Eccentricity, e= (b₁/2)-(ΣMR - ΣMO)/ΣP
≤ b₁/6
σmax, min ΣP/b₁ x (1+6e/b₁)

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Page 67 of 169 Design of Open Foundation for Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads ###

Division Road Office, Baitadi ###
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge ###

Case Load e σmax σmin

Case I Max. Load 0.298 219.4 137.4 OK

Case II Buoyancy + No LL 0.294 105.9 66.8 OK
Case III Case I + Seismicity 0.687 272.6 84.2 OK
Pemissible Value 1.300 490.0 0.0

Design of Heel Slab

Downward pressure i.e. pressure due to slab and backfill= 228.64 KN/m²
Case I: N + T Case
σmax= 219.36 KN/m² OK
σmin= 137.44 KN/m²
σ h= 185.75 KN/m²
σt= 168.95 KN/m²
b7= 3.00 m
b1= 1.60 m
b8= 3.20 m
b= 7.80 m
Net downward pressure at A= 91.20 KN/m²
Net downward pressure at B= 59.69 KN/m²

Moment at B= 315.89 KN-m

Effective depth of section required= 567.46 mm

Effective depth of section provided= 1410.00 mm

Area of steel required= 1021.18 mm²
Minimum area of steel required @ 0.12 %= 1800 mm²

Thus Provide Ф 25.00 mm bars @ 150.00 mm c/c

Giving an Steel Area of= 3272.49 mm²

Maximum shear force at B= 226.35 KN/m

Shear stress= 0.16 N/mm²
% area of tension steel= 0.23 %
Corresponding permissible shear stress= 0.20 N/mm²
> 0.16 N/mm², OK
Shear Reinforcement is not required.

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Bridge Design
Abutment
Arun Khola Bridge

1.0 Design Data

1.1 Materials and Properties
Concrete M25
Reinforcement Fe 500

Basic Permissible Stresses of Concrete as per IRC : 21-2000

Permissible direct compressive stress(σco) 6.25 MPa
Permissible flexural compressive stress(σc) 8.33 MPa
Basic permissible tensile Stress(σt) 0.61 MPa
Maximum Permissible shear stress(τmax) 1.90 MPa

Basic Permissible Stresses of Reinforcing Bars as per IRC : 21-2000

Permissible Flexural Tensile stress(σst) 240.00 MPa
Permissible Direct Compressive stress(σco) 205.00 MPa

Self weight of materials as per IRC : 6-2014

Concrete (Cement-Reinforced) 25.00 KN/m3
Macadam (Binder Premix) 22.00 KN/m3
Water 10.00 KN/m3
Backfill 18.00 KN/m3

Design of Data:
Modular Ratio (m) 10.000
Neutral axis depth factor, n = (mσc)/( mσc+σst) 0.258
Lever arm factor, j = (1-n/3) 0.914
Moment of resistance coefficient, R = ½ x n x j x σc 0.981 Mpa
Left Bank foundation on Rock, Right Bank foundation on soil

Maximum Seismic Coefficient for Seismic Zone V according to 0.216

IRC: 6-2014

1.2 Dimension Parameters

Effective Span of Bridge 58.30 m
Number of spans 3.00 Nos.
Width of Expantion Joint 0.05 m
Total Length of Bridge 182.45 m
Angle of internal friction of backfill 32.00 degree
Return wall thickness 0.40 m
Approach slab
Length, L 3.50 m
Width, B 7.50 m
Depth, D 0.30 m

Design Calculation 4
Bridge Design
Abutment
Arun Khola Bridge

Size of bearing
Length 0.80 m
Width 0.80 m
Thickness 0.50 m
High Flood Level, HFL 185.230 m
Lowest Bed Level, LBL 177.510 m
Bottom level of abutment 179.510 m
Minimum Clearance above HFL 2.50 m
Top level of abutment 187.23 m
Depth of superstructure 3.90 m
h1 = 10.126 m
h2 = 0.300 m
h3 = 4.426 m
h4 = 5.000 m
h5 = 0.500 m
h6 = 1.000 m
h7 = 0.000 m

b1 = 1.900 m
b2 = 0.400 m
b3 = 0.650 m
b4 = 1.300 m
b5 = 0.650 m
b6 = 1.700 m
b7 = 0.000 m
Length of abutment shaft = 11.00 m
1.3 Calculation of weight and C.G. of the abutment stem
Xi (m) Yi (m)
Elemen
ts Area, Ai (m2) Weight (KN) from back from AiXi AiYi
A-A bottom
P1 8.50 2337.50 0.850 2.500 7.225 21.250
P2 0.50 137.50 1.767 1.667 0.883 0.833
P3 1.30 357.50 0.650 5.500 0.845 7.150
P4 2.17 596.86 0.200 7.713 0.434 16.740
P5 0.00 0.00 0.000 4.733 0.000 0.000
R.W.W. 4.20 210.00 -1.000 1.667 -4.200 7.000

Railing 0.30 16.00 -1.500 5.125 -0.450 1.538

12.47 3655.36 9.387 54.511
16.97 C.G. from back of total abutment A-A , x = 0.550 m
C.G. from back of abutment stem A-A , x = 0.750 m
from bottom of abutment, y = 3.220 m
Eccentricity for Superstructure, e = 1.05-0.75= 0.300 m
which is <1.9/6= 0.317, Hence there will be no tension force.
Moment about CG of abutment = -731.07 KN-m

Design Calculation 5
Bridge Design
Abutment
Arun Khola Bridge

1.4 Calculation of Loads and Moments

Due to Dead Load
Weight of Box Girder 10505.600 KN
Weight of Wearing Coat 743.600 KN
Weight of Railing 71.000 KN
Weight of Footpath 1249.500 KN
12569.7 KN

Dead load from superstructure= 6284.85 KN

Weight of bearings, expansion joint etc.= 100.00 KN
Total dead load from superstructure on each abutment, P DL= 6384.85 KN
Distance of C.G. of abutment from back of abutment= 0.750 m
Eccentricity of DL+LL acting through bearing after 0.05m movement, e= 0.350 m
Moment due to DL of superstructure about CG of abutment = 2234.698 KN-m

Due to Pedestrian Loading

Intensity of pedestrian loading = 4.00 KN/m2
Load on one abutment = 408.10 KN
Due to Utility Loading
Intensity of Utility loading = 1.00 KN/m
Load on one abutment = 58.30 KN

Due to Live Load (Class A Two Lane)

Live load from superstructure:
Due to IRC Class A wheel load, in longitudinal direction,

Max. LL on abutment from right side

(11.4x58.3+11.4x57.1+6.8x52.8+6.8x49.8+6.8x46.8+6.8x43.8)/58.3
= 57560.72 Kg = 575.607 KN
Impact factor= 4.5/(6+58.3)
= 1.070
Max LL including Impact for two lane Class A vehicles, P LL = 1231.78 KN
Moment due to eccentric load= 1639.89*(0.35) 573.96 KN-m

Design Calculation 6
Bridge Design
Abutment
Arun Khola Bridge

Due to Live Load (class 70R Wheel One Lane)

Live load from superstructure:
Due to IRC Class 70R wheel load, in longitudinal direction,

80 kN 120 kN 120 kN 170 kN 170 kN 170 kN 170 kN

Max. LL on abutment from right side

(17x58.3+17x56.93+17x53.88+17x52.51+17x50.38+12x48.86+8x44.9)/58.3
= 105213.722 Kg
= 1052.137 KN
Impact factor 1.088
Max LL including Impact for one 70R identical vehicles, P LL = 1144.725 KN
Moment due to eccentric load= 1552.83*(0.35)= 543.489 KNm

Live load from superstructure:

Due to IRC Class 70R wheel load, in longitudinal direction,

120 kN 120 kN 170 kN 170 kN 170 kN 170 kN

Fig. 2

Max. LL on abutment from right side

(12x58.3+12x56.78+17x54.65+17x53.28+17x50.23+17x48.86)/58.3
= 84053.173 Kg
= 840.532 KN
Impact factor 1.088
Max LL including Impact for one 70R identical vehicles, P LL = 914.499 KN
Moment due to eccentric load= 1322.6*(0.35 462.909 KNm

Design Calculation 7
Bridge Design
Abutment
Arun Khola Bridge

Due to Earth Pressure

Horizontal force due to earth pressure= 0.5 × ϒ s × h12 × tan2(45⁰-Ф/2) × t
=0.5*18*10.126*10.126*tan(29)*tan(29)*11
= 3119.00 KN
Which acts at a distance from abutment base= 0.42xh1
= 4.253 m
Magnitude of surcharge, q= 1.2 × ϒs
21.600 KN/m²
Horizontal force due to surcharge= qxh 1
xtan²(45-Ф/2)xt
= 739.245 KN
Which acts at a distance h1/2 from abutment base= 5.063 m
Moment due to earth pressure about abutment base= 3119x4.25292+739.24x5.063 KN-m
= 17007.642 KN-m
Due to Temperature Variation
Maximum temperature variation, T = 25.00 oC
Coefficient of thermal expansion, a = 1.2E-05 /m/oC
Strain due to concrete shrinkage = 0.0002
Total Strain due to temp = 1.7E-02 m
Hori. Deformation of deck due to tem. & shrinkage affecting one abutment
= 0.0173 m

Design Calculation 8
Bridge Design
Abutment
Arun Khola Bridge

Hori. force due to strain in long. Direction at bearing level

Bl = 388 mm
Bw = 288 mm
G= 12 N/mm2
For Elastomer Bearings Fh=Vr*ltc Fh = 23.1347 kN
Hori. force due to deformation at bearing level on abutment = 46.27 kN
This force acts at the bearing level, i.e. at a distance from abutment base
= 6.00 m
Moment due to temperature variation = 277.616 kN.m
μ = 0.050
For POT Bearings Fh=μ *Vr Fh = 380.832 kN
Hori. force due to deformation at bearing level on abutment = 380.83 kN
This force acts at the bearing level, i.e. at a distance from abutment base
= 6.00 m
Moment due to temperature variation = 2284.989 kN.m
Design Moment due to temperature variation = 2284.989 kN.m

Due to Braking Effect

Effect due to class 70R loading = 0.2x1000 200 KN
This acts at distance above deck level 1.2 m
And at a distance from abutment base 7.20 m
Moment due to braking about abutment base 1440.00 KN-m

Due to Seismic force

Total Load Seismic Lever arm
Description Moment (KN-m)
(KN) Load (KN) (m)
Superstructure DL 6443.15 1391.72 6.00 8350.32
Abutment shaft P₁ 2337.50 504.90 2.50 1262.25
Abutment shaft P2 137.50 29.70 1.67 49.50
Abutment shaft P3 357.50 77.22 5.50 424.71
Abutment shaft P4 596.86 128.92 7.71 994.37
Approach slab 196.88 42.53 10.28 436.99
Backfill 3119.00 673.70 5.06 3410.96
Total 13188.38 2848.69 14929.10

Design Calculation 9
Bridge Design
Abutment
Arun Khola Bridge

Summary of Loads and Moments

The summary of loads and moments are tabulated below. The transverse forces and moments are
not considered, since it would not be critical due to high moment of inertia of abutment.
Therefore stresses are checked in longitudinal direction only.

Description Vertical load (KN) Horizontal force (KN) Moment (KN-m)

Superstructure DL 6443.15 2234.70
LL incl. Impact 1639.88 573.96

Self wt. of abutment 3655.36 0.00

Braking effect 200 1440.00
Temperature 380.83 2284.99
Variation
Earth Pressure 3858.24 17007.64
Sub Total 11738.39 4439.07 23541.29
Seismic Force 2848.69 14929.10
Total 11738.39 7287.76 38470.39

As per standard design practice, design of abutment would be carried out for case A, and checked
for case B, as given below.
Case A: (N+T) B: (N+T+S)
Vertical load (KN) 11738.39 11738.39
Horizontal force (KN) 4439.07 7287.76
Moment (KN-m) 23541.29 38470.39

Design of abutment stem section

Abutment section will be designed for case A and the section adequacy will be checked for case B.
Design vertical load 11738.39 KN
Design moment 23541.29 KN-m

Depth of section required= M/(Rxb)

= 1477.04 mm
< 1900-75-14 = 1811 mm, OK

Clear cover to reinforcement= 75 mm

Effective depth provided= 1811 mm

Area of steel required for tension, A st= M/(σst x j x d)

= 59251.56 mm²

Thus provide 108 Nos. Ф 28.00 mm bars @ c/c spacing of 100 mm

Giving an Steel Area of= 66501.23 mm²

At the front side of the abutment,

Ф 20.00 mm bars @ c/c spacing of 110 mm
Giving an Steel Area of= 31730.09 mm²
Percentage area of compression steel, 100Ast/bd = 0.16 %

Design Calculation 10
Bridge Design
Abutment
Arun Khola Bridge

ok
Design horizontal force = 4439.07 KN
Shear stress, τv= 0.22 N/mm²
Percentage area of tension steel, 100Ast/bd = 0.33 %
Shear strength increment factor = 1+5P/(Ag x fck) = 1.00
< 1.5, OK
Design shear strength of concrete, τc = 0.26 N/mm²
> 0.22, OK

Design Calculation 11
Bridge Design
Abutment
Arun Khola Bridge

Check for shear at the bottom of the abutment cap.

Total horizontal force at the bottom of the cap = 580.83 KN
Width of abutment= 1900 mm
Effective depth, d= 1836 mm
Corresponding shear stress, τv= 0.029 N/mm²
< 0.26, OK

Tension reinforcement required at different level along the height of abutments.

At 2.50 m above base of abutment
Description Load (KN) Lever Arm (m) Moment (KN-m)
Superstructure DL 6443.15 0.35 2255.10
Live load (LL) 1639.88 0.35 573.96
Braking load 200.00 4.70 940.00
Temperature load 46.27 3.50 161.94
Earth Pressure 770.05 3.20 2466.40
Surcharge 419.28 3.81 1598.72
Total 7996.12
Overall depth of abutment = 1800.00 mm
Effective depth of abutment = 1736.00 mm
Area of tension reinforcement req. = M/(σst x j x d)
20995.09 mm²

Provide 54 Nos. of Ф 28.00 mm bars @ c/c spacing of 200 mm

Giving an Steel Area of= 33250.62 mm²
Actual point of curtailment is 4.18 m from base of abutment.

Distribution Reinforcement
Area of distribution reinforcement req. = 0.12% of Area
1140.00 mm²

Provide 11 Nos. of Ф 12.00 mm bars @ c/c spacing of 100 mm

Giving an Steel Area of= 1244.07 mm²

Check for stresses for case B

Bending Moment = 38470.39 KN-m
Giving an Steel Area of= 66501.23 mm²
Stress in steel = 349.44 Mpa
< 360 Mpa, OK
Horizontal force = 7287.76 KN
Corresponding shear stress = 0.37 N/mm²
< 0.39 N/mm², OK

Design Calculation 12
Bridge Design
Abutment
Arun Khola Bridge

Design of abutment cap:

Vertical reaction due to Dead load, PDL= 6443.15 KN
Live load including impact, PLL= 1639.88 KN
Total vertical reaction= 8083.03 KN

Assume Cap thickness= 250.00 mm

Providing min. area of steel @1%, area of steel required = 3250.00 mm²
Thus Provide, on top and bottom, Ф 16.00 mm bars @ 170.00 mm c/c
Giving an Steel Area of= 3477.19 mm²

Check for bearing stresses in cap:

Grade of concerete = M35
The allowable bearing pressure with nearly uniform distribution on the loaded area of a footing or
base under a bearing or column shall be given by following equation,
C= C0(A1/A2)1/2
Permissible direct compressive stress in concrete,C0= 8.75 MPa
Dispersed largest concentric area similar to A 2, A1= 1.210 m²
Loaded area, A2= 0.360 m²
Therefore, C= 16.04 MPa
Actual compressive stress= 11.23 MPa
< 16.04 MPa, OK

Check for bearing stresses in pedestal:

The allowable bearing pressure with nearly uniform distribution on the loaded area of a footing or
base under a bearing or column shall be given by following equation,
Length of pedestal = 0.60 m
Width of pedestal = 0.60 m
Thickness of pedestal = 0.00 m
C= C0
(A 1
/A 2
)1/2
Permissible direct compressive stress in concrete,C0= 8.75 MPa
Dispersed largest concentric area similar to A 2, A1= 0.64 m²
Loaded area, A2= 0.64 m²
Therefore, C= 8.75 MPa
Actual compressive stress= 6.31 MPa
< 8.75 MPa, OK

Design of Backwall:
o
Horizontal force due to earth pressure= 0.5γs×(h3- h2)²×tan²(45 -Ф/2)
= 47.08 KN/m
Which acts at a distance from backwall base= 1.73292 m

Magnitude of surcharge, q= 21.6 KN/m²

Design Calculation 13
Bridge Design
Abutment
Arun Khola Bridge

Horizontal force due to surcharge = q×(h3-h2)×tan2(45o-Ф/2)

= 27.38 KN/m
Which acts at a distance from backwall base= 2.063 m

Self weight of backwall /m width= 44.26 KN/m

Live load on back wall considering class A loading= 57 KN
This acts at a distance from backwall toe= 0.200 m

Moment due to earth pressure about backwall base= 138.07 KN-m/m

Moment due to self weight and LL= 20.25 KN-m/m
Total Moment= 158.32 KN-m/m

Effective depth of backwall= 340 mm

Area of steel required, Ast= 2122.54 mm²

Thus Provide Ф 20.00 mm bars @ 120.00 mm c/c

Giving an Steel Area of= 2617.99 mm²
Distribution Reinforcement
Area of distribution reinforcement req. = 0.12% of Area
240.00 mm²
And, as distribution bar, provide Ф 10.00 mm bars @ 200.00 mm c/c
Giving an Steel Area of= 314.16 mm²

Design of Approach Slab:

The approach slab is resting over the abutment and the other end supported by the soil underneath. It
should be designed on the basis of elastic base theory, which is complicated. Hence the dimensions and
reinforcement is provided as per the standard design practice.
thickness= 0.3 m Self weight /m width= 7.50 KN/m
Weight of pavement= 1.65 KN/m
Total udl= 9.15 KN/m

Maximum live load= 2×114 KN at 1.2m spacing

Max moment in longitudinal Direction (from SAP analysis)= 20.10 KN-m/m

Effective depth of slab required= 143.14 mm

Effective depth provided= 254.00 mm
Area of steel required= 360.70 mm²

Provide at top and bottom, Ф 12.00 mm bars @ 150.00 mm c/c

Giving an Steel Area of= 640.88 mm²

Max moment transverse Direction (from SAP analysis)= 15.90 Kg-m

Effective depth of slab required= 127.31 mm
Effective depth provided= 242.00 mm
Area of steel required= 299.48 mm²

Design Calculation 14
Bridge Design
Abutment
Arun Khola Bridge

Provide, on top and bottom, Ф 12.00 mm bars @ 150.00 mm c/c

Giving an Steel Area of= 753.98 mm²
And, as distribution bar, provide Ф 12.00 mm bars @ 150.00 mm c/c

Maximum shear force= 31.00 kN/m

Shear stress= 0.13 N/mm²
Percentage area of steel= 0.31 %
Permissible shear stress= 0.25 N/mm²
> 0.13 N/mm², OK

Design of RCC Stoppers:

Grade of stopper = M25
Base width of sttoper, b1 = 0.50 m
Top width of sttoper, b2 = 0.30 m
Height above abutment cap, h1 = 0.45 m
Length of sttoper, l = 1.30 m

Horizontal force acting on the stopper above pier cap

= 21.6% of vertical dead load
= 1391.72 KN

Friction resistance= 322.16 KN

However for additional factor of safety, assuming an extra lateral force in excess of
frictional resistance taking mR = 0.20 in worst case.
Therefore, Fs= 1288.63 KN
Difference 1069.56 KN
Moment at the base of stopper = 240.65 KN-m
Effective depth required = 434.41 mm
Effective depth provided = 442.00 mm
Area of steel required = 2481.73 mm²
Thus Provide Ф 16.00 mm bars @ 100.00 mm c/c
Giving an Steel Area of= 2613.81 mm²
OK
Max. Shear stress= 1.87 N/mm²
Percentage area of steel provided= 0.45 %
Permissible shear stress= 0.30 N/mm²
< 1.87 N/mm², NOT OK PERMISSIBLE SHEAR IS
Thus shear stirrups are designed.
Minimun τv= 0.30 N/mm²
Vus=(V-τc*b*d) = 899.73114 KN
Assume Ф 12.00 mm lateral ties 8 legged
Spacing of Stirrups required = 106.67512 mm
Thus Provide Ф 12.00 mm bars @ 150.00 mm c/c

Design Calculation 15
 Bridge Design
Abutment
Arun Khola Bridge

Design of Return wall:

Return wall will be monolithic with backwall. They are joined together as shown. The load acting on the
wing walls would be earth pressure and is designed to withstand a live load equivalent to surcharge of 1.2
m height of earth fill according to IRC:78-2000.
h1 = 5.00 m > 5.426
h2 = 2.00 m
h3 = 4.43 m
b1
h4 = 1.00 m 
B3 x e 

h2

h3
b1 = 3.00 m 
Thickness of return wall assumed= 400.00 mm
Average value of earth pressure=

h4
h1
0.5γs×(h1/2+h2/2+1.2)²×tan²(45o-Ф/2)
= 61.09 KN
Acting at a distance from wing wall bottom= 1.75 m
Moment due to earth pressure= 168.67 KN-m/m
Depth required= 221.65 mm
Effective depth provided= 340.00 mm
Area of steel required= 2261.29 mm²

Thus Provide Ф 20.00 mm bars @ 200.00 mm c/c

Giving an Steel Area of= 5497.79 mm²
Distribution Reinforcement
Area of distribution reinforcement req. = 0.12% of Area
240.00 mm²
And, as distribution bar, provide Ф 10.00 mm bars @ 200.00 mm c/c
Giving an Steel Area of= 314.16 mm²
OK
In the fillet joint, provide Ф 12.00 mm bars @ 200.00 mm c/c

The wing wall would be properly anchored to the abutment, backwall and abutment cap.

Design Calculation 16
Bridge Design ###
Abutment Foundation ###
Arun Khola Bridge ###
###
Design of Abutment Base Slab ###
Geometrical Properties ###
###
High Flood Level, HFL= 185.23 m ###
Maximum depth of scour from HFL= 0.000 m ###
Elevation of maximum scour level (MSL)= 181.230 m ###
Max. Water depth in the river= 7.720 m ###
Water depth near the abutment= 7.720 m ###
Proportionate scour depth near the abutment 0.000 m ###
Elevation of MSL near abutment= 185.230 m ###
Lowest Bed Level= 177.510 m ###
Elevation of top of foundation base= 181.230 m ###
Bottom level of foundation= 179.230 m ###
h1= 10.126 m ###
h2= 0.300 m ###
h3= 4.426 m ###
h4= 5.00 m ###
h5= 0.50 m ###
h6= 1.00 m
Depth of foundation, h7= 2.00 m ###
HFL above MSL, h8= 6.00 m ###
HFL above min. bed level h9= 5.00 m ###
MSL below min. bed level, h10= 2.00 m ###
Top of foundation base below MSL, h11= 2.00 m
b1= 1.900 m
b2= 0.400 m
b3= 0.650 m ###
b4= 1.300 m ###
b5= 0.650 m ###
b6= 1.600 m
b7= 0.00 m
b8= 4.00 m ###
b9= 4.10 m ###
Foundation base length, b10= 1.9+4+4.1= 10.00 m ###
###
Abutment base length= 11.00 m ###
Foundation projection beyond abutment stem= 0.10 m ###
Total width of foundation= 11.20 m ###
Angle of internal friction of soil= 32.00 degree ###
Safe bearing capacity of soil= 330.20 KN/m² ###

Design Calculation 16
Bridge Design ###
Abutment Foundation ###
Arun Khola Bridge ###
###
Calculation of vertical load on foundation base ###
Due to Dead Load ###
Superstructure= 6443.15 KN ###
Abutment shaft= 3655.36 KN ###
Soil behind abutment= 8165.61 KN ###
Approach slab= 196.88 KN ###
Soil in front of abutment= 0.00 KN ###
Total= 18460.99 KN

Due to Live Load

Maximum live load including impact= 1231.78 KN

Due to self weight of foundation base= 5600.00 KN

Loss in weight due to Buoyancy

Depth of abutment shaft below HFL= 4.00 m
Abutment width at HFL= 1.66 m
Loss in weight of abutment shaft(Rectangle)= 743.68 KN
Loss in weight of abutment shaft( Triangle)= 53.76 KN
Loss in weight of abutment shaft= 797.44 KN
Loss in weight of soil behind abutment= 1792.00 KN
Loss in weight of soil in front of abutment= 0.00 KN
Total buoyant force on abutment= 2589.44 KN

Buoyant force on foundation base= 2240.00 KN

Calculation of Moments at Foundation Base Level

Due to superstructure DL+LL
Total superstructure DL+LL= 7674.93 KN
This load acts at bearing which is at distance from foundation toe= 4.85 m
Corresponding moment= 37223.42 KN-m
Superstructure DL= 6443.15 KN
Moment at foundation toe due to DL= 31249.28 KN-m

Due to Abutment + Soil filling DL

A. Maximum Load Condition
i) Due to abutment body
Load= 3655.36 KN
Lever arm= 5.15 m
Moment= 18825.10 KN-m
ii) Due to Backfill and approach slab
Load= 8362.48 KN
Lever arm= 7.95 m
Moment= 66481.73 KN-m

Design Calculation 17
Bridge Design ###
Abutment Foundation ###
Arun Khola Bridge ###
iii) Due to soil fill in front of abutment
Load= 0.00 KN
Lever arm= 2.00 m
Moment= 0.00 KN-m

Total moment due to abutment + soil filling DL= 85306.83 KN-m

B. No LL + Buoyancy Condition
i) Due to abutment body
Load= 2857.92 KN
Lever arm= 5.15 m
Moment= 14718.29 KN-m
ii) Due to Backfill and approach slab
Load= 6570.48 KN
Lever arm= 7.95 m
Moment= 52235.33 KN-m
iii) Due to soil fill in front of abutment
Load= 0.00 KN
Lever arm= 2.00 m
Moment= 0.00 KN-m

Total moment due to abutment + soil filling DL = 66953.62 KN-m

Due to Foundation Base DL

Load= 5600.00 KN
Lever arm= 5.00 m
Moment= 28000.00 KN-m

Due to Earth Pressure

Earth pressure= 3119.00 KN
Lever arm= 6.25 m
Surcharge= 739.24 KN
Lever arm= 7.06 m
Total Moment= 24724.13 KN-m

Due to Longitudinal forces:

a) Due to tractive effort or braking= 200.00 KN
Which acts at a distance above foundation bottom= 13.63 m
Moment due to tractive effort or braking about foundation base= 2725.20 KN-m

b) Force due to resistance in bearings due to temperature (DL+LL)= 1212.45 KN

Which acts at a distance above foundation bottom= 7.50 m
Moment due to temperature about foundation base= 9093.41 KN-m

c) Force due to resistance in bearings due to temperature (0.2DL)= 1288.63 KN

Moment due to tractive effort or braking about foundation base= 9664.73 KN-m

Design Calculation 18
Bridge Design ###
Abutment Foundation ###
Arun Khola Bridge ###

Due to Seismic force

A. Along longitudinal direction for maximum load condition
Total Load Seismic Load Lever arm
Description Moment (KN-m)
(KN) (KN) (m)
Superstructure DL 6443.15 1391.72 8.00 11133.76
Abutment shaft P₁ 2337.50 504.90 4.50 2272.05
Abutment shaft P2 137.50 29.70 3.67 108.90
Abutment shaft P3 357.50 77.22 7.50 579.15
Abutment shaft P4 596.86 128.92 10.21 1316.68
Approach slab 196.88 42.53 12.28 522.04
Backfill 8165.61 1763.77 7.06 12457.51
Foundation Base 5600.00 1209.60 0.00 0.00
Total 18234.99 3938.76 28390.09

B. Case of buoyancy and no live load

The seismic load will be lesser than that for N+T case due to submerged part of the sub structure
which will be under buoyancy.
Description Total Load Seismic Lever arm Moment (KN-m)
(KN) Load (KN) (m)
Superstructure DL 6443.15 1391.72 8.00 11133.76
Abutment shaft P₁ 1593.82 344.27 4.50 1549.19
Abutment shaft P2 83.74 18.09 3.67 66.32
Abutment shaft P3 357.50 77.22 7.50 579.15
Abutment shaft P4 596.86 128.92 10.21 1316.68
Approach slab 196.88 42.53 12.28 522.04
Backfill above HFL 3267.79 705.84 10.06 7102.90
Backfill below HFL 4752.00 1026.43 5.00 5132.16
Foundation Base 3360.00 725.76 0.00 0.00
Total 12539.74 2708.58 22270.04

Summary of Moments and Forces

Vertical Loads
Description Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Buoyancy+ No LL Case I + Seismicity
DL superstructure + abutment 18461.0 15871.6 18461.0
DL of foundation base 5600.0 3360.0 5600.0
Live load 1231.8 - 1231.8
Total 25292.8 19231.6 25292.8

Horizontal Loads
Description Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Buoyancy+ No LL Case I + Seismicity
Earth Pressure 3858.2 3858.2 3858.2
Tractive effort or braking 200.0 - 200.0
Temperature effect 1212.5 1212.5 1212.5

Design Calculation 19
Bridge Design ###
Abutment Foundation ###
Arun Khola Bridge ###
Seismic Force - - 3938.8
Total 5270.7 5070.7 9209.5

Resisting Moments
Description Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Buoyancy+ No LL Case I + Seismicity
Superstructure DL+LL 37223.4 31249.3 37223.4
Abutment +Soil filling DL 85306.8 66953.6 85306.8
Foundation Base DL 28000.0 16800.0 28000.0
Total 150530.2 115002.9 150530.2

Overturning Moments
Description Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Buoyancy+ No LL Case I + Seismicity
Earth pressure 24724.1 24724.1 24724.1
Tractive effort or braking 2725.2 - 2725.2
Temperature effect 9093.4 9664.7 9093.4
Seismic force - - 22270.0
Total 36542.7 34388.9 58812.8

Summary
Loads and moments per meter width of the foundation base will be as follows.
Case I Case II Case III
Description Unit
Max. Load Buoyancy+ No LL Case I + Seismicity
ΣP KN 2258.3 1717.1 2258.3
ΣH KN 470.6 452.7 822.3
ΣMR KN-m 13440.2 10268.1 13440.2
ΣMO KN-m 3262.7 3070.4 5251.1

Design of foundation base

Check against overturning= ΣMR/ΣMO
Case I: Max. Load 4.12 > 2.00 Safe
Case II: Buoyancy + No LL 3.34 > 2.00 Safe
Case III: Case I + Seismicity 2.56 > 1.50 Safe

Check against Sliding= 0.6ΣP/ΣH

Case I: Max. Load 2.88 > 1.50 Safe
Case II: Buoyancy + No LL 2.28 > 1.50 Safe
Case III: Case I + Seismicity 1.65 > 1.25 Safe

Check bearing capacity

Eccentricity, e= (b₁/2)-(ΣMR - ΣMO)/ΣP
≤ b₁/6
σmax, min ΣP/b₁ x (1+6e/b₁)

Design Calculation 20
Bridge Design ###
Abutment Foundation ###
Arun Khola Bridge ###

Case Load e σmax σmin

Case I Max. Load 0.493 292.7 158.991 OK

Case II Buoyancy + No LL 0.808 255.0 88.440 OK
Case III Case I + Seismicity 1.374 412.0 39.687 OK
Pemissible Value 1.667 330.2 0.000

Design of Toe Slab

Downward pressure i.e. pressure due to slab and fill= 50.00 KN/m²
Case I: N + T Case
σmax= 292.67 KN/m² OK
A B C D σmin= 158.99 KN/m²
σ h= 213.80 KN/m²
σt= 237.86 KN/m²
b8= 4.00 m
fmin b1= 1.90 m
fh b9= 4.10 m
ft fmax b= 10.00 m
Net pressure at C= 187.86 KN/m²
Net pressure at D= 242.67 KN/m²

Moment at C= 1795.18 KN-m

Effective depth of section required= 1352.78 mm

Effective depth of section provided= 1910.00 mm

Area of steel required= 4284.12 mm²
Minimum area of steel required @ 0.15 %= 3000.00 mm²

Thus Provide Ф 32.00 mm bars @ 140.00 mm c/c

Giving an Steel Area of= 5744.63 mm²

Maximum shear force at C= 449.90 KN/m

Shear stress= 0.236 N/mm²
% area of tension steel= 0.30 %
Corresponding permissible shear stress= 0.246 N/mm²
> 0.236 N/mm², OK
Shear Reinforcement is not required.
Design shear force, Vs=SF-tc*bd Vs = -20.429 kN
Provide f 12 mm 3-legged Fe500 stirrups. f = 12.000 mm
Area of stirrup asv = 226.195 mm2
Spacing of stirrup Sv = -4335.249 mm
Minimum shear reinforcement is provided as. rwmin=Asn/(bs)>0.0012
Area of fAsv= 226 Sv = 454.206 mm
Provide f 12 mm 3-legged Fe500 stirrups @ 500 mm c/c.

Design Calculation 21
Bridge Design ###
Abutment Foundation ###
Arun Khola Bridge ###

Case III: N + T + S Case

A B C D
σmax= 411.97 KN/m²
σmin= 39.69 KN/m²
σ h= 188.60 KN/m²
fmin
fh σt=
ft fmax 259.33 KN/m²
Net pressure at C= 209.33 KN/m²
Net pressure at D= 361.97 KN/m²

Moment at C= 2488.73 KN-m

Stress in steel= 248.131 N/mm²
< 360 Mpa, OK
Design of Heel Slab
Downward pressure i.e. pressure due to slab and backfill= 232.268 KN/m²
Case I: N + T Case
σmax= 292.67 KN/m² OK
σmin= 158.99 KN/m²
σ h= 237.86 KN/m²
σt= 212.46 KN/m²
b7= 4.00 m
b1= 1.90 m
b8= 4.10 m
b= 10.00 m
Net downward pressure at A= 73.28 KN/m²
Net downward pressure at B= 19.81 KN/m²

Moment at B= 301.04 KN-m

Effective depth of section required= 553.97 mm

Effective depth of section provided= 1910.00 mm

Area of steel required= 718.43 mm²
Minimum area of steel required @ 0.15 %= 3000.00 mm²

Thus Provide Ф 25.00 mm bars @ 150.00 mm c/c

Giving an Steel Area of= 3272.49 mm²

Maximum shear force at B= 97.27 KN/m

Shear stress= 0.05 N/mm²
% area of tension steel= 0.17 %
Corresponding permissible shear stress= 0.20 N/mm²
> 0.05 N/mm², OK
Shear Reinforcement is not required.

Design Calculation 22
Bridge Design ###
Abutment Foundation ###
Arun Khola Bridge ###
Case III: N + T + S Case
σmax= 411.97 Kg/m²
A B C D σmin= 39.69 Kg/m²
σ h= 307.90 Kg/m²
σt= 378.64 Kg/m²
fmin
fh Net downward pressure at A= 192.58 Kg/m²
ft fmax
Net downward pressure at B= 39.69 Kg/m²

Moment at B= 725.21 Kg-m

Stress in steel= 126.93 N/mm²
< 360 Mpa, OK
Distribution Reinforcement
Area of distribution reinforcement req. = 0.12% of Area
1146.00 mm²

Provide 5 Nos. of Ф 16.00 mm bars @ c/c spacing of 250 mm

Giving an Steel Area of= 1005.31 mm²

Design Calculation 23
Bridge Design
Pier Design
Arun Khola Bridge

1.0 Design Data

1.1 Materials and Properties
Concrete M25 25.00 Mpa
Reinforcement Fe 500 500 Mpa

Basic Permissible Stresses of Concrete as per IRC : 21-2000

Permissible direct compressive stress(σco) 6.25 MPa
Permissible flexural compressive stress(σc) 8.33 MPa
Basic permissible tensile Stress(σt) 0.61 MPa
Maximum Permissible shear stress(τ max) 1.90 MPa

Basic Permissible Stresses of Reinforcing Bars as per IRC : 21-2000

Permissible Flexural Tensile stress(σst) 240.00 MPa
Permissible Direct Compressive stress(σco) 205.00 MPa

Self weight of materials as per IRC : 6-2014

Concrete (Cement-Reinforced) 2500.00 Kg/m³
Macadam (Binder Premix) 2200.00 Kg/m³
Water 1000 Kg/m³
Backfill 1800 Kg/m³

Design of Data:
Modular Ratio (m) 10.00
Neutral axis depth factor, n = (mσc)/( mσc+σst) 0.26
Lever arm factor, j = (1-n/3) 0.91
Moment of resistance coefficient, R = ½ x n x j x σ c 0.98 MPa
Left Bank foundation on Rock
Right Bank foundation on soil

Maximum Seismic Coefficient for Seismic Zone V according to

IRC: 6-2014 0.216

1.2 Dimension Parameters

Effective Span of Bridge towards Abutment 58.30 m
Effective Span of Bridge towards Pier P2 58.30 m
Total Length of Bridge 182.45 m
High Flood Level, HFL 185.230 m
Lowest Bed Level, LBL 177.510 m
Size of bearing
Length 0.80 m
Width 0.80 m
Expansion Joint 0.05 m
Depth of Superstructure toward Abutment 3.900 m
Depth of Superstructure toward Pier P2 3.900 m
Depth of Bearing & Pad 0.50 m
Ave. Velocity of water current 5.63 m/s

Design Calculation 24
Bridge Design
Pier Design
Arun Khola Bridge

Pier shape, circular or with semi-circular ends, K 0.66

RL of max scour lev. 164.790 m
Free board 2.50 m
RL of Pier Cap required 187.73 m
RL of Pier Cap provided 187.27 m
RL of foundation top 179.51 m
Ht. of HFL from base of pier 5.720 m
Ht. upto deck from GL 14.66 m
C/C distance between girder 4.50 m

b1= 3.000 m
b2= 3.000 m
b3= 4.150 m
length of pier cap, b4= 7.500 m

b5= 2.550 m
b6=
b7=
1.500 m
2.250 m
b2

b1
b4

b8
b8= 4.500 m
h1= 5.260 m b3
at fixed end, h2= 2.500 m

b7
at free end, h2= 1.000 m
h3= 0.500 m
b6

h4= 2.000 m

b5
b4
b5
b3
b6 b8
h3
h2

b7
b2
h1

b11 b1 b11
h4

b9

b8

1.3 Calculations of loads and Moments

Due to dead Load

Design Calculation 25
Bridge Design
Pier Design
Arun Khola Bridge

Dead load from superstructure from Abutment side= 625665.00 Kg

Dead load from superstructure Pier P2 /Abutment side= 631305.00 Kg
Self wt. of bearing & expansion joint= 4000.00 Kg
Total DL from superstructure= 1260970.00 Kg
Self wt. of pier
Wt. of pier shaft= 92951.87 Kg
[Link] pier cap= 138635.94 Kg
Total DL on pier= 231587.81 Kg
Moment due to unequal loading of DL= 7191.00 Kg-m
Due to LL Load - Unequal Loading
Class A wheel loading in longitudinal direction
For maximum load on pier, the arrangement of IRC class A loading will be as shown below:

Max. LL on pier from right side = (11.4x59.5+11.4x58.3+6.8x54+6.8x51+6.8x48+6.8x45+2.7x25+2.7x

23.9+11.4x20.7+11.4x19.5)/58.3
= 60523.33 Kg
Impact factor= 4.5/(6+58.3)
Impact factor= 1.070
Max LL including Impact(double lane)= 129518.04 Kg
LL from left side= (2.7x55.35+2.7x56.45)/58.3
Max. LL on pier from left side = = 30794.85 Kg
Impact factor= 4.5/(6+58.3)
Impact factor= 1.070
LL including Impact(double lane)= 65900.03 Kg
LL / m length of pier= 21966.68 Kg
Total live load including impact for double lane = 195418.07 Kg
Moment due to unequal loading of LL along longitudinal direction= 81112.96 Kg-m

Class 70R wheel loading in longitudinal direction

For maximum load on pier, the arrangement of IRC class 70R loading will be as shown below:

80 kN 120 kN 120 kN 170 kN 170 kN 170 kN 170 kN

Max. LL on pier from right side = (17x58.3+17x56.93+12x54.8+12x53.28+8x49.32+17x19.32)/58.3

= 86152.49 Kg

Design Calculation 26
Bridge Design
Pier Design
Arun Khola Bridge

Impact factor= 1.088

Max LL including Impact= 93733.91 Kg
LL from left side= (17x57.8+17x56.43)/58.3)
Max. LL on pier from left side = = 65883.53 Kg
LL including Impact= 71681.28 Kg
LL / m length of pier= 23893.76 Kg
Total live load including impact = 165415.19 Kg
Moment due to unequal loading of LL along longitudinal direction= 28117.09 Kg-m

In Transverse Direction
Max. LL including impact(for class A)= 195418.07 Kg
Max. LL including impact(For 70R Wheel)= 165415.19 Kg
Max. LL including impact= 195418.07 Kg
Eccentricity(For class A)= 0.70 m
Eccentricity(For 70R Wheel)= 1.50 m
Moment due to LL= 248343.34 Kg-m
Due to Longitudinal Forces
Due to tractive effort or braking= 20000.00 Kg
This acts at 1.20 m above deck level
or at a distance from base of pier 13.36 m
Due to Temperature Variation
Maximum temperature variation, T = 25.00 oC
Coefficient of thermal expansion, a = 1.2E-05 /m/oC
Strain due to concrete shrinkage = 0.0002
Total Strain due to temp = 1.7E-02 m
Hori. Deformation of deck due to tem. & shrinkage affecting pier
= 0.0173 m
Hori. force due to strain in long. Direction at bearing level
E= 33.5 Mpa
I= 6338455101462 mm4
Fh = 3620.95 kN
μ= 0.03
Hori. force due to deformation at bearing level o 108.629 kN
μ *(Rg+Rq) = 436.916 kN
This force acts at the bearing level, i.e. at a distance from abutment base
8.26 m
Moment due to temperature variat= 3608.930 kN.m
The total resistance offered by the right bearing= 0.25(0.5DL+[Link])
190000.76 Kg
The total resistance offered by the left bearing= 0.225(0.5DL+[Link])
171000.68 Kg
Unbalanced force at the bearing= 19000.08 Kg
Unbalanced force due to temperature on DL only= 15762.13 Kg
This force acts at the bearing level, i.e. at a distance from pier base= 8.26 m

Design Calculation 27
Bridge Design
Pier Design
Arun Khola Bridge

Total longitudinal force due to Braking & temperature= 39000.08 Kg

Moment due to longitudinal force= 424140.63 Kg-m
Moment due to temperature on DL only= 897.27 KN-m
Due to water current
For pier parrallel to direction of water current, the intensity of pressure is given by
Ic= 52KV²
where,
K is a constant depending on the geometry of pier= 0.66
V is velocity of current= 7.96 m/sec
Ic= 2175.68 Kg/m²
Height of HFL from base of pier= 5.72 m
Width of pier at HFL= 3.00 m
a.) water current force parallel to the pier= 37334.59 Kg
And corresponding moment= 106776.92 Kg-m
b.) Water current varying at 20 degree=
Intensity parallel to the pier= 2044.47 Kg/m²
Intensity perpendicular to the pier= 744.12 Kg/m²
Force parallel to the pier= 35083.04 Kg
Force perpendicular to the pier= 12769.18 Kg
Moment parallel to the pier= 100337.48 Kg-m
Moment perpendicular to the pier= 36519.86 Kg-m
Due to wind force
The area of superstructure in elevation providing 25% for railing= 267.74 m²
a. height upto deck level from ground level = 14.66 m
Wind pressure at that height (refer. IRC:6-2000), P = 105.91 Kg/m²
Wind force on superstructure = 28356.88 Kg
Wind force against moving load 20.4 m long corresponding to IRC class A @ 300.00 Kg/m
= 6120.00 Kg
Total wind force= 34476.88 Kg
b. Minimum force on deck at 450.00 kg/m= 26235.00 Kg

c. Minimum force with wind pressure of 240.00 kg/m² in the plane of unloaded structure
= 64257.60 Kg
Wind force to be considered = maximum of (a,b,c)= 64257.60 Kg
Moment parallel to pier due to wind acting at 1.5m above deck = 530767.78 Kg-m

Due to Buoyancy
Force due to buoyancy on the pier shaft= 40432.30 Kg

Due to seismic forces

A. Along longitudinal direction

Design Calculation 28
Bridge Design
Pier Design
Arun Khola Bridge

Total Load Seismic Lever arm

Description Moment (Kg-m)
(Kg) Load(Kg) (m)

Superstructure DL 1260970.00 272369.52 8.26 2249772.24

Pier cap 138635.94 29945.36 6.51 194944.31
Pier Shaft 92951.87 20077.60 2.63 52804.10
Total 1492557.81 322392.49 2497520.64

B. Along Transverse direction

Moment due to dead load is taken to be same as that in longitudinal direction. In

addition, seismic forces and moments on LL including impact must be considered for
transverse condition.
Total LL on pier= 195418.07 Kg
Seismic force due to LL= 42210.30 Kg
Lever arm= 8.26 m
Moment due to seismic force on LL= 348657.10 Kg-m

Total Seismic force= 364602.79 Kg

Total Moment due to seismic force= 2846177.75 Kg-m
Summary of Loads and Moments
Vertical Horizontal Force (Kg) Moment (Kg-m)
Description
Load (Kg) Tran. Long. Tran. Long.
DL (Superstr.+pier) 1492557.8 7191.0
LL (Unequal loading) 195418.1 248343.3 28117.1
Longitudinal force
(Braking+Temp) 39000.1 424140.6
Water current at 20
Degree skew 35083.0 12769.2 100337.5 36519.9
Wind forces 64257.6 530767.8
Buoyancy 40432.3
Seismic forces 364602.8 322392.5 2846177.7 2497521

The forces and moments due to seismicity are greater than those due to wind forces. As per standard
design practce, the seismic forces and moments will be adopted neglecting the effect due to wind
forces.
Case A: DL+LL+LF+WC B: DL+LF+WC+B C: Case A + SF
Vertical load (Kg) 1687975.88 1452125.51 1849172.12
Hz Load (Kg) 99340.64 79340.64 463943.43
Moment (Kg-m) 879448.60 851331.50 3194858.57

Design Calculation 29
Bridge Design
Pier Design
Arun Khola Bridge

Design of pier shaft section

The pier section will be designed for the Case A and the section adequacy will be checked for both
the cases. As the moment of inertia of the pier along Y-Y axis is greater than along X-X axis, the
design needs to be done for stresses along the X-X axis only.
Design vertical load= 1687975.88 Kg
Design Moment= 879448.60 Kg-m
Eccentricity, e= 0.52 m
Diameter of the pier shaft, D= 3.00 m
Effective diameter, d= 2868.00 mm

Check for position of eccentricity

Length of pier, L= 7.76 m

Effective length of column, le= 1.2 x L
= 9.31 m
Lateral Dimension, D= 3.00 m
Ratio of effective length to lateral dimension of pier = 3.10
< 12, SHORT COLUMN
Minimum area of steel= 0.80 %
Maximum area of steel= 6.00 %
Assume percentage area of steel= 2.75 %
Gross area of concrete, Ag= 7.069 m²
Net area of concrete, Ac= 6.874 m²
X-sectional area of steel, As= 194387.00 mm²
Equivalent Area of Concrete = 9595615.43 mm²
Equivalent Moment of Inertia = 6774180318603.58 mm4
Section modulus, Z= 4516120212.40239 mm³
Therefore, direct stress, σco,cal= 1.75 N/mm²
Bending compressive stress, σc,cal= 1.94 N/mm²

Check
i) Combined stress= (σco,cal/σco)+(σc,cal/σc)
= 0.52
0.52 < 1, OK
ii) Condition for tensile stresses to be within limit,
a) (σc,cal-σco,cal)<=0.25*(σc,cal+σco,cal)
= 0.19 <= 0.9225 OK

b) (σc,cal-σco,cal) <= 0.75* 7-day modulus of rupture of concrete

7-day modulus of rupture of concrete = 0.56*Öfck

= 2.8 N/mm²
0.19 <= 2.1 OK

iii) Resultant compressive stress= 3.69 N/mm²

Design Calculation 30
Bridge Design
Pier Design
Arun Khola Bridge

< 8.33N/mm², OK

Thus provide 85 Nos. of Ф 32.00 mm bars @spacing of 110 mm in one layer CHE
Thus provide two layers of steel Giving an Steel Area of= 68361.06 mm²

Design for Lateral Tie

Diameter of lateral tie should be greater than Ф L/4
ФL/4= 8 mm

Pitch of lateral tie

< least lateral dimension of column= 3000 mm
< 12x dia of smallest longitudinal bar= 384 mm
Thus Provide, Ф 12.00 mm lateral tie @ 100 mm c/c at ends and @
150 mm c/c span with cross links..

Check for stresses in concrete and steel for case B

Design vertical load= 1452125.51 Kg
Design Moment= 851331.50 Kg-m
Eccentricity, e= 0.59 m
Diameter of the pier shaft, D= 3.00 m
Effective diameter, d= 2895.00 mm

Check for position of eccentricity

Therefore, direct stress, σco,cal= 1.51 N/mm²

Bending compressive stress, σc, cal= 1.88 N/mm²
Check
i) Combined stress= (σco,cal/σco)+(σc,cal/σc)
= 0.47
0.47 < 1, OK
ii) Condition for tensile stresses to be within limit,
a) (σc,cal-σco,cal)<=0.25*(σc,cal+σco,cal)
= 0.37 <= 0.8475 OK

b) (σc,cal-σco,cal) <= 0.75* 7-day modulus of rupture of concrete

7-day modulus of rupture of concrete = 0.56*Öfck

= 2.8 N/mm²
0.37 <= 2.1 OK

iii) Resultant compressive stress= 3.39 N/mm²

< 8.33N/mm², OK

Design Calculation 31
Bridge Design
Pier Design
Arun Khola Bridge

Check for stresses in concrete and steel for case C

Design vertical load= 1849172.12 Kg
Design Moment= 3194858.57 Kg-m
Eccentricity, e= 1.73 m
Diameter of the pier shaft, D= 3.00 m
Effective diameter, d= 2850.00 mm

Check for position of eccentricity

Therefore, direct stress, σco,cal= 1.92 N/mm²

Bending compressive stress, σc, cal= 7.07 N/mm²
Check
i) Combined stress= (σco,cal/σco)+(σc,cal/σc)
0.78
0.78 < 1, OK
ii) Condition for tensile stresses to be within limit,
a) (σc,cal-σco,cal)<=0.25*(σc,cal+σco,cal)
= 5.15 > 3.37125Not OK

b) (σc,cal-σco,cal) <= 0.75* 7-day modulus of rupture of concrete

7-day modulus of rupture of concrete = 0.56*Öfck

= 2.8 N/mm²
5.15 > 3.15Not OK

iii) Resultant compressive stress= 8.99 N/mm²

< 12.495N/mm², OK

For One span collapse condition:

Due to seismic forces
A. Along longitudinal direction
Total Load Seismic Lever arm
Description Moment (Kg-m)
(Kg) Load(Kg) (m)

Superstructure DL 631305.00 136361.88 8.26 1126349.13

Pier cap 138635.94 29945.36 6.51 194944.31
Pier Shaft 92951.87 20077.60 2.63 52804.10
Total 862892.81 186384.85 1374097.54

B. Along Transverse direction

Moment due to dead load is taken to be same as that in longitudinal direction. In
addition, seismic forces and moments on LL including impact must be considered for
transverse condition.

Design Calculation 32
Bridge Design
Pier Design
Arun Khola Bridge
Moment due to dead load is taken to be same as that in longitudinal direction. In
addition, seismic forces and moments on LL including impact must be considered for
transverse condition.
Total LL on pier= 0.00 Kg
Seismic force due to LL= 0.00 Kg
Lever arm= 13.36 m
Moment due to seismic force on LL= 0.00 Kg-m

Total Seismic force= 186384.85 Kg

Total Moment due to seismic force= 1374097.54 Kg-m
Summary of Loads and Moments
Vertical Horizontal Force (Kg) Moment (Kg-m)
Description
Load (Kg) Tran. Long. Tran. Long.
DL (Superstr.+pier) 862892.8 110478.4
LL (Unequal loading) - - -
Longitudinal force
(Braking+Temp) 9500.0 78470.3
Water current at 20
Degree skew 35083.0 12769.2 100337.5 36519.9
Wind forces 32128.8 265383.9
Buoyancy 40432.3
Seismic forces 186384.8 186384.8 1374097.5 1374097.5

The forces and moments due to seismicity are greater than those due to wind forces. As per standard
design practce, the seismic forces and moments will be adopted neglecting the effect due to wind
forces.
Case A: DL+LL+LF+WC B: DL+LF+WC+B C: Case A + SF
Vertical load (Kg) 862892.81 903325.11 956085.23
Hz Load (Kg) 22269.22 22269.22 208654.07
Moment (Kg-m) 225468.55 225468.55 1599566.08

Design of pier shaft section

The pier section will be designed for the Case A and the section adequacy will be checked for both
the cases. As the moment of inertia of the pier along Y-Y axis is greater than along X-X axis, the
design needs to be done for stresses along the X-X axis only.
Design vertical load= 862892.81 Kg
Design Moment= 225468.55 Kg-m
Eccentricity, e= 0.26 m
Diameter of the pier shaft, D= 3.00 m
Effective diameter, d= 2868.00 mm

Check for position of eccentricity

Length of pier, L= 7.76 m

Effective length of column, le= 1.2 x L
= 9.31 m
Lateral Dimension, D= 3.00 m

Design Calculation 33
Bridge Design
Pier Design
Arun Khola Bridge

Ratio of effective length to lateral dimension of pier = 3.10

< 12, SHORT COLUMN
Minimum area of steel= 0.80 %
Maximum area of steel= 6.00 %
Assume percentage area of steel= 2.75 %
X-sectional area of steel, As= 194387.00 mm²
Equivalent Area of Concrete = 9.60E+06 mm²
Equivalent Moment of Inertia = 6.77E+12 mm4
Section modulus, Z= 4.52E+09 m³
Therefore, direct stress, σco,cal= 0.89 N/mm²
Bending compressive stress, σc,cal= 0.49 N/mm²

Check
i) Combined stress= (σco,cal/σco)+(σc,cal/σc)
= 0.21 N/mm²
0.21 < 1, OK
ii) Condition for tensile stresses to be within limit,
a) (σc,cal-σco,cal)<=0.25*(σc,cal+σco,cal)
= -0.4 <= 0.345 OK

b) (σc,cal-σco,cal) <= 0.75* 7-day modulus of rupture of concrete

7-day modulus of rupture of concrete = 0.56*Öfck

= 2.8 N/mm²
-0.4 <= 2.1 OK

iii) Resultant compressive stress= 1.38 N/mm²

Thus provide 85 Nos. of Ф 32.00 mm bars @spacing of 110 mm CHECK AREA OF STEEL
Giving an Steel Area of= 68361.06 mm²

Design for Lateral Tie

Diameter of lateral tie should be greater than Ф L/4
ФL/4= 8 mm

Pitch of lateral tie

< least lateral dimension of column= 3000 mm
< 12x dia of smallest longitudinal bar= 384 mm
Thus Provide, Ф 12.00 mm lateral tie @ 100 mm c/c at ends and @
150 mm c/c span with cross links..

Check for stresses in concrete and steel for case B

Design vertical load= 903325.11 Kg
Design Moment= 225468.55 Kg-m

Design Calculation 34
Bridge Design
Pier Design
Arun Khola Bridge

Eccentricity, e= 0.25 m
Diameter of the pier shaft, D= 3.00 m
Effective diameter, d= 2868.00 mm

Check for position of eccentricity

Therefore, direct stress, σco,cal= 0.94 N/mm²

Bending compressive stress, σc, cal= 0.49 N/mm²
Check
i) Combined stress= (σco,cal/σco)+(σc,cal/σc)
0.21 N/mm²
0.21 < 1, OK
ii) Condition for tensile stresses to be within limit,
a) (σc,cal-σco,cal)<=0.25*(σc,cal+σco,cal)
= -0.45 <= 0.3575 OK

b) (σc,cal-σco,cal) <= 0.75* 7-day modulus of rupture of concrete

7-day modulus of rupture of concrete = 0.56*Öfck

= 2.8 N/mm²
-0.45 <= 2.1 OK

iii) Resultant compressive stress= 1.43 N/mm²

< 8.33N/mm², OK

Check for stresses in concrete and steel for case C

Design vertical load= 956085.23 Kg
Design Moment= 1599566.08 Kg-m
Eccentricity, e= 1.67 m
Diameter of the pier shaft, D= 3.00 m
Effective diameter, d= 2868.00 mm

Check for position of eccentricity

Therefore, direct stress, σco,cal= 0.99 N/mm²

Bending compressive stress, σc, cal= 3.54 N/mm²
Check
i) Combined stress= (σco,cal/σco)+(σc,cal/σc)
0.59 N/mm²
0.59 < 1, OK
ii) Condition for tensile stresses to be within limit,
a) (σc,cal-σco,cal)<=0.25*(σc,cal+σco,cal)
= 2.55 > 1.69875Not OK

Design Calculation 35
Bridge Design
Pier Design
Arun Khola Bridge

b) (σc,cal-σco,cal) <= 0.75* 7-day modulus of rupture of concrete

7-day modulus of rupture of concrete = 0.56*Öfck

= 2.8 N/mm²
2.55 <= 3.15 OK

iii) Resultant compressive stress= 4.53 N/mm²

< 12.495N/mm², OK

Design of Pier Cap:

Calculations of loads and Moments
Due to dead Load
Total DL from superstructure= 630485.00 Kg
Eccentricity= 0.90
[Link] pier cap(effective)= 69317.97 Kg
Total DL on pier cap = 699802.97 Kg
Eccentricity= 1.125 m
Moment due to DL= 645419.21 Kg-m

Due to live Load

Total live load CLASS A including impact= 48854.52 Kg
RF For class A = 2.76
Eccentricity = 0.90 m

Total live load CLASS 70 R Wheel including impact= 82707.60 Kg

RF For class 70R Wheel = 1.46
Eccentricity = 0.90 m

Total live load including impact= 269676.93 Kg

Eccentricity= 0.90 m
Moment due to LL= 121354.62 Kg-m

Due to longitudinal Forces

Due to tractive effort or braking= 20000.00 Kg
This acts at 1.20 m above deck level
or at a distance from center of cap= 6.85 m

Due to resistance in bearing due to temperature

Unbalanced force at the bearing= 19000.08 Kg
Unbalanced force due to temperature on DL only= 7881.06 Kg
This force acts at the bearing level, i.e. at a distance from cap= 4.40 m

Total longitudinal force due to Breaking & temperature= 39000.08 Kg

Moment due to longitudinal force= 220600.33 Kg-m
Moment due to temperature on DL only= 34676.68 Kg-m

Design Calculation 36
Bridge Design
Pier Design
Arun Khola Bridge

Due to seismic forces

Along longitudinal direction
Total Load Seismic Lever arm Moment
Description
(Kg) Load(Kg) (m) (Kg-m)
Superstructure DL 699802.97 151157.44 4.40 665092.74
Total 699802.97 151157.44 665092.74

Summary of Loads and Moments

Vertical Horizontal Force (Kg) Moment (Kg-m)
Description
Load (Kg) Tran. Long. Tran. Long.
DL (Superstr.+pier) 699803.0 645419.2
LL (Unequal loading) 269676.9 121354.6 343838.1
Longitudinal force
(Braking+Temp) 39000.1 220600.3
Seismic forces 151157.4 665092.7

The forces and moments due to seismicity are grater than those due to wind forces. As per standard
design practce, the seismic forces and moments will be adopted neglecting the effect due to wind
forces.
Case A: DL+LL+LF+WC B: DL+LF+WC+B C: Case A + SF
Vertical load (Kg) 969479.90 699802.97 1045058.62
Hz Load (Kg) 39000.08 39000.08 190157.52
Moment (Kg-m) 987374.17 643536.08 1652466.91
Twist (Kg-m) 243755.59 0.00 908848.33

Design of pier cap

Extra moment due to torsion, M t= 229762.53 Kg-m
Equivalent moment, Me= 1217136.70 Kg-m
Depth of pier cap required= 1729.09 mm
Depth of pier cap provided= 2393.00 mm

Area of steel required 23183.80 mm²

Min. area of steel required 16882.62 mm²
Thus provide 35 Nos. of Ф 32.00 mm bars
Giving an Steel Area of= 28148.67 mm²

Compression reinforcement= 4376.48 mm²

< 23183.8 mm², OK
Provide 50% area of top rebar at bottom also.
0.15% Area of cross section= 14896.43 mm²
Thus provide 35 Nos. of Ф 20.00 mm bars
Giving an Steel Area of= 10995.57 mm² CHECK

Equivalent shear force= 1063457.96 Kg

Shear stress,τv= 1.07 N/mm²

Design Calculation 37
Bridge Design
Pier Design
Arun Khola Bridge

Percentage area of tension steel= 0.28 %

Permissible shear strength of concrete, τ c= 0.24 N/mm²

Assuming 12 mm Ф 8.00 legged vertical stirrups giving area of steel

= 904.78 mm²
Spacing of stirrups = 64.00 mm c/c
Provide12 mm Ф 8 legged vertical stirrups @50 mm c/c
Provide 8 nos. 20 mm dia. Bars on each face as a side face bars.

Check of Design of pier cap (CASE III)

Extra moment due to torsion, M t= 856674.89 Kg-m
Equivalent moment, Me= 2509141.81 Kg-m
Depth of pier cap required= 2482.62 mm
Depth of pier cap provided= 2425.00 mm

Area of steel required 31442.00 mm²

Min. area of steel required 17108.38 mm²
Thus provide 30 Nos. of Ф 32.00 mm bars
Giving an Steel Area of= 24127.43 mm²

Compression reinforcement= 16102.46 mm²

< 31442 mm², OK
Provide same area of steel at bottom also.
Equivalent shear force= 1395457.98 Kg
Shear stress,τv= 1.39 N/mm²
Percentage area of tension steel= 0.24 %
Permissible shear strength of concrete after increment, τ c= 0.53 N/mm²

Assuming 12 mm Ф 8.00 legged vertical stirrups giving area of steel

= 904.78 mm²
Spacing of stirrups = 61.00 mm c/c
Provide 12 mm Ф 8 legged vertical stirrups @ 150 mm c/c
Provide 6 nos. 20 mm dia. Bars on each face as a side face bars.

Design Calculation 38
 DESIGN OF PIER FOUNDATION
Department of Roads
Bridge Branch
Arun Khola Bridge
Design of Pile
Design Data
please refer the soil profile and bearing capacity calculations of the bridge site for design parameters of the
underlying soil.
Material Properties
Recommended permissible stresses as per IRC 21 - 2000:
For Concrete Grade, M25 fck = 25.000 N/mm²
Flexure compressive stress sc = 8.330 N/mm²
Direct compressive stress scd = 6.250 N/mm²
Max Permissible shear stress tcmax = 1.800 N/mm²
Bond stress tbd = 1.260 N/mm²
Poisson's ratio m = 0.150
For Reinforcing Bars, Fe500 fy = 500.000 N/mm²
Maximum allowable tensile stress ss = 240.000 N/mm²
Maximum allowable compressive stress ss' = 205.000 N/mm²
Modular ratio m = 10.000
Characteristic strength of concrete fck = 25.00 N/mm2
Neutral axis factor k = 0.258
Lever arm constant j = 0.914
Resisting moment co-efficient Q = 0.981 2m
m
23 m
Unit weight of concrete gc = 25.00 kN/mm
Unit weight of plug material g = 22.00 kN/m3
Unit weight of water gw = 10.00 kN/m3
Flood level = 185.230 m
Pier found top level = 177.510 m
Maximum scour level = 164.790 m
Scour depth from HFL = 20.44 m
Scour depth from Lowest Bed = 12.72 m
m = No. of Column m = 5.00 Nos
n = No. of Row n = 4.00 Nos
No. of piles N = 20.00 Nos
Size of piles dl = 800.00 mm dia.
Spacing of piles, 3*d = 2400.00 mm
Provide spacing of piles towards longitudinal dir = 2400.00 mm
Provide spacing of piles towards transverse dir = 2400.00 mm
Base width of footing provided Longitudinal bb = 9.00 m
Base length of footing provided Transverse Direction b1 = 11.40 m
Depth of foundation base db = 2.00 m

Angle of internal friction of foundation soil f = 32.00 °

Unit weight of soil gs = 18.00 kN/m3
N-value N = 25.00 Nos
Safe bearing capacity of a bored pile in a group SBC = 1360.00 kN

Calculation of Vertical Load on Pile Group

Due to Dead & Live Load
Unit weight of concrete gc = 25.00 kN/m3
Unit weight of plug material g = 18.00 kN/m3
Unit weight of water gw = 10.00 kN/m3
Projection cap of abutment from center of bearing, cp = 1.250 m
Length at top t = 7.500 m
Base projection at toe bt = 3.000 m
Base projection at heel bph = 3.000 m
Foundation base width bb1 = 9.00 m
Pier dia b1 = 3.000 m
HFL Ht wh3 = 7.720 m

Foundation base width bb1 = 9.000 m

Foundation projection beyond abutment pile
in traverse direction = 4.200 m
Foundation width in traverse direction bw = 11.40 m
Angle of internal friction of foundation soil f = 32.00 °
Density of sand fill = 18.00 kN/m3
Safe bearing capacity of soil at foundation base SBC = 1360.00 kN/pile

Calculation of Vertical Load on Foundation Base

Due to Dead Load

Superstructure DL = 12609.70 kN
Pier Shaft, P1 = 929.52 kN
Pier Cap, P2 = 1386.36 kN
Total Load = 14925.58 kN

Due to self weight of Foundation Base = 5130.00 kN

Due to LL including impact = 1954.18 kN

Buoyant weight of body

Pier Height at HFL line = 5.720 m
Pier diameter at HFL line = 3.000 m
Pier Shaft above HFL, P1 = kN
Pier Shaft below HFL, P1 = 371.81 kN
Pier cap above HFL, P2 Rect = 1386.36 kN
Pier cap below HFL, P2 Rect = 0.00 kN
Total buoyant force on pier = 1758.17 kN
Buoyant weight on foundation base = 3078.00 kN
Total = 4836.17 kN
Calculation of Moments at Foundation Base level (about centre of foundation)

Due to Pier + Superstructure DL

a) Maximum Load Condition
Due to Superstructure LL
Load = 1954.181 kN
Lever arm = 0.100 m
 Moment unequal loading longitudinal direction = 811.130 kN-m
Due to Superstructure DL
Load = 12609.700 kN
Lever arm = 0.050 m
Moment = 630.485 kN-m
Due to Pier body
Load P1 = 2315.878 kN
Lever arm = 0.050 m
Moment = 115.794 kN-m
Total moment due to Pier + Superstructure DL = 1557.409 kN-m
b) No LL + Buoyancy Condition
Due to Superstructure DL
Load = 12609.700 kN
Lever arm = 0.050 m
Moment = 630.485 kN-m
Due to Pier body
Due to Pier body
Load = 1944.071 kN
Lever arm (approx.) = 0.050 m
Moment = 97.204 kN-m
Total moment due to eccentricity of DL = 727.69 kN-m

Due to Foundation Base DL

Load (max. load condition) = 5130.00 kN
Lever arm = 0.05 m
Moment = 256.50 kN-m
Load (Buoyancy + No LL) = 3078.00 kN
Lever arm = 0.05 m
Moment = 153.90 kN-m

Due to Longitudinal Forces

Due to Temperature Variation
Due to Temperature Variation
Maximum temperature variation, T = 25.00 oC
Coefficient of thermal expansion, a = 1.17E-05 /m/oC
Strain due to concrete shrinkage = 2.00E-04
Total Strain due to temp = 1.71E-02 m
Hori. Deformation of deck due to tem. & shrinkage affecting one pier
= 1.73E-02 m
Hori. force due to strain in long. Direction at bearing level
E = 33.50 Mpa
I = 6.34E+12 mm4
Fh = 3620.95 kN
μ = 0.05
Hori. force due to friction on bearing above pier = 181.05 kN
This acts at a distance from abutment base of = 10.26 m
Moment due to temperature variation about pier base = 1857.55 kN-m

Due to Braking Effect

The longitudinal force for braking Class A wheel vehicle is maximum,
 HBr = 0.20 Wt
where 0.20 is the co-efficient of lane loading ,
and Wt is the weight of the vehicle Wt = 1000.00 kN
HBr = 200.00 kN
Therefore, 1*HBr = 200.00 kN
which acts at 1.20 m above deck level
i.e. at a distance from abutment base up to bearing = 10.260 m
Moment due to braking about abutment base = 2052.000 kN-m

Due to Resistance of Bearing

Given by 0.15 DL from superstructure = 293.13 kN
Therefore, 1*HBear = 293.13 kN
which acts at a distance = 10.260 m
Moment due to resistance of bearing about abutment base = 3007.48 kN-m

Due to water current

For pier parrallel to direction of water current, the intensity of pressure is given by
Ic = 52KV²
where,
K is a constant depending on the geometry of pier = 0.66
V is velocity of current = 7.96 m/sec
Ic = 2175.68 Kg/m²
Height of HFL from base of pier = 5.72 m
Width of pier at HFL = 3.00 m
a.) water current force parallel to the pier = 373.35 KN
And corresponding moment = 1067.77 KN-m
b.) Water current varying at 20 degree =
Intensity parallel to the pier = 2044.47 Kg/m²
Intensity perpendicular to the pier = 744.12 Kg/m²
Force parallel to the pier = 350.83 KN
Force perpendicular to the pier = 127.69 KN
Moment parallel to the pier = 1003.37 KN-m
Moment perpendicular to the pier = 365.20 KN-m
Due to wind force
The area of superstructure in elevation providing 25% for railing= 267.74 m²
a. height upto deck level from ground level = 14.66 m
Wind pressure at that height (refer. IRC:6-2000), P = 105.91 Kg/m²
Wind force on superstructure = 283.57 KN
Wind force against moving load 20.4 m long corresponding to IRC class A @ 300.00 Kg/m
= 61.20 KN
Total wind force= 344.77 KN
b. Minimum force on deck at 450.00 kg/m= 262.35 KN

c. Minimum force with wind pressure of 240.00 kg/m² in the plane of unloaded structure
= 642.58 KN
Wind force to be considered = maximum of (a,b,c)= 642.58 KN
Moment parallel to pier due to wind acting at 1.5m above deck = 5307.68 KN-m
Due to Seismic Forces
a) Along longitudinal direction for maximum load condition.
Description Total Load Seismic Load (kN) Lever Arm Moment
(kN) (m) (kN-m)

Superstructure DL 12609.70 2723.70 10.26 27945.11

Pier Shaft, P1 929.52 200.78 2.63 528.04
Pier Cap, P2 1386.36 299.45 6.09 1824.67
Foundation base 5130.00 1108.08 1.00 1108.08
Total 20055.58 4332.00 31405.90
a) Along transverse direction for maximum load condition.
Description Total Load Seismic Load (kN) Lever Arm Moment
(kN) (m) (kN-m)

Superstructure LL 1954.18 422.10 10.26 4330.78

Total 1954.18 422.10 4330.78
b) Case of Buoyancy and no LL
The seismic load will be lesser than that for N+T case due to submerged part of the substructure which will be
under buoyancy.
Description Total Load Seismic Load (kN) Lever Arm Moment
(kN) (m) (kN-m)

Superstructure DL 12609.70 2143.65 10.26 21993.84

Pier shaft P1 > HFL 0.00 0.00 2.63 0.00
Pier shaft P1 < HFL 371.81 63.21 2.63 166.24
Pier cap P2 above HFL 1386.36 235.68 6.09 1436.08
Pier cap P2 below HFL 0.00 0.00 6.09 0.00
Foundation base 3078.00 523.26 1.00 523.26
Total 17445.87 2965.80 24119.42

Summary of Moments and Forces

Vertical Loads
Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Bouyancy + Case I + Seismicity
Description No LL
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m)
DL from superstructure +
Pier 14,925.58 14,553.77 14925.58
DL of foundation base 5,130.00 3,078.00 5130.00
LL Superstructure 1,954.18 - 1954.18
Seismicity
(0.5 x Total Seismic Load) 2166.00
Total 22,009.76 17,631.77 24175.76

Horizontal Forces (Longitudinal)

Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Bouyancy + Case I + Seismicity
Description No LL
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m)
Temperature Variation 181.05 181.05 181.05
Tractive/Braking 200.00 - 200.00
Friction 293.13 - 293.13
Seismicity 4332.00
Total 674.17 181.05 4513.05

Horizontal Forces (Transverse)

Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Bouyancy + Case I + Seismicity
Description No LL
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m)
Water Current 373.35 373.35 373.35
Wind Force 642.58 642.58 642.58
Seismicity due to LL 422.10 422.10
Total 1,438.02 1,015.92 1438.02

Longitudinal Direction Moments

Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Bouyancy + Case I + Seismicity
Description No LL
(kN-m) (kN-m) (kN-m)
Temperature Variation 1,857.55 1,857.55 1857.55
Tractive/Braking 2,052.00 - 2052.00
Friction 3,007.48 3,007.48 3007.48
Seismicity 31405.90
Total 6917.03 4865.03 33263.45

Transverse Direction Moments

Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Bouyancy + Case I + Seismicity
Description No LL
(kN-m) (kN-m) (kN-m)
LL unequal Loading 2,483.43 - 2483.43
Water Current 1067.77 1067.77 1067.77
Wind Force 5307.68 5307.68 5307.68
Total 8858.88 6375.45 8858.88

Summary
Loads and moments per meter width (/m)of the foundation base will be as follows:
Case I Case II Case III
Description Max. Load Bouyancy + Case I + Seismicity
No LL
SP (kN) 22009.76 17631.77 24175.76
SH (kN) 674.17 181.05 4513.05
SML (kN-m) 6917.03 4865.03 33263.45
SMT (kN-m) 8858.88 6375.45 8858.88

Maximum & Minimum Load on a Pile

N+T Case
Total moment about y-y axis Mxx = 6917.03 kN-m
Total moment about x-x axis Myy = 8858.88 kN-m
 Total vertical force Vxx = 22009.76 kN
Total horizontal force along x-x axis along bridge axis Hxx = 674.17 kN
Total horizontal force along y-y axis Hyy = 1438.02 kN
Buoyant Case
Total moment about y-y axis Mxx = 4865.03 kN-m
Total moment about x-x axis Myy = 6375.45 kN-m
Total vertical force Vxx = 17631.77 kN
Total horizontal force along x-x axis along bridge axis Hxx = 181.05 kN
Total horizontal force along y-y axis Hyy = 1015.92 kN
N+T+S Case
Total moment about y-y axis Mxx = 33263.45 kN-m
Total moment about x-x axis Myy = 8858.88 kN-m
Total vertical force Vxx = 24175.76 kN
Total horizontal force along x-x axis along bridge axis Hxx = 4513.05 kN
Total horizontal force along y-y axis Hyy = 1438.02 kN

Maximum & Minimum Load on a Pile

Qmax',min=SV/n±SMLXi/SX2i±SMTYi/Sy2i
Total Nos. of piles n = 20.00 Nos
N+T N+T +S
X- Buoyant Pmax
[Link]. Y-Coordinate X2 Y2 Pmax
Coordinate & Pmin. Pmax &
& Pmin.
Pmin.
1 1.200 1.200 1.440 1.440 1212.996 989.602 1046.854
2 1.200 3.600 1.440 12.960 1397.556 1174.162 1231.414
3 1.200 -1.200 1.440 1.440 1028.436 805.042 862.294
4 1.200 -3.600 1.440 12.960 843.876 620.482 677.734
5 3.600 1.200 12.960 1.440 1253.451 1021.069 538.425
6 3.600 3.600 12.960 12.960 1438.011 1205.629 722.985
7 3.600 -1.200 12.960 1.440 1068.891 836.509 353.865
8 3.600 -3.600 12.960 12.960 884.331 651.949 169.305
9 -1.200 1.200 1.440 1.440 1172.540 958.135 1555.282
10 -1.200 3.600 1.440 12.960 1357.100 1142.695 1739.842
11 -1.200 -1.200 1.440 1.440 987.980 773.575 1370.722
12 -1.200 -3.600 1.440 12.960 803.420 589.015 1186.162
13 -3.600 1.200 12.960 1.440 1132.085 926.668 2063.711
14 -3.600 3.600 12.960 12.960 1316.645 1111.228 2248.271
15 -3.600 -1.200 12.960 1.440 947.525 742.108 1879.151
16 -3.600 -3.600 12.960 12.960 762.965 557.548 1694.591
115.200 115.200 1438.011 1205.629 2248.271
762.965 557.548 169.305
Distance of extreme pile towards x-x axis Xmax = 3.600 m
Xmin = -3.600 m
Distance of extreme pile towards y-y axis Ymax = 3.600 m
Ymin = -3.600 m
Maximum force on a pile Qmax = 1438.01 kN
< 1360.00 OK
Minimum force on a pile Qmin = 762.97 kN
Weight of one pile Wpile = 376.99 kN
Horizontal force on a pile along x-x direction Hx-x = 33.71 kN
Horizontal force on a pile along y-y direction Hy-y = 71.90 kN

Length of Pile
Flood level = 185.230 m
R.L. of River Bed = 177.510 m
Pile bottom level = 175.510 m
Maximum scour level = 164.790 m
Scour depth from HFL = 20.440 m
RL of soffit of pile cap = 175.510 m
Exposed length of pile = 10.720 m
Fixity length
10% of exposed length of pile = 1.072 m
1/2 the depth of soft strata below scour level = 0.500 m
Hence, lower fixity point below scour level is. 1.072 m
Length of pile between fixity points = 11.792 m
RL of pile foudation depth = 145.510 m
Length of pile = 30.000 m
Adopt length of pile = 30.000 m
Useful length of pile = 18.208 m

Moments due to Load on a Pile

Considering the minimum loaded piles
a = Sqrt{P/EI}
G=16 Mpa m=0.33
G= E/{2*(1+m)} E = 4.25E+01 N/mm2
I = 1/8*d2 I = 80000 mm4
G= 6900*(2.17-e) /(1+e)*(s'o15.9668295
)^0.5=
2
N/mm² EI = 3.40E+06 N-mm2
a = 6.506E-04 /mm
Moment per pile due to Hyy about x-x axis Mxx = 1078.52 kN-m
Mxx = {Hyy/a}* tan{a*L/2}
Moment per pile due to Hxx about y-y axis Myy = -198.75 kN-m
Myy = {Hxx/a}* tan{a*L/2}
Moment per pile due to Hyy about x-x axis Mxx = 397.49 kN-m
Moment per pile due to Hxx about y-y axis Myy = 847.86 kN-m

Design Moment Mdxx = 1078.52 kN-m

Mdyy = 847.86 kN-m
Effect of Flood Water
Mean Velocity Vmean = 2.00 m/sec
Maximum velocity Vmax = 2.828 m/sec
Coefficient for Abutment Kyy = 0.50
Pressure due to water current along yy-dir at top Pyy = 2.08 kN/m2
0.52*K*V 2

Force due to water current, along yy-dir Pyy = 74.47 kN

Force/ pile along yy-dir pyy = 3.72 kN
Force due to water current, along xx-dir Pxx = 4.00 kN
Force/ pile along xx-dir pxx = 0.20 kN
Moment per pile due to Hyy about x-x axis Mxx = 55.86 kN-m
 Mxx = {Hyy/a}* tan{a*L/2}
Moment per pile due to Hxx about y-y axis Myy = 3.00 kN-m
Myy = {Hxx/a}* tan{a*L/2}

Effect of Curvature
Curvature c = 40.00 mm
Coefficient K = 0.040 m
K = c/{1-(a*L/p)2}
Moment per pile due to Hyy about x-x axis Mxx = -17.48 kN-m
Mxx = {Hyy*L*p*(K-c)/(l*a)}* cot{a*L/2}
Summary of Loads and Moments
Maximum vertical force on a pile Qmax = 1438.01 kN
Minimum vertical force on a pile Qmin = 762.97 kN
Description Horizontal Horizontal Force-yy Moment Moment-yy
Fotce-xx (kN) -xx (kN-m)
(kN) (kN-m)

From Abutment 33.71 71.90 1078.52 847.86

Effect of Flood Water 0.20 3.72 55.86 3.00
Effect of Curvature -17.48 -17.48
Total 33.91 75.62 1116.89 833.38

Design of Section 1 ± 6e
b1
The stem may be designed as column.
Size of piles dl
= 800.00 mm dia.
Provide …...Nos…….Ø longitudinal bars 16 f = 25.00 mm
Area of steel ast = 7853.98 mm2
Area of column Ac = 5.03E+05 mm2
Area of equivalent Column Aco = 6.13E+05 mm2
Moment of inertia I = 2.59E+10 mm4
Section modulus Z = 6.48E+07 mm3
Direct stress developed, N/(Aco) sco,cal = 2.347 N/mm2
Bending stress developed scb,cal = 30.105 N/mm2
Ratio, sco,cal/sco+scb,cal/scb <1 = 3.990
< 1.000 OK
Minimum area of steel (0.8% of Ac) ast,min = 4021.24 mm2
Provide 16Nos 25f Fe500 bars throughout the pile stem.
Percentage of steel provided = 1.563 %
> 0.80 %
OK 2m
m
Tranverse Reinforcement
As per IRC: 21-2000
Diameter of transverse reinforcement
1/4th the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar dia. > 6.25 mm
Minimum diameter of transverse reinforcement dia. > 8.00 mm
Provide…...Ø stirrups f = 10.00 mm
Area of bar (stirrup) asv = 157.08 mm2
Spacing of stirrup
Maximum spacing sv < 150.00 mm
Least lateral dimension of column sv < 800.00 mm
12*Dia. of smallest longitudinal bar sv < 300.00 mm
Minimum shear reinforcement is provided as. rwmin=Asn/(bs)>0.002
Av = 1,005.31 mm2
Provided spacing of stirrup sv = 156.25 mm
Provide f 10 mm torsteel stirrups @ 150 mm c/c.
 DESIGN OF ABUTMENT FOUNDATION
Department of Roads
Abutment Pile
Arun Khola Bridge
Design of Abutment Pile
Design Data
please refer the soil profile and bearing capacity calculations of the bridge site for design parameters of the
underlying soil.
Material Properties
Recommended permissible stresses as per IRC 21 - 2000:
For Concrete Grade, M35 fck = 35.000 N/mm²
Flexure compressive stress sc = 8.330 N/mm²
Direct compressive stress scd = 6.250 N/mm²
Max Permissible shear stress t cmax = 1.900 N/mm²
Bond stress tbd = 1.260 N/mm²
Poisson's ratio m = 0.150
For Reinforcing Bars, Fe500 fy = 500.000 N/mm²
Maximum allowable tensile stress ss = 240.000 N/mm²
Maximum allowable compressive stress ss' = 205.000 N/mm²
Modular ratio m = 10.000
Characteristic strength of concrete fck = 35.00 N/mm2
Neutral axis factor k = 0.258
Lever arm constant j = 0.914
Resisting moment co-efficient Q = 0.981 2m
m
23 m
Unit weight of concrete gc = 25.00 kN/mm
Unit weight of plug material g = 22.00 kN/m3
Unit weight of soil gs = 18.00 kN/m3
Unit weight of water gw = 10.00 kN/m3
Flood level = 185.230 m
Minimum River bed level = 177.510 m
Abutment found top level = 179.510 m
Maximum scour level = 181.230 m
Scour depth from HFL = 4.00 m
Scour depth from Lowest Bed = -1.72 m
m = No. of Piles in longitudinal direction m = 3.00 Nos
n = No. of Piles in transverse direction n = 5.00 Nos
No. of piles N = 15.00 Nos
Size of piles dl = 1000.00 mm dia.
Spacing of piles, 3*d = 3000.00 mm
Provide spacing of piles longitudinal direction = 3000.00 mm
Provide spacing of piles transverse direction = 3000.00 mm

Base width of footing provided Longitudinal bb = 7.80 m

Base length of footing provided Transverse Direction b1 = 13.80 m
Eccentricity of load centre & pile group centre Pe = 0.60 m
Depth of foundation base db
= 2.00 m
Angle of internal friction of foundation soil f = 32.00 °
N-value N = 15.00 Nos
Safe bearing capacity of a bored pile in a group SBC = 975.00 kN
Calculation of Vertical Load on Pile Group
Due to Dead & Live Load
hab = 10.426 m
A h1 = 10.126 m
h2 = 0.300 m
h3 = 4.426 m
h4 = 5.000 m
h5 = 0.500 m
h6 = 1.000 m
h7 = 0.000 m
1.90 b1 = 1.700 m
b2 = 0.000 m
b3 = 0.650 m
b4 = 1.300 m
b5 = 0.650 m
b6 = 1.700 m
A b7 = 0.000 m
Length at top t = 11.000 m
Base projection at toe bt = 5.050 m
Base projection at heel bph = 2.650 m
HFL Ht above pile cap wh3 = 5.720 m

Calculation of Vertical Load on Foundation Base

Due to Dead Load
Superstructure DL = 6384.85 kN
Abutment shaft, P1 Rect = 2337.50 kN
Abutment Shaft, P2 Triang = 0.00 kN
Abutment cap, P3 Rect = 357.50 kN
Abutment, P4 Back = 0.00 kN
Abutment, P5 Back = 0.00 kN
Approach slab = 196.88 kN
Return wall = 265.56 kN
Soil behind abutment = 5313.11 kN
Soil in front of abutment = 0.00 kN
Total Load = 14855.40 kN

Due to self weight of Foundation Base = 5382.00 kN

Due to LL = 1144.73 kN

Buoyant weight of body

Abutment Height at HFL line = 5.720 m
Abutment width at HFL line = 1.700 m
Abutment Shaft above HFL, P1 Rect = 0.00 kN
Abutment Shaft below HFL, P1 Rect = 1402.50 kN
Abutment shaft above HFL, P2 Triang = 0.00 kN
Abutment shaft below HFL, P2 Triang = 0.00 kN
Abutment Cap, P3 = 357.50 kN
Abutment, P4 Back = 0.00 kN
 Soil behind abutment above HFL = 2311.83 kN
Soil behind abutment below HFL = 1333.90 kN
Soil in front of abutment below HFL = 0.00 kN
Total buoyant force on abutment = 5405.73 kN
Buoyant weight on foundation base = 3229.20 kN
Total = 8634.93 kN
Calculation of Moments at Foundation Base level (about end of toe)
Due to Abutment + Soil Filling DL
a) Maximum Load Condition
Eccentricity of pile group CG to abutment CG e = 0.60
Due to Superstructure LL
Load = 1144.725 kN
Lever arm = -0.600 m
Moment = -686.835 kN-m
Due to Superstructure DL
Load = 6384.850 kN
Lever arm = -0.600 m
Moment = -3830.910 kN-m
Due to abutment body
Load = 2960.560 kN
Lever arm = -0.300 m
Moment = -888.168 kN-m
Due to backfill and approach slab
Load = 5509.99 kN
Lever arm = -2.58 m
Moment = -14188.22 kN-m
Due to soil filling in front of abutment
Load = 0.000 kN
Lever arm = 2.525 m
Moment = 0.000 kN-m
Total moment due to abutment + Soil Filling DL = -19594.130 kN-m
b) No LL + Buoyancy Condition
Due to Superstructure DL
Load = 6384.850 kN/m
Lever arm = -0.600 m
Moment = -3830.910 kN-m/m
Due to abutment body
Load = 1402.500 kN
Lever arm (approx.) = -0.300 m
Moment = -420.750 kN-m
Due to backfill and approach slab
Load = 3645.73 kN
Lever arm = -2.58 m
Moment = -9387.76 kN-m
Due to soil filling in front of abutment
Load = 0.00 kN
Lever arm = 2.53 m
Moment = 0.00 kN-m
Total moment due to eccentricity of DL = -13639.42 kN-m

Due to Foundation Base DL

 Load (max. load condition) = 5382.00 kN
Lever arm = 0.00 m
Moment = 0.00 kN-m
Load (Buoyancy + No LL) = 3229.20 kN
Lever arm = 0.00 m
Moment = 0.00 kN-m

Due to Earth Pressure

h1 = 12.126 m
ka = 0.307
Active earth pressure p1 = 4472.75 kN
This acts at a distance from abutment base of 0.42h = 5.09 m
Moment due to active earth pressure about abutment base = 22779.34 kN-m
Surcharge earth pressure p2 = 885.25 kN
This acts at a distance from abutment base of 0.5h = 6.06 m
Moment due to active earth pressure about abutment base = 5367.30 kN-m
Total earth pressure = 5358.00 kN
Resulting overturning moment = 28146.63 kN-m

Load (Buoyancy + No LL)

Total earth pressure buyant condition = 2484.86 kN
which acts at a distance above foundation bottom of = 5.09 m
Resulting overturning moment = 12655.19 kN-m
Due to Superstructure
Due to Temperature Variation
Due to Temperature Variation
Maximum temperature variation, T = 25.00 oC
Coefficient of thermal expansion, a = 1.2E-05 /m/oC
Strain due to concrete shrinkage = 0.0002
Total Strain due to temp = 1.7E-02 m
Hori. Deformation of deck due to tem. & shrinkage affecting one pier
= 0.0173 m
Hori. force due to strain in long. Direction at bearing level
E = 33.5 Mpa
I = 6.33846E+12 mm4
Fh = 3.6E+03 kN
μ = 0.05
1/2*(Rq+Rd) = 376.48 kN
This acts at a distance from abutment base of = 8.000 m
Moment due to temperature variation about abutment base = 3011.83 kN-m
Due to Braking Effect
The longitudinal force for braking Class A wheel vehicle is maximum,
HBr = 0.20 Wt +0.10 Wt
where 0.20 is the co-efficient,
and Wt is the weight of the vehicle Wt = 1000.00 kN
HBr = 200.00 kN
Therefore, 1/2*HBr = 100.00 kN
which acts at 1.20 m above deck level
i.e. at a distance from abutment base of due to beari = 9.200 m
Moment due to braking about abutment base = 920.000 kN-m
Due to Resistance of Bearing
Given by 0.15 DL from superstructure = 171.71 kN
Therefore, 1/2*HBear = 85.85 kN
which acts at a distance = 8.000 m
Moment due to resistance of bearing about abutment base = 686.84 kN-m
Due to Seismic Forces
a) Along longitudinal direction for maximum load condition. 0.216
Description Total Load Seismic Load (kN) Lever Arm Moment
(kN) (m) (kN-m)
Superstructure DL 6384.85 1379.13 8.00 11033.02
Abut shaft, P1 Rect 2337.50 504.90 4.50 2272.05
Abut Shaft, P2 Triang 0.00 0.00 3.67 0.00
Abut Shaft, P3 Cap 357.50 77.22 7.50 579.15
Abutment, P4 Back 0.00 0.00 9.71 0.00
Abutment, P5 Back 0.00 0.00 7.00 0.00
Approach Slab 98.44 21.26 12.23 259.96
Return WW 265.56 57.36 10.95 628.14
Backfill 5313.11 1147.63 7.06 8105.73
Foundation base 5382.00 1162.51 1.00 1162.51
Total 20138.96 4350.02 24040.56
b) Case of Buoyancy and no LL
The seismic load will be lesser than that for N+T case due to submerged part of the substructure which will be
under buoyancy.
Description Total Load Seismic Load (kN) Lever Arm Moment
(kN) (m) (kN-m)
Superstructure DL 6384.85 1379.13 8.00 11033.02
Abut Rect P1 > HFL 0.00 0.00 7.36 0.00
Abut Rect P1 < HFL 1402.50 302.94 4.86 1472.29
Abut Triang P2 > HFL 0.00 0.00 7.48 0.00
Abut Triang P2 < HFL 0.00 0.00 3.91 0.00
Abutment cap P3 357.50 77.22 7.50 579.15
Abut back P4 0.00 0.00 9.71 0.00
Abut back P5 0.00 0.00 7.00 0.00
Approach Slab 98.44 21.26 12.23 259.96
Return WW 265.56 57.36 10.95 628.14
Backfill > HFL 2311.83 499.35 9.92 4955.10
Backfill < HFL 1333.90 288.12 4.86 1400.28
Foundation base 3229.20 697.51 1.00 697.51
Total 15383.78 3322.90 21025.44

Summary of Moments and Forces

Vertical Loads
Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Bouyancy + Case I + Seismicity
Description No LL
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m)
DL from superstructure +
Abutment 14,855.40 5,405.73 14855.40
DL of foundation base 5,382.00 3,229.20 5382.00
LL Superstructure 1,144.73 - 1144.73
Seismicity
(0.5 x Total Seismic Load) 2175.01
 Total 21,382.12 8,634.93 23557.13

Horizontal Forces

Case I Case II Case III

Max. Load Bouyancy + Case I + Seismicity
Description No LL
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m)
Earth pressure 5,358.00 2,381.33 5358.00
Temperature Variation 376.48 376.48 376.48
Tractive/Braking 100.00 - 100.00
Seismicity 4350.02
Total 5,834.48 2,757.81 10184.49

Resisting Moments
Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Bouyancy + Case I + Seismicity
Description No LL
(kN-m) (kN-m) (kN-m)
Superstructure DL+ Abutment 19594.13 13639.42 19594.13
+Earth
Seismicity 0.00
Total 19594.13 13639.42 19594.13
Over Turning Moments
Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Bouyancy + Case I + Seismicity
Description No LL
(kN-m) (kN-m) (kN-m)
Earthpressure 28146.63 12655.19 28146.63
Temperature Variation 3011.83 3011.83 3011.83
Braking 920.00 0.00 920.00
Seismicity 0.00 21025.44 24040.56
Total 32078.46 36692.46 56119.02

Summary
Loads and moments per meter width (/m)of the foundation base will be as follows:
Case I Case II Case III
Description Max. Load Bouyancy + Case I+Seismicity
No LL
SP (kN) 21382.12 8634.93 23557.13
SH (kN) 5834.48 2757.81 10184.49
SMR (kN-m) 19594.13 13639.42 19594.13
SMo (kN-m) 32078.46 36692.46 56119.02

Maximum & Minimum Load on a Pile

N+T Case
Total moment about y-y axis Mxx = 12484.33 kN-m
Total moment about x-x axis Myy = 0.00 kN-m
Total vertical force Vxx = 21382.12 kN
Total horizontal force along x-x axis along bridge axis Hxx = 5834.48 kN
Total horizontal force along y-y axis Hyy = 0.00 kN
Buoyant Case
 Total moment about y-y axis Mxx = 23053.04 kN-m
Total moment about x-x axis Myy = 0.00 kN-m
Total vertical force Vxx = 8634.93 kN
Total horizontal force along x-x axis along bridge axis Hxx = 2757.81 kN
Total horizontal force along y-y axis Hyy = 0.00 kN
N+T+S Case
Total moment about y-y axis Mxx = 36524.89 kN-m
Total moment about x-x axis Myy = 0.00 kN-m
Total vertical force Vxx = 23557.13 kN
Total horizontal force along x-x axis along bridge axis Hxx = 10184.49 kN
Total horizontal force along y-y axis Hyy = 0.00 kN

Maximum & Minimum Load on a Pile

Qmax',min=SV/n±SMLXi/SX2i±SMTYi/Sy2i
Total Nos. of piles n = 15.00 Nos
N+T N+T +S
X- Y- Buoyant Pmax
S. No. X2 Y2 Pmax &
Coordinate Coordinate & Pmin. Pmax &
Pmin.
Pmin.
1 3.000 -6.000 9.000 36.000 1841.619 1344.097 2787.97167
2 3.000 -3.000 9.000 9.000 1841.619 1344.097 2787.97167
3 3.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 1841.619 1344.097 2787.97167
4 3.000 -3.000 9.000 9.000 1841.619 1344.097 2787.97167
5 3.000 6.000 9.000 36.000 1841.619 1344.097 2787.97167
6 0.000 -6.000 0.000 36.000 1425.475 575.662 1570.47534
7 0.000 -3.000 0.000 9.000 1425.475 575.662 1570.47534
8 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1425.475 575.662 1570.47534
9 0.000 3.000 0.000 9.000 1425.475 575.662 1570.47534
10 0.000 6.000 0.000 36.000 1425.475 575.662 1570.47534
11 -3.000 -6.000 9.000 36.000 1009.330 -192.772 352.979017
12 -3.000 -3.000 9.000 9.000 1009.330 -192.772 352.979017
13 -3.000 0.000 9.000 0.000 1009.330 -192.772 352.979017
14 -3.000 3.000 9.000 9.000 1009.330 -192.772 352.979017
15 -3.000 6.000 9.000 36.000 1009.330 -192.772 352.979017

90.000 270.000 1841.619 1344.097 2787.972

1009.330 -192.772 352.979
Distance of extreme pile towards x-x axis Xmax = 3.000 m
Xmin = -3.000 m
Distance of extreme pile towards y-y axis Ymax = 6.000 m
Ymin = -6.000 m
Maximum force on a pile Qmax = 1841.62 kN
< 975.00 Not OK
Minimum force on a pile Qmin = 1009.33 kN
Weight of one pile Wpile = 589.05 kN
Horizontal force on a pile along x-x direction Hx-x = 388.97 kN
Horizontal force on a pile along y-y direction Hy-y = 0.00 kN

Length of Pile
Flood level = 185.230 m
 R.L. of River Bed = 177.510 m
Abutment Foundation cap top level = 179.510 m
Maximum scour level = 181.230 m
Scour depth from HFL = 4.000 m
RL of soffit of pile cap = 177.510 m
Exposed length of pile = -3.720 m
Fixity length
10% of exposed length of pile = -0.372 m
1/2 the depth of soft strata below scour level = 0.500 m

Free length of pile (L1) = -3.720 m

Embedded Length of Pile below scour (Lc) = 33.720 m
E = 31500 N/mm2
I = 4.909E+10 mm4
EI = 1.546E+15 N.mm2
Vu = 1841.62 kN
a = 0.03 m
( IS : 2911-Part1-2010-AnnexC, C2, Fixed Head Pile) N = 15.00 Blows
Normaly loaded Modulus of subgrade reaction, nh nh = 2.120 Mn/m3.
Preloaded Modulus of subgrade reaction, k1 k1 = 12.900 Mn/m3.
Stiffness Factor, T= T = (EI/nh )^1/5 T = 3.738 m
Stiffness Factor,R= K = k1/1.5 * 0.3/B K = 2.580 m
Stiffness Factor,R= R = (EI/KB)^1/4 R = 4.948 m
-3.720 4T= 14.950 L1/T = -0.995
3.5R= 17.317 Short Column

For fixed head pile in normaly loaded clay Fig. 4 Lf/T = 1.95 m
So, Lf = 7.29 m
Hx-x = 388.97 kN
Mf 693.96 kN-m

2.120 4T= 1555.861 L1/R = -0.752

For fixed head pile in preloaded clay Fig. 4 Lf/R = 1.68 m
So, Lf = 8.31 m
Hx-x = 678.97 kN
Mf 1559.03 kN-m
Hence, lower fixity point below scour level is. 7.288 m
Length of pile between fixity points = 3.568 m
RL of pile foudation = 147.510 m
Length of pile = 30.000 m
Adopt length of pile = 30.000 m
Useful length of pile = 26.432 m

Moments due to Load on a Pile

Considering the minimum loaded piles
a = Sqrt{P/EI}
G= E/{2*(1+m )} G=16 Mpa m=0.33 E = 4.25E+01 N/mm2
I = 1/8*d2 I = 125000 mm4
G= 6900*(2.17-e)2/(1+e)*(s 'o)^0.5= EI = 5.31E+06 N-mm2
 15.967 N/mm² a = 5.890E-04 /mm
Moment per pile due to Hyy about x-x axis Mxx = 0.00 kN-m
Mxx = {Hyy/a}* tan{a*L/2}
Moment per pile due to Hxx about y-y axis Myy = 693.96 kN-m
Myy = {Hxx/a}* tan{a*L/2}
Moment per pile due to Hxx about y-y axis Mxx = 0.00 kN-m
Moment per pile due to Hyy about x-x axis Q*(L1+Lf)/2 Myy = 693.96 kN-m

Design Moment Reduction factor 0.9 Mdxx = 0.00 kN-m

Mdyy = 624.57 kN-m
Effect of Flood Water
Mean Velocity Vmean = 2.00 m/sec
Maximum velocity Vmax = 2.828 m/sec
Coefficient for Abutment Kyy = 0.50
Pressure due to water current along yy-dir at top Pyy = 2.08 kN/m2
0.52*K*V 2

Force due to water current, along yy-dir Pyy = 40.29 kN

Force/ pile along yy-dir pyy = 2.69 kN
Force due to water current, along xx-dir Pxx = 9.99 kN
Force/ pile along xx-dir pxx = 0.67 kN
Moment per pile due to Hyy about x-x axis Mxx = 40.30 kN-m
Mxx = {Hyy/a}* tan{a*L/2}
Moment per pile due to Hxx about y-y axis Myy = 9.99 kN-m
Myy = {Hxx/a}* tan{a*L/2}
Effect of Curvature
Curvature c = 40.00 mm
Coefficient K = 0.040 m
K = c/{1-(a *L/p)2}
Moment per pile due to Hyy about x-x axis Mxx = 0.00 kN-m
Mxx = {Hyy*L*p*(K-c)/(l*a )}* cot{a*L/2}
Summary of Loads and Moments
Maximum vertical force on a pile Qmax = 1841.62 kN
Minimum vertical force on a pile Qmin = 1009.33 kN
Description Horizontal Horizontal Force-yy Moment -xx Moment-
Fotce-xx (kN) (kN-m) yy
(kN) (kN-m)

From Abutment 388.97 0.00 0.00 624.57

Effect of Flood Water 0.67 2.69 40.30 9.99
Effect of Curvature 0.00 0.00
Total 389.63 2.69 40.30 634.56

Design of Section 1 ± 6e
b1
The stem may be designed as column.
Length of exposed pile, L= 3.57 m
Effective length of column, le= 1.2 x L
= 4.28 m
Lateral Dimension, D= 1.00 m
Ratio of effective length to lateral dimension of pier = 4.28
 < 12, SHORT COLUMN
Size of piles dl = 1000.00 mm dia.
Provide …...Nos…….Ø longitudinal bars 24 f = 32.00 mm
Area of steel Spacing= 120.6 ast = 19301.95 mm2
IRC: 78- 2014 - Clause 709.4.4 100 OK
Area of column Ac = 7.85E+05 mm2
Area of equivalent Column Aco = 1.06E+06 mm2
Moment of inertia I = 7.35E+10 mm4
Section modulus Z = 1.47E+08 mm3
Direct stress developed, N/(Aco) s co,cal = 1.745 N/mm2
Bending stress developed scb,cal = 4.317 N/mm2
IRC: 21- 2000 - Clause 306.4.3
Coefficient of stress reduction b = 1.5-leff/(100r) b = 1.308
Moment of inertia of core area I = 3.12E+10 mm4
Core Area of Column Acore = 6.26E+05 mm2
Radius of gyration r = 223.250 mm
sco = 8.176
scb = 10.897
Ratio, sco,cal/sco+scb,cal/scb <1 = 0.610
> 1.000 Not OK
Note: Section is designed as Cracked Section (IRC : 21-2000 Clause 306.5.4)
Minimum area of steel (0.8% of Ac) ast,min = 6283.19 mm2
Provide 28Nos 32f Fe500 bars throughout the pile stem. OK
Percentage of steel provided = 2.458 %
< 2.50 %
> 0.80 %
OK 2m
OK
m
Tranverse Reinforcement
As per IRC: 21-2000 Clause 306.3
Diameter of transverse reinforcement
1/4th the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar dia. > 8.00 mm
Minimum diameter of transverse reinforcement dia. > 8.00 mm
Provide…...Ø stirrups f = 10.00 mm
Area of bar (stirrup) asv = 157.08 mm2
Spacing of stirrup
Maximum spacing sv < 150.00 mm
Least lateral dimension of column sv < 1000.00 mm
12*Dia. of smallest longitudinal bar sv < 384.00 mm
Minimum shear reinforcement is provided as. r wmin=Asn/(bs)>0.0012
Av = 942.48 mm2
Provided spacing of stirrup sv = 166.67 mm
Provide f 10 mm torsteel stirrups @ 100 mm c/c.
Design of Pile Cap
Design Data
please refer the soil profile and bearing capacity calculations of the bridge site for design parameters of the
underlying soil.
Material Properties
Recommended permissible stresses as per IRC 21 - 2000:
For Concrete Grade, M35 fck = 35.000 N/mm²
Direct compressive stress scd = 6.250 N/mm²
Flexure compressive stress sc = 8.330 N/mm²
Tensile stress st = 0.610 N/mm²
Maximum shear stress tcmax = 1.900 N/mm²
Bond stress tbd = 1.260 N/mm²
Poisson's ratio m = 0.150
For Reinforcing Bars, Fe500 fy = 500.000 N/mm²
Maximum allowable tensile stress ss = 240.000 N/mm²
Maximum allowable compressive stress ss' = 205.000 N/mm²
Modular ratio m = 10.000
Neutral axis factor k = 0.258
Lever arm constant j = 0.914
Resisting moment co-efficient Q = 0.981
Base width of pile-cap provided bb = 7.80 m
Base length of pile-cap provided b1 = 13.80 m
Depth of foundation base db = 2.00 m
Diameter of Pile db = 1.00 m
wp1 = 3.00 m

Calculation of Vertical Load on Foundation Base

Maximum & Minimum Load on a Pile
No. of piles n = 15.00 Nos
Distance of extreme pile towards x-x axis Xmax = 3.000 m
Distance of extreme pile towards y-y axis Ymax = 6.000 m
Maximum force on a pile Qmax = 1841.62 kN
Minimum force on a pile Qmin = 1009.33 kN
Horizontal force on a pile along x-x direction Hx-x = 5834.48 kN
Horizontal force on a pile along y-y direction Hy-y = 0.00 kN

Calculation of Moment
Due to pile body
Transv. 1 Load on the extreme piles = 5046.65 kN
Transv. 2 Load on the intermidiate piles = 7127.37 kN
Transv. 3 Load on the intermidiate piles = 9208.10 kN
Eccentricity of load centre & pile group centre Pe = 0.600 m
Lever arm of Transv. 1 Piles = 2.650 m
Lever arm of intermidiate piles = -0.350 m
Moment about abutment face = 10879.05 kN-m
Moment about pile cap centre = 14272.55 kN-m

Design of Section
Depth from consideration of Maximum Moment
Moment about abutment stem edge BM = 14272.55 kN-m
 d = Ö(BM/Qb)
Effective depth of section required d = 1365.76 mm
Effective depth of section required d > 600.00 mm
Effective depth of section required 1.5* dia. of pile d > 1500.00 mm

Overall depth provided D = 2000.00 mm

Effective depth provided d = 1909.00 mm
Effective span
c/c of support l = 2650.00 mm
1.15 * clear span l = 2472.50 mm
leff = 2472.50 mm
l/D = 1.2363
< 2.50
Pile cap is designed as deep beem, since l/D < 2.5
Lever arm z = 1,094.50 mm
Area of steel required M/(fy.z)= Ast = 26,080.49 mm2
Minimum longitudinal reinforcement is provided as. rwmin>0.2%
Av = 31,200.00 mm2
Provide steel bars of dia. f = 32.00 mm
ast = 804.25 mm2
No. of bars required N = 38.79 nos.
No. of bars provided N = 84.00 nos.
Spacing of bars s = 92.86 mm
Area of steel provided ast = 67556.81 mm2
Provide f 32 mm @100mm c/c Fe500 bars at bottom layer in both direction layer of the cap.

Distribution Reinforcements
Minimum distribution reinforcement is provided as. rwmin>0.12%
Av = 2,290.80 mm2/m
Provide ……. Ø distributions f = 16.00 mm
Area of bar top & bottom asv = 402.12 mm2
Provided spacing of stirrup sv = 175.54 mm
Provide f 16 mm @ 150mm c/c Fe500 bars at top layer in both direction layer of the cap.

Depth from consideration of Shear

Shear stress developed tv = 0.339 N/mm2
Percentage of tensile steel pt = 0.245 %
tco for M35 tco = 0.228 N/mm2
Permissible stress (IRC: 21-2000)
tc = [Link], where
k1 = 1. for d ³ 0.5 (d in m) k1 = 1.00
Permissible Shear Stress tc = 0.228 N/mm2
Permissible stress < tv OK
Since actual shear stress is greater than permissible shear stress,
hence shear reinforcement is provided.
Design shear force, Vs=SF-tc*bd Vs = -971.19 kN
Provide f 12 mm 30-legged Fe500 stirrups. f = 12.00 mm
Area of stirrup asv = 3392.92 mm2
Spacing of stirrup Sv = -1367.19 mm
Minimum shear reinforcement is provided as. rwmin=Asn/(bs)>0.0012
Area of fAsv= 3393 Sv = 5,654.87 mm
Provide f 12 mm 30-legged Fe500 stirrups @500 mm c/c.
Depth from consideration of Punching Shear
Permissible punching stress
where ks is the minimum of 1 and (0.5 + bc)
bc = short side/long side ratio bc = 0.57 m
ks = 1.00
Punching shear stress tc,punch = 0.95 N/mm2
tc= ks (0.16Öfck)
Effective depth required d = 619.29 mm
< 1909.00 mm
hence OK.
Bridge Design ###
Pier Foundation ###
Arun Khola Bridge ###
###
Design of Pier Base Slab ###
Geometrical Properties ###
b5 ###
b3
High Flood Level, HFL= 185.23 m ###
Maximum depth of scour from HFL= 20.44 m ###

h2
Elevation of maximum scour level (MSL)= 164.79 m ###
Max. Water depth in the river= 20.44 m ###
Water depth near the abutment= 20.44 m HFL ###
Proportionate scour depth near the abutment 20.44 m ###

h1
Elevation of MSL near abutment= 164.79 m ###

7
Lowest Bed Level= 177.51 m ###

h
Elevation of top of foundation base= 179.51 m b1 ###

h9
Bottom level of foundation= 177.51 m MSL
###

h10
h1= 5.26 m b6 b7 ###

h4
h2= 2.50 m ###
h3= 0.50 m b8 ###
###
Depth of foundation near pier, h4= 2.00 m ###
Depth of foundation near toe & heel, h4'= 0.50 m
HFL above MSL, h7= 20.44 m ###
HFL above min. bed level h8= 7.72 m ###
MSL below min. bed level, h9= 12.72 m ###
Top of foundation base below MSL, h10= -14.72 m (Pier is in hard rock) ###
b1= 3.00 m ###
b3= 4.15 m ###
b5= 2.55 m ###
b6= 4.60 m ###
b7= 4.60 m ###
Foundation base length, b8= 12.20 m ###
###
###
###
Pier base length= 7.50 m ###
Foundation projection beyond pier cap= 4.70 m ###
Total width of foundation= 12.20 m ###
Angle of internal friction of soil= 35.00 degree ###
Safe bearing capacity of soil= 14625.00 Kg/m² ###
###
Calculation of vertical load on foundation base ###
Due to Dead Load ###
Superstructure= 1260970.00 Kg ###
Pier Cap= 138635.94 Kg ###
Pier Shaft= 92951.87 Kg ###
Total= 1492557.81 Kg ###
###
Due to Live Load ###

Design Calculation 39
Bridge Design ###
Pier Foundation ###
Arun Khola Bridge ###
Maximum live load including impact= 195418.07 Kg
Due to self weight of foundation base= 465125.00 Kg

Loss in weight due to Buoyancy

Depth of pier shaft below HFL= 5.72 m
Pier width at HFL= 3.00 m
Loss in weight of pier shaft= 40432.30 Kg
Total buoyant force on pier= 40432.30 Kg

Buoyant force on foundation base= 186050.00 Kg

Calculation of Moments at Foundation Base Level

Due to superstructure DL+LL
Total superstructure DL+LL= 1456388.07 Kg
Imbalanced superstructure DL= 5640.00 Kg
Imbalanced superstructure LL= 63618.01 Kg
This load acts at bearing which is at distance from foundation toe= 4.825 m
Corresponding moment= 7027072.43 Kg-m
Superstructure DL= 1260970.00 Kg
Moment at foundation toe due to DL= 6084180.25 Kg-m
Due to Pier
A. Maximum Load Condition
i) Due to pier body
Load= 231587.81 Kg
Lever arm= 6.100 m
Moment= 1412685.64 Kg-m

B. No LL + Buoyancy Condition
i) Due to pier body
Load= 191155.51 Kg
Lever arm= 6.100 m
Moment= 1166048.63 Kg-m
Due to Foundation Base DL
Load= 465125.00 Kg
Lever arm= 6.100 m
Moment= 2837262.50 Kg-m
Due to Longitudinal forces:
a) Due to tractive effort or braking= 20000.00 Kg
Which acts at a distance above foundation bottom= 9.76 m
Moment due to tractive effort or braking about foundation base= 195200.00 Kg-m

b) Force due to resistance in bearings due to temperature (DL+LL)= 39000.08 Kg

Which acts at a distance above foundation bottom= 9.76 m
Moment due to temperature about foundation base= 380640.74 Kg-m

c) Force due to resistance in bearings due to temperature (0.2DL *μ)= 7565.82 Kg

Moment due to tractive effort or braking about foundation base= 73842.40 Kg-m

Design Calculation 40
Bridge Design ###
Pier Foundation ###
Arun Khola Bridge ###

Due to Seismic force

A. Along longitudinal direction for maximum load condition
Maximum Seismic Coefficient for Seismic Zone V according
to IRC: 6-2014 after reduction 0.216
Total Load Seismic Lever arm
Description Moment (Kg-m)
(Kg) Load (Kg) (m)
Superstructure DL 1260970.00 272369.52 10.01 2726418.90
Pier Cap 138635.94 29945.36 8.51 254835.03
Pier Shaft 92951.87 20077.60 4.63 92959.31
Foundation Base 465125.00 100467.00 0.00 0.00
Total 1957682.8 422859.49 3074213.24

B. Case of buoyancy and no live load

The seismic load will be lesser than that for N+T case due to submerged part of the sub structure
which will be under buoyancy.
Description Total Load Seismic Lever arm Moment (Kg-m)
(Kg) Load (Kg) (m)
Superstructure DL 1260970.00 272369.52 10.01 2726418.90
Pier Cap 138635.94 29945.36 8.51 254835.03
Pier Shaft 52519.58 11344.23 4.63 52523.78
Found. Base (NA<within soil) 279075.00 60280.20 0.00 0.00
Total 1452125.51 313659.11 3033777.71

Summary of Moments and Forces

Vertical Loads
Description Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Buoyancy+ No LL Case I + Seismicity
DL superstructure + pier 1492557.8 1452125.5 1492557.8
DL of foundation base 465125.0 279075.0 465125.0
Live load 195418.1 - 195418.1
Total 2153100.9 1731200.5 2153100.9

Horizontal Loads
Description Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Buoyancy+ No LL Case I + Seismicity
Tractive effort or braking 20000.0 - 20000.0
Temperature effect 39000.1 39000.1 39000.1
Seismic Force - - 422859.5
Total 59000.1 39000.1 481859.6

Resisting Moments
Description Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Buoyancy+ No LL Case I + Seismicity
Superstructure DL+LL 7027072.4 6084180.3 7027072.4
Pier 1412685.6 1166048.6 1412685.6

Design Calculation 41
Bridge Design ###
Pier Foundation ###
Arun Khola Bridge ###
Foundation Base DL 2837262.5 1702357.5 2837262.5
Seismic 1289721.4
Total 11277020.6 8952586.4 12566742.0

Overturning Moments
Description Case I Case II Case III
Max. Load Buoyancy+ No LL Case I + Seismicity
Tractive effort or braking 195200.0 - 195200.0
Temperature effect 380640.7 380640.7 380640.7
Seismic force - - 3033777.7
Total 575840.7 380640.7 3609618.4

Summary
Loads and moments per meter width of the foundation base will be as follows.
Case I Case II Case III
Description Unit
Max. Load Buoyancy+ No LL Case I + Seismicity
ΣP Kg 176483.7 141901.7 176483.7
ΣH Kg 4836.1 3196.7 39496.7
ΣMR Kg-m 924345.9 733818.6 1030060.8
ΣMO Kg-m 47200.1 31200.1 295870.4

Design of foundation base

Check against overturning= ΣMR/ΣMO

Case I: Max. Load 19.58 > 2.00 Safe
Case II: Buoyancy + No LL 23.52 > 2.00 Safe
Case III: Case I + Seismicity 3.48 > 1.50 Safe

Check against Sliding= 0.6ΣP/ΣH

Case I: Max. Load 21.90 > 1.50 Safe
Case II: Buoyancy + No LL 26.63 > 1.50 Safe
Case III: Case I + Seismicity 2.68 > 1.25 Safe

Check bearing capacity

Eccentricity, e= (b₁/2)-(ΣMR - ΣMO)/ΣP
≤ b₁/6
σmax, min ΣP/b₁ x (1+6e/b₁)

Case Load e σmax σmin

Case I Max. Load 1.130 22504.2 6427.5

Case II Buoyancy + No LL 1.149 18201.4 5061.2
Case III Case I + Seismicity 1.940 28267.0 664.7
Pemissible Value 2.033 14625.0 0.0

Design Calculation 42
Bridge Design ###
Pier Foundation ###
Arun Khola Bridge ###

Design of Toe Slab

Downward pressure i.e. pressure due to found slab= 3125 Kg/m²

Case I: N + T Case
σmax= 22504.22 Kg/m²
σmin= 6427.53 Kg/m²
σh= 12489.23 Kg/m²
σt= 16442.52 Kg/m²
b6= 4.60 m
b1= 3.00 m
b7= 4.60 m
b= 12.20 m
Net downward pressure at D= 19379.22 Kg/m²
Net downward pressure at C= 13317.52 Kg/m²

Moment at C= 183654.55 Kg-m

Effective depth of section required= 1368.27 mm

Effective depth of section provided= 1910.00 mm

Area of steel required= 4382.85 mm²
Minimum area of steel required @ 0.15 %= 3000.00 mm²

Thus Provide Ф 25.00 mm bars @ 130.00 mm c/c

Giving an Steel Area of= 3775.95 mm²

Maximum shear force at B= 43977.11 Kg/m

Shear stress= 0.23 N/mm²
% area of tension steel= 0.20 %
Corresponding permissible shear stress= 0.21 N/mm²
design stirrups
Assume Ф 10.00 mm lateral ties 2 legged Shear Reinf. Not Required
Vus=(V-τc*b*d) 4043.30 Kg/m
Spacing of Stirrups = 1780.854 mm
Case III: N + T + S Case
σmax= 28267.00 Kg/m²
σmin= 664.75 Kg/m²
σh= 11072.16 Kg/m²
σt= 17859.60 Kg/m²
Net downward pressure at D= 25142.00 Kg/m²
Net downward pressure at C= 14734.60 Kg/m²

Moment at B= 192595.48 Kg-m

Stress in steel= 292.14 N/mm2 ###
< 360 Mpa, OK

Design Calculation 43
Design of Pile Cap of Pier
Design Data
please refer the soil profile and bearing capacity calculations of the bridge site for design parameters of the
underlying soil.
Material Properties
Recommended permissible stresses as per IRC 21 - 2000:
For Concrete Grade, M20 fck = 20.000 N/mm²
Flexure compressive stress sc = 6.670 N/mm²
Direct compressive stress scd = 5.000 N/mm²
Maximum shear stress tcmax = 1.800 N/mm²
Bond stress tbd = 1.260 N/mm²
Poisson's ratio m = 0.150
For Reinforcing Bars, Fe500 fy = 500.000 N/mm²
Maximum allowable tensile stress ss = 240.000 N/mm²
Maximum allowable compressive stress ss' = 205.000 N/mm²
Unit weight of concrete gc = 25.000 kN/mm³
Unit weight of asphalt wearing coat gas = 22.000 kN/mm³
Modular ratio m = 10.000
Neutral axis factor k = 0.217
Lever arm constant j = 0.928
Resisting moment co-efficient Q = 0.673
Flood level = 185.230 m
Pile cap top level = 179.510 m
Maximum scour level = 181.230 m
Scour depth from HFL = 4.00 m
Base width of pile-cap provided bb = 7.80 m
Base length of pile-cap provided b1 = 13.80 m
Depth of foundation base db = 2.00 m
Diameter of Pile db = 1.00 m
wp1 = 2.40 m

Angle of internal friction of foundation soil f = 32.00 °

Unit weight of soil = 18.00 kN/m3
Allowable capacity of a pile in group Qa = 975.00 kN

Calculation of Vertical Load on Foundation Base

Maximum & Minimum Load on a Pile
No. of piles n = 15.00 Nos
Distance of extreme pile towards x-x axis Xmax = 3.000 m
Distance of extreme pile towards y-y axis Ymax = 6.000 m
Maximum force on a pile Qmax = 1438.01 kN
Minimum force on a pile Qmin = 762.97 kN
Horizontal force on a pile along x-x direction Hx-x = 33.71 kN
Horizontal force on a pile along y-y direction Hy-y = 71.90 kN

Calculation of Moment
Due to pile body
Load on the extreme piles = 8628.06 kN
Load on the intermidiate piles = 3301.46 kN
Lever arm of extreme piles = 5.05 m
 Lever arm of intermidiate piles = 2.05 m
Moment about pile cap centre = 50339.73 kN-m

Design of Section
Depth from consideration of Maximum Moment
Moment about pier center BM = 50339.73 kN-m
d = Ö(BM/Qb)
Effective depth of section required d = 3097.39 mm
Effective depth of section required d > 600.00 mm
Effective depth of section required 1.5* dia. of pile d > 1500.00 mm

Overall depth provided D = 2000.00 mm

Effective depth provided d = 1912.50 mm
Effective span
c/c of support l = 2400.00 mm
1.15 * clear span l = 1610.00 mm
leff = 1610.00 mm
l/D = 0.8050
< 2.5
Pile cap is designed as deep beem, since l/D < 2.5
Lever arm z = 922.00 mm
Area of steel required M/(fy.z)= Ast = ### mm2
Minimum longitudinal reinforcement is provided as. rwmin>0.2%
Av = 31,200.00 mm2
Provide steel bars of dia. f = 25.00 mm
ast = 490.87 mm2
No. of bars required N = 222.45 nos.
No. of bars provided N = 70.00 nos.
Spacing of bars s = 111.43 mm
Area of steel provided ast = 34361.17 mm2
Provide f 25 mm @110mm c/c Fe500 bars at bottom layer in both direction layer of the cap.
Minimum distribution reinforcement is provided as. rwmin>0.12%
Av = 2,295.00 mm2/m
Provide 16 Ø stirrups f = 16.00 mm
Area of bar top & bottom asv = 402.12 mm2
Provided spacing of stirrup sv = 175.22 mm
Provide f 16 mm @ 150mm c/c Fe500 bars at top layer in both direction layer of the cap.

Depth from consideration of Shear

Shear stress developed tv = 0.578 N/mm2
Percentage of tensile steel pt = 0.220 %
tco for M20 tco = 0.208 N/mm2
Permissible stress (IRC: 21-2000)
tc = [Link], where
k1 = 1. for d ³ 0.5 (d in m) k1 = 1.00
Permissible Shear Stress tc = 0.208 N/mm2
Permissible stress < tv OK
Since actual shear stress is greater than permissible shear stress,
hence shear reinforcement is provided.
Design shear force, Vs=SF-tc*bd Vs = 7672.86 kN
Provide f 12 mm 20-legged Fe500 stirrups. f = 12.00 mm
Area of stirrup asv = 2261.95 mm2
Spacing of stirrup Sv = 115.58 mm
Minimum shear reinforcement is provided as. rwmin=Asn/(bs)>0.0012
Area of fAsv= 2262 Sv = 3,769.91 mm
Provide f 12 mm 20-legged Fe500 stirrups @ 250 mm c/c.
Depth from consideration of Punching Shear
Permissible punching stress
where ks is the minimum of 1 and (0.5 + bc)
bc = short side/long side ratio bc = 0.57 m
ks = 1.00
Punching shear stress tc,punch = 0.72 N/mm2
tc= ks (0.16Öfck)
Effective depth required d = 639.70 mm
< 1912.50 mm
hence OK.
Department of Roads
Bridge Branch
Jalad Khola Bridge
Design of Piles and Pile Cap
Materials and Properties
Concrete M25
Reinforcement Fe 500

Load and moment at the base of pile cap

Total Dead load excluding pile cap, ΣW= 14925.578 KN
Total Live load on pile cap, ΣW= 1954.181 KN
Pile cap load, ΣW= 4828.500 KN
Vertical soil load to be taken by pile cap, ΣW= 2756.136 KN
Total vertical Dead load, ΣW= 22510.21 KN
Total horizontal load, ΣH= 3646.03 KN

i) Let Bored pile of 1000mm diameter and 33.72m effective length below scour depth should be used.
D= 1000 mm= 1.00 m
L= 33.72 m

From Geo-technical investigation,

Qa = 975.00 KN (Refer Annex B)

> 1223.21974 KN CHECK

Let Initial Nos of pile= 20.00 Nos.

20.00 Nos.
Provide 20 piles in a grid pattern

Now for 100% efficiency of pile group , spacing of piles

= (1.57×B×m×n-2×B)/(m+n-2)
where,
Nos. of rows in pile group, m= 5.00
Nos of columns in pile group, n= 4.00
Pile diameter, B= 1000.00 mm
Thus spacing= 3000.00 mm
Provide spacing of= 2400.00 mm c/c
=(3-4)d

Considering an imaginary footing located at the groung surface

Keeping clear cover for the pile cap = 250 mm
Plan dimension of footing= 11.6 x 9.2
106.72 m²

36
Department of Roads
Bridge Branch
Jalad Khola Bridge
Extreme loads on individual pile
maximum load on individual pile= v/n+[Link]/Sxi2+[Link]/Syi2
minimum load on individual pile= v/n+[Link]/Sxi2+[Link]/Syi2
where,
DL(KN) LL(KN) Mx(Long) My(Trans)
v= 22510.21 1954.181 4522.5772 8794.486
n= 20.00
Square of Distance of the piles=SXi2= 2*(5*(2.4/2)^2+5*(4.8+2.4/2)^2) 144.0 m2
Square of Distance of the 2*(4*(2.4/2)^2+4*(4.8+2.4/2)^2) 230.4 m2
xi= piles=SY i2=
2.4/2+2.4 = 3.6 m
yi= 2.4/2+4.8 = 6.0 m
ex(for live load only)= 1.275 Placed Symmetrical w.r.t X-axis
ey= 0 Placed Symmetrical w.r.t Y-axis

V max = 1565.307 KN < 975 notgood

V min = 881.132 KN > 0 Ok check pile capacity for the

For one span collapse condition:

DL(KN) LL(KN) Mx(Long) My(Trans)

v= 16213.56 0.000 1889.4869 3657.2137
n= 20.00
ex=(along bridge axis) = 1.275 m
ey= = 0m Placed Symmetrical w.r.t Y-axis

V max = 953.155 KN < 975 Ok

V min = 668.201 KN > 0 Ok

iii) Design of piles

(Assumed) Effective leng of piles, Le= 2/3xL
= 22.48 m
Lateral Dimension, B= 1.00 m
Le/B= 22.48
> 12, LONG COLUMN
Minimum ecentricity (emin)= L/500+B/30 = 100.77333 mm > 20
So, ecentricity can not be neglected to design

37
Department of Roads
Bridge Branch
Jalad Khola Bridge
Moment (Mu) = 170.13 kNm

Since bored piles are provided, there will be no handling stresses.

Correction factor for long column =1.25-Le/48B = 0.7816667

Design moment = 217.65 kNm

Design Load = 2159.83 kN

Refer inteaction diagrams corresponding to d'/D = 0.075

Thus,Pu/fck b D= 0.10799143
Mu/fck b D2 = 0.01088266
From the interaction diagram, amount of reinforcement = very less
Therefor provide nominal reinforcement of 1 % of pile area

Required Reinforcement (Ast) = 7853.98163 mm2

Hence provide ba 16 numbers of 20 mm dia bars
Provided reinforcement (Ast) = 5026.54825 mm2 not ok
Lateral Ties
Minimum volume of lateral reinforcement per m length of pile
= 0.2% of vol. of pile
= 1570796.33 mm³
Assume Ф 10.00 mm lateral ties
Volume of 10 mm dia. tie= 246740.11 mm³

No. of ties per meter of pile= 7.00 Nos.

Hence spacing for lateral reinforcement= 142.86 mm
< 500 mm
< 0 x = 0 mm
< 48 x 10 = 480 mm

Hence provide lateral tie of 10 mm dia. @ 125 mm c/c

iv) Design of pile cap

Pile cap is 11.1m x 8.7m
Bending moment at the face of the Pier= 3376.53 KN-m
per m width of pile cap

Factored moment, Mu= 5064.80 KN-m

Mu= 0.138 fckbd²

d= 1106.07 mm

adopt effective thickness of pile cap as d = 1900 mm

Total thickness of pile cap, D= 2000 mm
Factored Punching shear force= 36696.59 KN

38
Department of Roads
Bridge Branch
Jalad Khola Bridge
Punching shear stress= 1.19 N/mm²
CHECK

Reinforcement
Ast= 0.00612801 mm² FROM Mu= 0.87fyAstd(1-Astfy/fckbd)
From Minimum reinforcement criteria,(0.15%) Ast= 2850.00 mm²

39
Department of Roads
Bridge Branch
Jalad Khola Bridge

Provide Ф 25.00 mm bars

Spacing of bar= 150.00

Thus provide 25 mm dia @ 150 mm c/c in both directions of pile cap at bottom.

Check for one- way shear

Upward pressure due to total load = 343.859 KN/m²
S.F. per m width at section critical section= 326.67 KN

Shear stress, τv= 0.17 N/mm²

From code table-19,
Minimun τv= 0.18 N/mm²
> 0.17 OK

Design of Stirrups

No. of Pile in shorter Strip= 4

width of the strip= 2400.00 mm

Max. shear force= 1834.830 KN

Shear stress, τv= 0.402 N/mm²
From code table-19,
Minimun τv= 0.18 N/mm²
Design Shear Stirrups

Assume Ф 16.00 mm lateral ties 6 legged

Vus=(V-τc*b*d) 1014.03 KN

Spacing of Stirrups = 542.49445 mm

40
Page 41 of 169 Design of Pile Foundation for Abutment 09/11/2020

Bridge Design
Primary Data
Arun Khola Bridge
Design of Piles and Pile Cap
Materials and Properties
Concrete M25
Reinforcement Fe 500

Load and moment at the base of pile cap

Total Dead load excluding pile cap, ΣW= 14925.578 KN
Total Live load on pile cap, ΣW= 1954.181 KN
Pile cap load, ΣW= 6160.500 KN
Vertical soil load to be taken by pile cap, ΣW= 3235.656 KN
Total vertical Dead load, ΣW= 24321.73 KN
Total horizontal load, ΣH= 3646.03 KN

i) Let Bored pile of 1000mm diameter and 33.72m effective length below scour depth should be used.
D= 1000 mm= 1.00 m
L= 33.72 m

From Geo-teshnical investigation,

Qa = 975.00 KN (Refer Annex B)

> 1051.03659 KN CHECK

Let Initial Nos of pile= 25.00 Nos.

25.00 Nos.
Provide 25 piles in a grid pattern

Now for 100% efficiency of pile group , spacing of piles

= (1.57×B×m×n-2×B)/(m+n-2)
where,
Nos. of rows in pile group, m= 5.00
Nos of columns in pile group, n= 5.00
Pile diameter, B= 1000.00 mm
Thus spacing= 4656.25 mm
Provide spacing of= 2400.00 mm c/c
=(3-4)d

Considering an imaginary footing located at the groung surface

Keeping clear cover for the pile cap = 250 mm
Plan dimension of imaginary footing= 11.1 x 11.1
123.21 m²
Page 42 of 169 Design of Pile Foundation for Abutment 09/11/2020

Bridge Design
Primary Data
Arun Khola Bridge
Extreme loads on individual pile
maximum load on individual pile= v/n+[Link]/Sxi2+[Link]/Syi2
minimum load on individual pile= v/n+[Link]/Sxi2+[Link]/Syi2
where,
DL(KN) LL(KN) Mx(Long) My(Trans)
v= 24321.73 1954.181 4522.5772 8794.486
n= 25.00
Square of Distance of the piles=SXi2= 2*(5*(2.4/2)^2+5*(4.8+2.4/2)^2) 504 m2
Square of Distance of the piles=SYi2= 2*(4*(2.4/2)^2+4*(4.8+2.4/2)^2) 504 m2
xi= 2.4/2+4.8 = 6m
yi= 2.4/2+4.8 = 6m
ex(for live load only)= 1.275 Placed Symmetrical w.r.t X-axis
ey= 0 Placed Symmetrical w.r.t Y-axis

V max = 1209.573 KN < 975 notgood

V min = 892.500 KN > 0 Ok check pile capacity for the

For one span collapse condition:

DL(KN) LL(KN) Mx(Long) My(Trans)

v= 18025.08 0.000 1889.4869 3657.2137
n= 25.00
ex=(along bridge axis) = 1.275 m
ey= = 0m Placed Symmetrical w.r.t Y-axis

V max = 787.036 KN < 975 Ok

V min = 654.971 KN > 0 Ok

iii) Design of piles

(Assumed) Effective leng of piles, Le= 2/3xL
= 22.48 m
Lateral Dimension, B= 1.00 m
Le/B= 22.48
> 12, LONG COLUMN
Minimum ecentricity (emin)= L/500+B/30 = 100.77333 mm > 20
So, ecentricity can not be neglected to design
Page 43 of 169 Design of Pile Foundation for Abutment 09/11/2020

Bridge Design
Primary Data
Arun Khola Bridge
Moment (Mu) = 147.06 kNm

Since bored piles are provided, there will be no handling stresses.

Correction factor for long column =1.25-Le/48B = 0.7816667

Design moment = 188.14 kNm

Design Load = 1866.91 kN

Refer inteaction diagrams corresponding to d'/D = 0.1

Thus,Pu/fck b D= 0.09334567
Mu/fck b D2 = 0.00940675
From the interaction diagram, amount of reinforcement = very less
Therefor provide nominal reinforcement of 1 % of pile area

Required Reinforcement (Ast) = 7853.98163 mm2

Hence provide ba 16 numbers of 20 mm dia bars
Provided reinforcement (Ast) = 5026.54825 mm2 not ok
Lateral Ties
Minimum volume of lateral reinforcement per m length of pile
= 0.2% of vol. of pile
= 1570796.33 mm³
Assume Ф 10.00 mm lateral ties
Volume of 10 mm dia. tie= 246740.11 mm³

No. of ties per meter of pile= 7.00 Nos.

Hence spacing for lateral reinforcement= 142.86 mm
< 500 mm
< 0 x = 0 mm
< 48 x 10 = 480 mm

Hence provide lateral tie of 10 mm dia. @ 125 mm c/c

iv) Design of pile cap

Pile cap is 11.1m x 11.1m
Bending moment at the face of the Pier= 2918.61 KN-m
per m width of pile cap

Factored moment, Mu= 4377.91 KN-m

Mu= 0.138 fckbd²

d= 1028.33 mm

adopt effective thickness of pile cap as d = 1900 mm

Total thickness of pile cap, D= 2000 mm
Factored Punching shear force= 39413.87 KN
Page 44 of 169 Design of Pile Foundation for Abutment 09/11/2020

Bridge Design
Primary Data
Arun Khola Bridge
Punching shear stress= 1.28 N/mm²
CHECK

Reinforcement
Ast= 0.00529693 mm² FROM Mu= 0.87fyAstd(1-Astfy/fckbd)
From Minimum reinforcement criteria,(0.15%) Ast= 2850.00 mm²
Page 45 of 169 Design of Pile Foundation for Abutment 09/11/2020

Bridge Design
Primary Data
Arun Khola Bridge

Provide Ф 20.00 mm bars

Spacing of bar= 100.00

Thus provide 20 mm dia @ 100 mm c/c in both directions of pile cap at bottom.

Check for one- way shear

Upward pressure due to total load = 319.892 KN/m²
S.F. per m width at section critical section= 687.77 KN

Shear stress, τv= 0.36 N/mm²

From code table-19,
Minimun τv= 0.18 N/mm²
Design for Stirrups

Design of Stirrups

No. of Pile in shorter Strip= 5

width of the strip= 2400.00 mm

Max. shear force= 1576.555 KN

Shear stress, τv= 0.346 N/mm²
From code table-19,
Minimun τv= 0.18 N/mm²
Design Shear Stirrups

Assume Ф 16.00 mm lateral ties 4 legged

Vus=(V-τc*b*d) 755.75 KN

Spacing of Stirrups = 485.25913 mm

Bridge Design
Primary Data
Arun Khola Bridge
Design of Piles and Pile Cap
Materials and Properties
Concrete M25
Reinforcement Fe 500

iv) Design of pile cap

Pile cap is 11.35m x 8.95m
Bending moment at the face of the abutment wall= 5209.15 KN-m
per m width of pile cap

Factored moment, Mu= 7813.73 KN-m

Mu= 0.138 fckbd²

d= 1682.58 mm

adopt effective thickness of pile cap as d = 1900 mm

Total thickness of pile cap, D= 2000 mm
Factored Punching shear force= 2762.43 KN
Punching shear stress= 0.07 N/mm²
< 1.11 N/mm², OK

Reinforcement
Ast=
0.009454 mm² FROM Mu= 0.87fyAstd(1-Astfy/fckbd)
From Minimum reinforcement criteria,(0.15%) Ast= 2850.00 mm²

Provide Ф 25.00 mm bars

Spacing of bar= 150.00

Thus provide 25 mm dia @ 150 mm c/c in both directions of pile cap at bottom.

Check for one- way shear

Upward pressure due to total load = 391.272 KN/m²
S.F. per m width at section critical section= 694.51 KN

Shear stress, τv= 0.37 N/mm²

From code table-19,
Minimun τv= 0.18 N/mm²
Design for Stirrups

Design of Stirrups

No. of Pile in shorter Strip= 4

16
Bridge Design
Primary Data
Arun Khola Bridge
width of the strip= 2400.00 mm

Max. shear force= 1889.255 KN

Shear stress, τv= 0.414 N/mm²
From code table-19,
Minimun τv= 0.18 N/mm²
DesignShearStirrups

Assume Ф 12.00 mm lateral ties 6 legged

Vus=(V-τc*b*d) 1068.45507 KN

Spacing of Stirrups = 289.6091 mm

17
 SOME IMPORTANT DATA
Total dead load from superstructure per Girder 0.00 Kg/m 0.0000 t/m
Dead load of cross girder 0.00 Kg 0.0000 t
Total dead load on each bearing 0.00 Kg 0.000 t
Live load on each bearing 72393.23 Kg 72.393 t
Total load 72393.23 Kg 72.393 t

Horizontal Load on bearing 2000.00 Kg 2.0000 t

Horizontal Load on bearing inc. seismic 92779.47 92.7795 t
Page 19 of 169 Design of Pile Foundation for Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge
Design of Piles and Pile Cap
Materials and Properties
Concrete M25
Reinforcement Fe 500

Load and moment at the base of pile cap

Total vertical load excluding pile cap, ΣW= 16879.759 KN
Pile cap load, ΣW= 6050.000 KN
Vertical soil load to be taken by pile cap, ΣW= 3195.876 KN
Total vertical load, ΣW= 26125.63 KN
Total horizontal load, ΣH= 3646.03 KN

i) Let Bored pile of 1000mm diameter and 33.72m effective length below scour depth should be used.
D= 1000 mm= 1.00 m
L= 33.72 m

From Geo-teshnical investigation,

Qa = 975.00 KN (Refer Annex B)

> 1632.85218 KN CHECK

Let Initial Nos of pile= 16.00 Nos.

16.00 Nos.
Provide 16 piles in a grid pattern

Now for 100% efficiency of pile group , spacing of piles

= (1.57×B×m×n-2×B)/(m+n-2)
where,
Nos. of rows in pile group, m= 4.00
Nos of columns in pile group, n= 4.00
Pile diameter, B= 1000.00 mm
Thus spacing= 3853.33 mm
Provide spacing of= 3000.00 mm c/c
=(3-4)d

Considering an imaginary footing located at the groung surface

Keeping clear cover for the pile cap = 500 mm
Plan dimension of imaginary footing= 10.5 x 10.5
121 m²
Extreme loads on individual pile
maximum load on individual pile= v/n+[Link]/Sxi2+[Link]/Syi2
minimum load on individual pile= v/n+[Link]/Sxi2+[Link]/Syi2
Page 20 of 169 Design of Pile Foundation for Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge
where,
v= 26125.63
n= 16.00
Square of Distance of the piles=SXi2= 2*(5*(3/2)^2+5*(6+3/2)^2) 180 m2
Square of Distance of the piles=SYi2= 2*(4*(3/2)^2+4*(6+3/2)^2) 787.5 m2
xi= 3/2+6 = 4.5 m
yi= 3/2+6 = 4.5 m
ex= 0 Placed Symmetrical w.r.t X-axis
ey= 0 Placed Symmetrical w.r.t Y-axis

V max = 1632.852 KN < 975 notgood

V min = 1632.852 KN > 0 Ok

For one span collapse condition:

ex=(along bridge axis) = 1.275 m

ey= = 0 m Placed Symmetrical w.r.t Y-axis

V max = 2465.607 KN < 975 notgood

V min = 800.098 KN > 0 Ok

iii) Design of piles

(Assumed) Effective leng of piles, Le= 2/3xL
= 22.48 m
Lateral Dimension, B= 1.00 m
Le/B= 22.48
> 12, LONG COLUMN
Minimum ecentricity (emin)= L/500+B/30 = 100.77333 mm > 20
So, ecentricity can not be neglected to design

Moment (Mu) = 246.82 kNm

Since bored piles are provided, there will be no handling stresses.

Correction factor for long column =1.25-Le/48B = 0.7816667

Design moment = 315.76 kNm

Design Load = 3133.41 kN

Refer inteaction diagrams corresponding to d'/D = 0.1

Thus,Pu/fck b D= 0.15667025
Mu/fck b D2 = 0.01578818
From the interaction diagram, amount of reinforcement = very less
Page 21 of 169 Design of Pile Foundation for Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge
Therefor provide nominal reinforcement of 1 % of pile area

Required Reinforcement (Ast) = 7853.98163 mm2

Hence provide ba 16 numbers of 20 mm dia bars
Provided reinforcement (Ast) = 5026.54825 mm2 not ok
Lateral Ties
Minimum volume of lateral reinforcement per m length of pile
= 0.2% of vol. of pile
= 1570796.33 mm³
Assume Ф 10.00 mm lateral ties
Volume of 10 mm dia. tie= 246740.11 mm³

No. of ties per meter of pile= 7.00 Nos.

Hence spacing for lateral reinforcement= 142.86 mm
< 500 mm
< 0 x = 0 mm
< 48 x 10 = 480 mm

Hence provide lateral tie of 10 mm dia. @ 125 mm c/c

iv) Design of pile cap

Pile cap is 10.5m x 10.5m
Bending moment at the face of the abutment wall= 3537.85 KN-m
per m width of pile cap

Factored moment, Mu= 5306.77 KN-m

Mu= 0.138 fckbd²

d= 1132.18 mm

adopt effective thickness of pile cap as d = 1950 mm

Total thickness of pile cap, D= 2000 mm
Factored Punching shear force= 39188.45 KN
Punching shear stress= 1.21 N/mm²
CHECK

Reinforcement
Ast= 0.00625614 mm² FROM Mu= 0.87fyAstd(1-Astfy/fckbd)
From Minimum reinforcement criteria,(0.15%) Ast= 2925.00 mm²

Provide Ф 20.00 mm bars

Spacing of bar= 100.00

Thus provide 20 mm dia @ 100 mm c/c in both directions of pile cap at bottom.

Check for one- way shear

Upward pressure due to total load = 323.872 KN/m²
Page 22 of 169 Design of Pile Foundation for Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge
S.F. per m width at section critical section= 663.94 KN

Shear stress, τv= 0.34 N/mm²

From code table-19,
Minimun τv= 0.18 N/mm²
Design for Stirrups
Page 23 of 169 Design of Pile Foundation for Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

Design of Stirrups

No. of Pile in shorter Strip= 4

width of the strip= 3000.00 mm

Max. shear force= 2449.278 KN

Shear stress, τv= 0.419 N/mm²
From code table-19,
Minimun τv= 0.18 N/mm²
Design Shear Stirrups

Assume Ф 16.00 mm lateral ties 4 legged

Vus=(V-τc*b*d) 1396.28 KN

Spacing of Stirrups = 269.56513 mm

Page 24 of 169 Design of Bridge Pier 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

Regarding One span collapse conditoin:

Due to seismic forces
A. Along longitudinal direction
Total Load Seismic Lever arm
Description Moment (Kg-m)
(Kg) Load(Kg) (m)

Superstructure DL 628485.00 135752.76 96.35 13079778.43

Pier cap 117107.81 25295.29 92.65 2343608.39
Pier Shaft 1615171.32 348877.01 45.70 15943679.16
Total 2360764.14 509925.05 31367065.98

B. Along Transverse direction

Moment due to dead load is taken to be same as that in longitudinal direction. In
addition, seismic forces and moments on LL including impact must be considered for
transverse condition.
Total LL on pier= 91449.85 Kg
Seismic force due to LL= 19753.17 Kg
Lever arm= 99.50 m
Moment due to seismic force on LL= 1965440.23 Kg-m

Total Seismic force= 529678.22 Kg

Total Moment due to seismic force= 33332506.21 Kg-m
Summary of Loads and Moments
Vertical Horizontal Force (Kg) Moment (Kg-m)
Description
Load (Kg) Tran. Long. Tran. Long.
DL (Superstr.+pier) 2360764.1 1770573.1 -531171.9
LL (Unequal loading) 91449.9 74672.0 106254.8
Longitudinal force
(Braking+Temp) 38048.4 3693766.3
Water current at 20
Degree skew 563659.3 205155.2 25900143.1 9426881.1
Wind forces 227150.3 22669595.0
Buoyancy 628397.1
Seismic forces 529678.2 509925.1 33332506.2 31367066.0

The forces and moments due to seismicity are greater than those due to wind forces. As per standard
design practce, the seismic forces and moments will be adopted neglecting the effect due to wind
forces.
Case A: DL+LL+LF+WC B: DL+LF+WC+B C: Case A + SF
Vertical load (Kg) 2452213.99 2989161.21 2452213.99
Hz Load (Kg) 243203.56 243203.56 753128.62
Moment (Kg-m) 12695730.22 12589475.46 44062796.19

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Page 25 of 169 Design of Bridge Pier 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

Design of pier shaft section

The pier section will be designed for the Case A and the section adequacy will be checked for both the
cases. As the moment of inertia of the pier along Y-Y axis is greater than along X-X axis, the design
needs to be done for stresses along the X-X axis only.
Design vertical load= 2452213.99 Kg
Design Moment= 12695730.22 Kg-m
Eccentricity, e= 5.18 m
Diameter of the pier shaft, D= 3.00 m
Effective diameter, d= 2895.00 mm

Check for position of eccentricity

= D/4<e<1.5D
= #NAME?
Length of pier, L= 93.90 m
Effective length of column, le= 1.2 x L
= 112.68 m
Lateral Dimension, D= 3.00 m
Ratio of effective length to lateral dimension of pier = 37.56
> 12, LONG COLUMN
Minimum area of steel= 0.80 %
Maximum area of steel= 6.00 %
Assume percentage area of steel= 1.00 %
Section modulus, W= 2.65 m³
Gross area of concrete, Ag= 7.07 m²
Net area of concrete, Ac= 7.00 m²
X-sectional area of steel, As= 70686.00 mm²
Therefore, direct stress, σco,cal= 3.18 N/mm²
Bending compressive stress, σc,cal= 47.90 N/mm²

Check
i) Combined stress= (σco,cal/σco)+(σc,cal/σc)
= 6.26

ii) Resultant tension, σt, cal= 44.72 N/mm²

> 0.61 N/mm²
iii) Resultant compressive stress= 51.08 N/mm²

iv) Tensile stress in steel= 510.78 N/mm²

CHECK

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Page 26 of 169 Design of Bridge Pier 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

Thus provide 85 Nos. of Ф 32.00 mm bars @spacing of 100 mm CHECK AREA O

Giving an Steel Area of= 68361.06 mm²

Design for Lateral Tie

Diameter of lateral tie should be greater than Ф L/4
ФL/4= 8 mm

Pitch of lateral tie

< least lateral dimension of column= 3000 mm
< 12x dia of smallest longitudinal bar= 384 mm
Thus Provide, Ф 12.00 mm lateral tie @ 140 mm c/c at ends and @
200 mm c/c span with cross links..

Check for stresses in concrete and steel for case B

Design vertical load= 2989161.21 Kg
Design Moment= 12589475.46 Kg-m
Eccentricity, e= 4.21 m
Diameter of the pier shaft, D= 3.00 m
Effective diameter, d= 2895.00 mm

Check for position of eccentricity

= D/4<e<1.5D
= 0.75 < 4.21 < 4.5, OK
Therefore, direct stress, σco,cal= 3.88 N/mm²
Bending compressive stress, σc, cal= 47.49 N/mm²
Check
i) Combined stress= (σco,cal/σco)+(σc,cal/σc)
6.33

ii) Resultant tension, σt, cal= 43.62 N/mm²

> 0.61 N/mm²
iii) Resultant compressive stress= 51.37 N/mm²

iv) Tensile stress in steel= 513.74 N/mm²

#NAME?

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Page 27 of 169 Design of Bridge Pier 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

Check for stresses in concrete and steel for case C

Design vertical load= 2452213.99 Kg
Design Moment= 44062796.19 Kg-m
Eccentricity, e= 17.97 m
Diameter of the pier shaft, D= 3.00 m
Effective diameter, d= 2850.00 mm

Check for position of eccentricity

= D/4<e<1.5D
= #NAME?
Therefore, direct stress, σco,cal= 3.18 N/mm²
Bending compressive stress, σc, cal= 166.23 N/mm²
Check
i) Combined stress= (σco,cal/σco)+(σc,cal/σc)
20.47

ii) Resultant tension, σt, cal= 163.05 N/mm²

> 0.915 N/mm²
iii) Resultant compressive stress= 169.41 N/mm²

iv) Tensile stress in steel= 1694.12 N/mm²

#NAME?

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Page 28 of 169 Design of Pile Foundation for Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

Materials and Properties

Concrete M20
Reinforcement Fe 415

Load and moment at the base of pile cap

Total vertical load, ΣW= 1492557.81 Kg= 14925.58 KN
Total horizontal load, ΣH= 364602.79 Kg= 3646.03 KN

i) Let Bored pile of 500mm diameter and 5m effective length below scour depth should be used.
D= 500 mm= 0.50 m
L= 5m

Qu = [Link] + ac - As
where, Nc= 9.00
Cb = C u= 45.00 KN/m²
a= 0.45
A b= 0.20 m²
As= 7.85 m²
Qu = 238.56 KN
Qa = 238.56/2.5
= 95.42 KN
Nos of pile= 156.41 Nos.
169.00 Nos.
Provide 169 piles in a grid pattern

Now for 100% efficiency of pile group , spacing of piles

= (1.57×B×m×n-2×B)/(m+n-2)
where,
Nos. of rows in pile group, m= 13.00
Nos of columns in pile group, n= 13.00
Pile diameter, B= 500.00 mm
Thus spacing= 5486.04 mm
Provide spacing of= 1500.00 mm c/c

ii) Settlement of pile group

Considering an imaginary footing located at the groung surface
Plan dimension of imaginary footing= 18.5 x 18.5
342.25 m²
Settlement of pile group is obtained as the settlement of imaginary footing placed at ground surface
considering the soil stratum up to 4.50m. Following equation is used,
S = (CcH/1+e0 )log10(p0+∆p)/p0
where,
Cc= 0.1
e0= 0.9
H= Thickness of clay layer

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Page 29 of 169 Design of Pile Foundation for Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge
Effective overburden pressure at the centre of clay layer, p 0= γsat × d
Saturated unit weight= 19 KN/m³

Pressure at the centre of clay layer due to superimposed load, ∆p= P/(6.5+d)²
d is the distance of the centre of clay from ground surface

Layer No. Thickness CcH/(1+e0) p0 ∆p log10(p0+∆p S

of layer )/p0
(mm)

1.00 6900.00 363.16 65.55 83.12 0.36 129.16

Permissible settlement= 50 mm
Settlement more than permissible value

iii) Design of piles

(Assumed) Effective leng of piles, Le= 2/3xL
= 3.33 m
Lateral Dimension, B= 0.50 m
Le/B= 6.67
< 12, SHORT COLUMN

Pile will act as short column

Pu= 0.4 fck(Ag-Ast)+0.67fyAst
Pu = 14925.58 KN
Ag= 196349.54 mm²
fck= 20.00 N/mm²
fy= 415.00 N/mm²
On solving we get,
Ast= 49453.00 mm²

Provide Ф 20.00 mm bars

No of Bars= 158.00
Asc provided= 49637.16 mm²
> 49453, OK

Lateral Ties
Minimum volume of lateral reinforcement per m length of pile
= 0.2% of vol. of pile
= 392699.08 mm³
Assume Ф 8.00 mm lateral ties
Volume of 8 mm dia. tie= 78956.84 mm³

No. of ties per meter of pile= 5.00 Nos.

Hence spacing for lateral reinforcement= 200.00 mm
< 500 mm
< 316 x 20 = 6320 mm
< 48 x 8 = 384 mm

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Page 30 of 169 Design of Pile Foundation for Abutment 09/11/2020

Department of Roads
Division Road Office, Baitadi
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge

Hence provide lateral tie of 8 mm dia. @ 200 mm c/c

iv) Design of pile cap

Pile cap is 19m x 19m
Bending moment at the face of the abutment wall= 206.07 KN-m
per m width of pile cap

Factored moment, Mu= 309.11 KN-m

Mu= 0.138 fckbd²

d= 334.66 mm

adopt effective thickness of pile cap as d = 1150 mm

Total thickness of pile cap, D= 1200 mm
Punching shear force= 22388.37 KN
Punching shear stress= 1.90 N/mm²
CHECK

Reinforcement
Mu= 0.87fyAstd(1-Astfy/fckbd)
Ast= 745.52 mm²

Provide Ф 16.00 mm bars

Spacing of bar= 270.00
< 300mm, OK
Thus provide 16 mm dia @ 270 mm c/c in both directions of pile cap at bottom.

Check for one- way shear

S.F. per m width at section xx= 3271.939*2/(25*1.5)

143.53 KN
Shear stress, τv= 0.13 N/mm²
From code table-19,
Minimun τv= 0.28 N/mm²
> 0.13 OK

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Page 31 of 169 Design of Bridge Pier 09/11/2020

Department of Roads ###

Division Road Office, Baitadi ###
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge ###
###
1.0 Design Data ###
1.1 Materials and Properties ###
Concrete M25 ###
Reinforcement Fe 500 ###
###
Basic Permissible Stresses of Concrete as per IRC : 21-2000 ###
Permissible direct compressive stress(σ co) 6.25 MPa ###
Permissible flexural compressive stress(σ c) 8.33 MPa ###
Basic permissible tensile Stress(σ t) 0.61 MPa ###
Maximum Permissible shear stress(τ max) 1.90 MPa ###
###
Basic Permissible Stresses of Reinforcing Bars as per IRC : 21-2000 ###
Permissible Flexural Tensile stress(σ st) 240.00 MPa ###
Permissible Direct Compressive stress(σ co) 205.00 MPa ###
###
Self weight of materials as per IRC : 6-2000 ###
Concrete (Cement-Reinforced) 2500.00 Kg/m³ ###
Macadam (Binder Premix) 2200.00 Kg/m³ ###
Water 1000 Kg/m³ ###
Backfill 1900 Kg/m³ ###
###
Design of Data: ###
Modular Ratio (m) 10.00 ###
Neutral axis depth factor, n = (mσc)/( mσc+σst) 0.26 ###
Lever arm factor, j = (1-n/3) 0.91 ###
Moment of resistance coefficient, R = ½ x n x j x σ c 0.98 MPa ###
Left Bank foundation on Rock ###
Right Bank foundation on soil ###
###
Maximum Seismic Coefficient for Seismic Zone V according ###
to IS: 1893-1984 0.12 ###
###
1.2 Dimension Parameters ###
Effective Span of Bridge 40.00 m ###
Total Span of Bridge 40.65 m ###
High Flood Level, HFL 1138.56 m ###
Lowest Bed Level, LBL 1133.65 m ###
Size of bearing ###
Length 0.40 m ###
Width 0.50 m ###

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Page 32 of 169 Design of Bridge Pier 09/11/2020

Department of Roads ###

Division Road Office, Baitadi ###
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge ###
###
Expansion Joint 0.05 m ###
Depth of Superstructure 2.4 m ###
Depth of Bearing & Pad 0.05 m ###
Ave. Velocity of water current 2.00 m/s ###
Pier shape, circular or with semi-circular ends, K 0.66 ###
RL of max scour lev. 1134.95 m
Free board 1.5 m
RL of Pier Cap required 1140.06 m
RL of Pier Cap provided 1140.11 m
RL of foundation top 1132.25 m
Ht. of HFL from base of pier 6.31 m
Ht. upto deck from GL 8.86 m
C/C distance between girder 4.50 m
b1= 1.80 m
b2= 1.80 m
b3= 1.80 m
length of pier cap, b4= 10.65 m

b5= 0.65 m
b6= 0.83 m
b7= 4.43 m
b8= 9.00 m
h1= 7.06 m
at fixed end, h2= 0.80 m
h3= 0.05 m
h4= 1.60 m

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Page 33 of 169 Design of Bridge Pier 09/11/2020

Department of Roads ###

Division Road Office, Baitadi ###
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge ###
###
1.3 Calculations of loads and Moments
Due to dead Load
Dead load from superstructure= 0.00 Kg
Self wt. of bearing & expansion joint= 4000.00 Kg
Total DL from superstructure= 4000.00 Kg
Self wt. of pier
Wt. of pier shaft= 44913.78 Kg
[Link] pier cap= 38340.00 Kg
Total DL on pier= 83253.78 Kg
Due to LL Load - Unequal Loading
Class A wheel loading in longitudinal direction
For maximum load on pier, the arrangement of IRC class A loading will be as shown below:

Max. LL on pier from right side (11.4x40+11.4x38.8+6.8x34.5+6.8x31.5+6.8x28.5+6.8x25.5)/40

= 42858.00 Kg
Impact factor= 1.10
Max LL including Impact= 47050.63 Kg
LL / m length of pier= 26139.24 Kg
LL from left side= (2.7x35.75+2.7x36.85/40)
4900.50 Kg
LL including Impact= 5379.90 Kg
LL / m length of pier= 2988.83 Kg
Moment due to unequal loading of LL= 13542.99 Kg-m

In Transverse Direction
Max. LL including impact= 52430.53 Kg
Eccentricity= 0.83 m
Moment due to LL= 43517.34 Kg-m
Due to Longitudinal Forces
Due to tractive effort or braking= 11080.00 Kg
This acts at 1.20 m above deck level
or at a distance from base of pier 11.51 m
Due to resistance in bearing due to temperature

It is possible that the frictional coefficients of two bearings on the pier may happen to be different due
to unequal efficiency of the bearings. For the severest effect, it is assumed that LL to be on the right
span and the frictional coefficients of bearings to be 0.25 and 0.225 on the right and left span
respectively.

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Page 34 of 169 Design of Bridge Pier 09/11/2020

Department of Roads ###

Division Road Office, Baitadi ###
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge ###
###
The total resistance offered by the right bearing= 0.25(0.5DL+[Link])
12262.66 Kg
The total resistance offered by the left bearing= 0.225(0.5DL+[Link])
1660.48 Kg
Unbalanced force at the bearing= 10602.18 Kg
Unbalanced force due to temperature on DL only= 50.00 Kg
This force acts at the bearing level, i.e. at a distance from pier base= 7.91 m

Total longitudinal force due to Braking & temperature= 21682.18 Kg

Moment due to longitudinal force= 211394.05 Kg-m
Moment due to temperature on DL only= 83863.25 Kg-m
Due to water current
For pier parrallel to direction of water current, the intensity of pressure is given by
I c= 52KV²
where,
K is a constant depending on the geometry of pier= 0.66
V is velocity of current= 2.83 m/sec
I c= 274.56 Kg/m²
Height of HFL from base of pier= 6.31 m
Width of pier at HFL= 1.80 m
a.) water current force parallel to the pier= 3118.45 Kg
And corresponding moment= 9838.72 Kg-m
b.) Water current varying at 20 degree=
Intensity parallel to the pier= 258.00 Kg/m²
Intensity perpendicular to the pier= 93.91 Kg/m²
Force parallel to the pier= 2930.39 Kg
Force perpendicular to the pier= 1066.57 Kg
Moment parallel to the pier= 9245.37 Kg-m
Moment perpendicular to the pier= 3365.04 Kg-m
Due to wind force
The area of superstructure in elevation providing 25% for railing= 0.00 m²
a. height upto deck level from ground level = 8.86 m
Wind pressure at that height (refer. IRC:6-2000), P = 85.87 Kg/m² H
Wind force on superstructure = 0.00 Kg
Wind force against moving load 20.4 m long corresponding to IRC class A @ 300.00 Kg/m ###
= 6120.00 Kg ###
Total wind force= 6120.00 Kg ###
b. Minimum force on deck at 450.00 kg/m= 18292.50 Kg ###
###
c. Minimum force with wind pressure of 240.00 kg/m² in the plane of unloaded structure
= 0.00 Kg ###
Wind force to be considered = maximum of (a,b,c)= 18292.50 Kg ###
Moment parallel to pier due to wind acting at 1.5m above deck = 216034.42 Kg-m

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Page 35 of 169 Design of Bridge Pier 09/11/2020

Department of Roads ###

Division Road Office, Baitadi ###
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge ###
###
Due to Buoyancy
Force due to buoyancy on the pier shaft= 14148.48 Kg
Due to seismic forces
A. Along longitudinal direction
Total Load Seismic Lever arm
Description Moment (Kg-m)
(Kg) Load(Kg) (m)

Superstructure DL 0.00 0.00 9.11 0.00

Pier cap 38340.00 4600.80 7.46 34321.97
Pier Shaft 44913.78 5389.65 3.53 19025.48
Total 83253.78 9990.45 53347.44

B. Along Transverse direction

Moment due to dead load is taken to be same as that in longitudinal direction. In
addition, seismic forces and moments on LL including impact must be considered for
transverse condition.
Total LL on pier= 47050.63 Kg
Seismic force due to LL= 5646.08 Kg
Lever arm= 11.51 m
Moment due to seismic force on LL= 64986.33 Kg-m

Total Seismic force= 88899.86 Kg

Total Moment due to seismic force= 118333.78 Kg-m
Summary of Loads and Moments
Vertical Horizontal Force (Kg) Moment (Kg-m)
Description
Load (Kg) Tran. Long. Tran. Long.
DL (Superstr.+pier) 83253.8
LL (Unequal loading) 47050.6 43517.3 13543.0
Longitudinal force
(Braking+Temp) 21682.2 211394.1
Water current at 20
Degree skew 2930.4 1066.6 9245.4 3365.0
Wind forces 18292.5 216034.4
Buoyancy 14148.5
Seismic forces 88899.9 9990.5 118333.8 53347.4

The forces and moments due to seismicity are greater than those due to wind forces. As per standard
design practce, the seismic forces and moments will be adopted neglecting the effect due to wind
forces.
Case A: DL+LL+LF+WC B: DL+LF+WC+B C: Case A + SF
Vertical load (Kg) 130304.41 69105.30 130304.41
Hz Load (Kg) 22748.75 22748.75 32739.21
Moment (Kg-m) 228302.08 214759.09 281649.52

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Page 36 of 169 Design of Bridge Pier 09/11/2020

Department of Roads ###

Division Road Office, Baitadi ###
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge ###
###
Design of pier shaft section
The pier section will be designed for the Case A and the section adequacy will be checked for both the
cases. As the moment of inertia of the pier along Y-Y axis is greater than along X-X axis, the design
needs to be done for stresses along the X-X axis only.
Design vertical load= 130304.41 Kg
Design Moment= 228302.08 Kg-m
Eccentricity, e= 1.75 m
Diameter of the pier shaft, D= 1.80 m
Effective diameter, d= 1695.00 mm

Check for position of eccentricity

= D/4<e<1.5D
= 0.45 < 1.75 < 2.7, OK ###
Length of pier, L= 7.86 m ###
Effective length of column, le= 1.2 x L ###
= 9.43 m
Lateral Dimension, D= 1.80 m
Ratio of effective length to lateral dimension of pier = 5.24
< 12, SHORT COLUMN
Minimum area of steel= 0.80 %
Maximum area of steel= 6.00 %
Assume percentage area of steel= 1.00 %
Section modulus, W= 0.57 m³
Gross area of concrete, Ag= 2.54 m²
Net area of concrete, Ac= 2.52 m²
X-sectional area of steel, As= 25447.00 mm²
Therefore, direct stress, σco,cal= 0.47 N/mm²
Bending compressive stress, σc,cal= 3.99 N/mm²

Check
i) Combined stress= (σco,cal/σco)+(σc,cal/σc)
= 0.56
0.56 < 1, OK
ii) Resultant tension, σt, cal= 3.52 N/mm²
> 0.61 N/mm²
iii) Resultant compressive stress= 4.46 N/mm²
< 8.33N/mm², OK
iv) Tensile stress in steel= 44.57 N/mm²
< 240N/mm², OK

Thus provide 32 Nos. of Ф 32.00 mm bars @ c/c spacing of 150 mm

Giving an Steel Area of= 25735.93 mm²

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Page 37 of 169 Design of Bridge Pier 09/11/2020

Department of Roads ###

Division Road Office, Baitadi ###
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge ###
###
Design for Lateral Tie
Diameter of lateral tie should be greater than Ф L/4
ФL/4= 8 mm

Pitch of lateral tie

< least lateral dimension of column= 1800 mm
< 12x dia of smallest longitudinal bar= 384 mm
Thus Provide, Ф 32.00 mm lateral tie @ 140 mm c/c at ends and @
200 mm c/c span with cross links..

Check for stresses in concrete and steel for case B

Design vertical load= 69105.30 Kg
Design Moment= 214759.09 Kg-m
Eccentricity, e= 3.11 m
Diameter of the pier shaft, D= 1.80 m
Effective diameter, d= 1695.00 mm

Check for position of eccentricity

= D/4<e<1.5D
= #NAME? ###
Therefore, direct stress, σco,cal= 0.25 N/mm² ###
Bending compressive stress, σc, cal= 3.75 N/mm² ###
Check
i) Combined stress= (σco,cal/σco)+(σc,cal/σc)
0.5
0.5 < 1, OK
ii) Resultant tension, σt, cal= 3.51 N/mm²
> 0.61 N/mm²
iii) Resultant compressive stress= 4.00 N/mm²
< 8.33N/mm², OK
iv) Tensile stress in steel= 40.00 N/mm²
< 240N/mm², OK

Check for stresses in concrete and steel for case C

Design vertical load= 130304.41 Kg
Design Moment= 281649.52 Kg-m
Eccentricity, e= 2.16 m
Diameter of the pier shaft, D= 1.80 m
Effective diameter, d= 1695.00 mm

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Page 38 of 169 Design of Bridge Pier 09/11/2020

Department of Roads ###

Division Road Office, Baitadi ###
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge ###
###
Check for position of eccentricity
= D/4<e<1.5D
= 0.45 < 2.16 < 2.7, OK ###
Therefore, direct stress, σco,cal= 0.47 N/mm² ###
Bending compressive stress, σc, cal= 4.92 N/mm² ###
Check
i) Combined stress= (σco,cal/σco)+(σc,cal/σc)
0.67
0.5 < 1, OK
ii) Resultant tension, σt, cal= 4.45 N/mm²
> 0.915 N/mm²
iii) Resultant compressive stress= 5.39 N/mm²
< 12.495N/mm², OK
iv) Tensile stress in steel= 53.89 N/mm²
< 360N/mm², OK

Design of Pier Cap:

Calculations of loads and Moments
Due to dead Load
Total DL from superstructure= 2000.00 Kg
[Link] pier cap= 38340.00 Kg
Total DL on pier= 40340.00 Kg
Eccentricity= 0.47 m
Moment due to DL= 18959.80 Kg-m

Due to live Load

Total live load including impact= 26215.26 Kg
Eccentricity= 0.47 m
Moment due to LL= 12321.17 Kg-m

Due to longitudinal Forces

Due to tractive effort or braking= 5540.00 Kg
This acts at 1.20 m above deck level
or at a distance from center of cap= 4.05 m

Due to resistance in bearing due to temperature

Unbalanced force at the bearing= 5301.09 Kg
Unbalanced force due to temperature on DL only= 25.00 Kg
This force acts at the bearing level, i.e. at a distance from cap= 2.45 m

Total longitudinal force due to Breaking & temperature= 10841.09 Kg

Moment due to longitudinal force= 35424.67 Kg-m
Moment due to temperature on DL only= 12987.67 Kg-m

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Page 39 of 169 Design of Bridge Pier 09/11/2020

Department of Roads ###

Division Road Office, Baitadi ###
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge ###
###
Due to seismic forces
Along longitudinal direction
Total Load Seismic Lever arm Moment
Description (Kg) Load(Kg) (m) (Kg-m)
Superstructure DL 40340.00 4840.80 1.25 6051.00
Total 40340.00 4840.80 6051.00

Summary of Loads and Moments

Vertical Horizontal Force (Kg) Moment (Kg-m)
Description
Load (Kg) Tran. Long. Tran. Long.
DL (Superstr.+pier) 40340.0
LL (Unequal loading) 26215.3 12321.2
Longitudinal force
(Braking+Temp) 10841.1 35424.7
Seismic forces 4840.8 6051.0

The forces and moments due to seismicity are grater than those due to wind forces. As per standard
design practce, the seismic forces and moments will be adopted neglecting the effect due to wind
forces.
Case A: DL+LL+LF+WC B: DL+LF+WC+B C: Case A + SF
Vertical load (Kg) 66555.26 40340.00 66555.26
Hz Load (Kg) 10841.09 10841.09 10841.09
Moment (Kg-m) 12321.17 0.00 12321.17
Twist (Kg-m) 34617.69 0.00 40668.69

Design of pier cap

Extra moment due to torsion, M t= 29413.72 Kg-m
Equivalent moment, Me= 41734.89 Kg-m
Depth of pier cap required= 486.17 mm
Depth of pier cap provided= 750.00 mm

Area of steel required 2536.45 mm²

Min. area of steel required 2765.06 mm²
Thus provide 10 Nos. of Ф 25.00 mm bars
Giving an Steel Area of= 4908.74 mm²

Compression reinforcement= 1787.63 mm²

< 2536.45 mm², OK
Provide same area of steel at bottom also.
Equivalent shear force= 97326.54 Kg
Shear stress,τv= 0.72 N/mm²
Percentage area of tension steel= 0.36 %
Permissible shear strength of concrete, τ c= 0.24 N/mm²

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By:

Page 40 of 169 Design of Bridge Pier 09/11/2020

Department of Roads ###

Division Road Office, Baitadi ###
Suranya Gad Khola Bridge ###
###
Assuming 16 mm Ф 6.00 legged vertical stirrups giving area of steel
= 1206.37 mm²
Spacing of stirrups = 335.00 mm c/c
Provide 12 mm Ф 6 legged vertical stirrups @ 130 mm c/c
Provide 3 nos. 20 mm dia. Bars on each face as a side face bars.

Designed By: Checked By: Approved By: