Reviewing number concepts * Natural number Integer | Prime number | symbol ‘Multiple * Factor Composite numbers rime factor + square Square root Cube = Directed numbers ‘and classify {types of numb: ie numbers as produ their prime factors th tags wsed in Hie tuations ‘the basic rules for ting wth numbers rform basic calculations ‘This statue is replica of a 22000-year-old bone found in the Congo. The real bone is ony 10cm long and it Jmental methods and. searved with oup of mothe at represent number, On column lst he prime numbers ram 1010 Tisoncofthe alent cumple of smber sem egal (Our modern number s the Hindu. Hindus and spread by Arab traders who brought it with them when they moved to diffe in the world, The Hindu-Arabic system is decimal, This means it uses place value based wers of ten. Any number at al, includi alue and the digits from 0 to 9, Unit 1: NumberCo You will lear about the difference EU ea ea Cad You should already be familiar with most of the concepts in this chapter. This chapter will help you to revise the concepts and check that you remember them. Different types of numbers ‘Make sure you know the correct mathematical words for the types of numbers in the table. Natural number | Any whole number from 1 to infinity, sometimes | 1,2,3,4, 5, called ‘counting numbers: 0 is not included. Odd number | A whole number that cannot be divided exactly | 1,3,5,7,. by2. Even number __| A whole number that can be divided exactly by 2. | 2,4,6,8,.- Integer Any of the negative and positive whole numbers, |. ..—3,~2,-1,0, 1,2, including zero. a | Prime number | A whole number greater than 1 which has only | 2,3,5,7, 11, | two factors: the number itselfand 1. between rational and inatonal Square number | The product obtained when an integer is 1,4,9, 16... wumbers in chapter 9. | multiplied by itsel. Fraction ‘A number representing parts of a whole number, |4,2,4,4,8,24 can be written as a common (vulgar) fraction in. | | the form of or as a decimal using the decimal | 05+0.2,0.08, 1.7 point. Exercise 1.1 1 Hereisa set of numbers: {-4,—1, 0,4, 0.75, 3,4, 6, 11, 16, 19, 25} 2 |. List the numbers from this set that are: You will eam much more about cs indopera Forronjacine —¢ titurdmumbers ren numbers € edd munbers ofa set asa list of numbers or other ee Reece, =. netthere et eee ere 8 square numbers prime numbers neither square nor prime, 2 List: carly brackets, a the next four odd numbers after 107 'b four consecutive even numbers between 2008 and 2030 € allodd numbers between 993 and 1007 the first five square numbers four decimal fractions that are smaller than 0.5 £ four vulgar fractions that are greater than } but smaller than 4 3 State whether the following will be odd or even: the sum of two odd numbers the sum of two even numbers € the sum of an odd and an even number the square of an odd number the square of an even number £ an odd number multiplied by an even number. ail Uni 1 Numbereset Applying your skills accuses okey kill 4 There are many other types of numbers. Find out what these numbers are and give an solve Think about example of each, a Perfect numbers. bb Palindromic numbers. € Narcissistic numbers (In other words, numbers that love themselves!) Using symbols to link numbers Mathematicians use numbers and symbols to write mathematical information inthe shortest deren way poodle You have used the operation symbols +, -, x and + since you started school. Now you will also use the symbols given in the margin below to write mathematical statements. Exercise 1.2 1 Rewrite each of these statements using mathematical symbols. 19isless than 45 12 plus 18 is equal to 30 035 is equal to 0.8 is not equal to 8.0 34 is less than 2 times 16 therefore the number x equals the square root of 72 «a number (x) is ess than or equal to negative 45 ris approximately equal to 3.14 5.Lis greater than 5.01 the sum of 3 and 4 is not equal to the product of 3 and 4 the difference between 12 and ~12 is greater than 12 the sum of -12 and —24 is ess than 0 'm the product of 12 and a number (x) is approximately ~40 2. Say whether these mathematical statements are true or false. 0.599>60 > 81=8% a 20x9>21x8 f -12>-4 h j 1 1000 > 199 x5 35x 5x24 350 m 20-424-20 wemeoe 20x44 20 3 Work with a partner. ‘a Look at the symbols used on the keys of your calculator. Say what each one means in words, List any symbols that you do not know: Try to find out what each one means. 1.2 Multiples and factors ‘You can think ofthe multiples of a number as the ‘times table’ for that number. For example, the multiples of 3 are 3x 1=3,3 x 2=6, 3 x3=9 and so on. Multiples A multiple ofa number is found when you multiply that number by a positive integer. The fist multiple of any numbers the number itself the number multiplied by 1), Unit 1: NumberJaquinn wun PS ecowre ¢ epurse | ceurer 9D) DW epueg'o ¢ © gpuese y — gpueyz @ 7 pasn 2q ued siope) suud moy TrpmS y sepmecere: pure p 295 Nok saideup sup ut s31eT ves > orpues q = Spuee gOWOTM PU 1 pth aSpsExXa "WO1 Wp 51 SIYL “2S YRoq UI Sieadde rewp Jaquinu ysamo] aup puLd z=" "40 saydnnus es0n9s 37 Zo 'se'L'IZ'bl (Ce 40 sajdijnus sueou *y :310N) “Jo sajdnynus evanas asr ee Wve '0z'91 Z1'8' “Lpue yo ofdhynu uous somo 99 pur Petco ‘sroquinu wa4t8 aup [30 ajdiammur est exp saquinu asa[jews ays} ssoqumnu as0ut 10 044 o apdnjnus wourtuOD samo} au, (wo) ajdnynus vounuos ysamoy ays out? 8 P om > ee Qe 2230 soydiynur jou aye sroquinu Sumoyoy 24p 0 TEM § AZT Jo Sayan Mun are asarp Jo YSN *POTT ‘76d “FSE “GEE “OLS “SHAquINU Ady ATE IH ‘0005 Pu oo0F Haasteq O91 30 sadam aq > OOF ueIA SST OS ]0 sjaNUI I g es puvgc usaMG Fo sqdUL IT & art ¢ e716 4 zor 8 ose 3 66z > vt P so eq oe go seydiygnu un asa axp ast] pue puy 01 roreynaye> eas Z, oor 4 a8 oy 62 sP $9 eq ze go soydnynus aay 1say 2H AST LEE BSIAXA = ZI = 008 “Zi Jo ajdajmus e st og uatp ‘ApDexa $908 31 J1ZL Aq ODE BpINIp ‘Ino puy oL “ZL Jo ajdnynw esi 00's, q oe=£x1 we=zxe z= 1xz -¢uawp pue 21 Aq zt Adaynus asaup puy OL ore @ ii jo aydnjnw e oogst 4 G21 jo sardnmnus sony sy amp are wUM e 7 7 Won ajdwexa payiom MEU TERS es (ts)Pars 2 Isit possible to find the highest common multiple of two or more numbers? Give a reason for your answer. Factors A factor is a number that divides exactly into another number with no remainder. For example, 2 isa factor of 16 because it goes into 16 exactly 8 times. 1 isa factor of every number, The largest factor of any number is the number itself. eee) Find the factors Jaw bs © 110 ee | Gero Find pairs of numbers that multiply to give 12: 2 1x12 2x6 3x4 Write the factors in numerical order. b F,=1,5,25 1x25 5x5 Do not repeat the 5. © Fig= 12,5, 10, 11, 22, 55,110 1x 110 2x55 5x22 tox Exercise 1.5 1 Listall the factors of a4 bs c8 au e 18 £2 g 35 h 40 i357 j 90 k 100 «1 132m 160 n 153 © 360 2. Which number in each set is not a factor of the given number? au 11,2,4,7, 14 bis {1,3,5, 15,45} ca {13,1421} a 33 {1, 3,11, 2,33} e 2 13,6,7,8 14) co a > 5. state tue or false in each cas. inthis chapter you wil lean about dvsbity tests and a 3isa factor of 313 b 9isa factor of 99 fo use these to decide whether € 3 isafactor of 300 4 2isa factor of 300 tone number isa factor of € 2isa factor of 122488 f Iisa factor of 60 > § 210/sa factor of 210 Bisa factor of 420 4 What is the smallest factor and the largest factor of any number? Unit 1: NumberCaen Find the HCF of 8 and 24. 248 Exercise 1.6 > L2.3,4,6,8, 12, 24 You will learn how ta find HCFSs by using prime factors later in the chapter. > 13 The highest common factor (HCF) ‘The highest common factor of two or more numbers isthe highest number that isa factor of all the given numbers. List the factors of each number. Underline factors that appear in both sets. Pick out the highest underlined factor (HCF). emesis! 1 Find the HCF of each pair of numbers. a 3and6 b 2Mandi6 — ¢ I5and40 dd 42and70 e 32and36 =f 26and36 «= g 22and44 sh 42and a8. 2 Find the HCF of each group of numbers. a 3,9and15 — b 36,63and84 ¢ 22,33and 121 3. Not including the factor provided, find two numbers less than 20 that have: a anHCFof2 b anHCFofé 4 What is the HCF of two different prime numbers? Give a reason for your answer. Applying your skills 5. Simeon has two lengths of rope. One piece is 72 metres long and the other is 90 metres long, He wants to cut both lengths of rope into the longest pieces of equal length possible. How long should the pieces be? 6 Ms Sanchez has 40 canvases and 100 tubes of paint to give to the students in her art group. ‘What is the largest number of students she can have if she gives each student an equal ‘number of canvasses and an equal number of tubes of paint? 7 Indira has 300 blue beads, 750 red beads and 900 silver beads. She threads these beads to make wire bracelets. Each bracelet must have the same number and colour of beads, What is the maximum number of bracelets she can make with these beads? Prime numbers Prime numbers have exactly two factors: one and the number itself, Composite numbers have more than two factors. The number 1 has only one factor so itis not prime and itis not composite Finding prime numbers Over 2000 vears ago, a Groek mathematician called Eratosthenes made a simple tool for ‘our prime numbers. ‘his tool i caled the Sieve of Eratosthenes and the figure on page 7 shows how tt works for prime numbers up to 100.Cent el cea eat 4 Twin primes are pairs of prime numbers that difer by two. List the twin prime pairs up to 100. 5 Is 149 a prime number? Explain how you decided. 6 Super-prime numbers are prime numbers that stay prime each time you remove a digit (starting with the units) So, 59 is a super-prime because when you remove 9 you are let with 5, which is also prime. 239 is also a super-prime because when you remove 9 you are left with 23, which is prime, and when you remove 3 you are left with 2 which is prime. 4 Find two three-digit super-prime numbers less than 400. 'b Can you find a four-digit super-prime number less than 3000? € Sondra’ telephone number is the prime number 987-6413. Isher phone number a super-prime? Tip Whilst super-prime numbers are interesting, they are not on the syllabus. Prime factors Prime factors are the factors of a number that are also prime numbers, Every composite whole number can be broken down and written as the preduct ofits prime factors, You can do this using tree diagrams or using division. Both methods are shawn in worked example 5, Dee) | Wte the following numbers as the product of prime factors. (36 baa Using 0 factor tee White the number as two factors. Ifa factors a prime ‘number, circle it. Ifa factor is a composite ‘number, spit it into two factors. Keep splitting until you end up with two primes. Write the primes in scending order with x signs. answer each time. 48 =22x2%2%5 Stop when you reach Write the prime factors in | ascending order with signs. Ee 2|48 | 2he sx prime number that will go ss oh into the number exactly. 313 [2 Continue dividing, using ; 2[6 f iH the srallest prime number 36=2%2x3x3 3 that will go into your new‘of prime factors. a 30 bm © 100 d 225 e360 f 506g 650 0h 125756, j 9240 Using prime factors to find the HCF and LCM ‘When you are working with larger numbers you can determine the HCF or LCM by expressing ‘each number as a product of its prime factors. : First express each number as a product of prime factors. Use tree diagrams or division to do this. Underline the factors common to both numbers. ‘Multiply these out to find the HCF. Find the LCM of 72 and 120. T2=2x2x2x 3x3 First express each number as a product of prime 120=2x2x2%3x5 factors. Use tree diagrams or division to do this 2x2x2x3x3x Undertne the largest set of multiples of each factor. Lem = 360 List these and multiply them out to find the LCM. Exercise 1.9 1 Find the HCF of these numbers by means of prime factors a 48and108 —b 120and216¢ 72and90 © d S2.and78 € 100and125 f 154and88 g S46and624 hh 95.and 120 ‘se prime factorisation to determine the LCM of: a S4and60 b Sdand72¢ ‘60and72 «= d. 48. and 60 € 120and180 f 95and150 g S4and90 —h_ 90.and 120 3. Determine both the HCF and LCM of the following numbers. a 72and108 — b 25and200 ¢ 9Sand120 © d_ S4and 60 Applying your skills 4A radio station runs a phone-in competition for listeners. Every 30th caller gets a free airtime ‘voucher and every 120th caller gets a free mobile phone, How many listeners must phone in ents. You may before one receives both an airtime voucher and a free phone? asked how many tems you ching eat re cewhen |, § Lee runs round a track in 12 minutes. James runs round the same track in 18 minutes. Ifthey ting wil happen again tthe startin the same place, at the same time, how many minutes will pass before they both cross the stat ine together again? Divisibility tests to find factors easily Sometimes you want to know ifa smaller number wil divide into a larger one with no remainder. In other words, is the larger number divisible by the smaller one? Unit 1: Numbereri) VE Tip Divisibiity tests are not © partofthe syllabus. They are ust usefil to know ‘when you work with factors and prime numbers. Exercise 1.10 14 Beno In section 1.1 you learned that the product obtained when an integer is multiplied by itself a square number. € “These simple divisiblity tests are useful for working this out: A number is exactly divisible by: 2. ifitends with 0,2, 4 6or 8 (in other words is even) ifthe sum of ts digits isa multiple of 3 (can be divided by 3) Af the last two digits can be divided by 4 5 ifitends with 0 or 5 6 fits divisible by both 2 and 3 8 ifthe last three digits are divisible by 8 9. ifthe sum of the digits is a multiple of 9 (can be divided by 9) 10 ifthe number ends in 0. 3 4 “There is no simple test for divisibilty by 7, although multiples of 7 do have some interesting properties that you can investigate on the internet. 1223 6 92 «10104 500 1 Look at the box of numbers above. Which of these numbers are: divisible by 5? divisible by 8? © divisible by 3? 2 Say whether the following are true or false. a 625 sdivisible by 5 b_ 88isdivisible by 3 © 640isdivisible by 6 d_ 346 is divisible by 4 ©. 476isdivisible by 8 £ 2340s divisible by 9 2890 is divisible by 6 h_ 4562 is divisible by 3 i 40090 s divisible by 5 j 123456 is divisible by 9 3. Can $3407 be divided equally among a two people? b three people? © nine people? 4A stadium has 202008 seats. Can these be divided equally into: a five blocks? b six blocks? © nine blocks? 5 a ianumberiscivisible by 12, what other numbers mustitbe dvibleby? tra mumber is ivsibe by 36, what other numbers mus tbe divisbe by? € How could you test ifa number is dvisble by 1,15 oF 242 6 Jacqueline and Sophia tan facing one another. At exactly the sme moment both gis. @ start o tur steadily on the spo. Intakes Jacqueline 3 seconds fo complete one fal turn, whit Sophia takes 4 seconds to make on fll urn, How many imes wl Jacqueline have turned when the gi are net facing ach other? Powers and roots Square numbers and square roots ‘A number is squared when itis multiplied by itself. For example, the square of 5 is 5x symbol for squared is. So, 55 can also be written as 5% “The square root of number isthe number that was multiplied by itself to get the square number. The symbol for square root is Y~. You know that 25 = 5% 90 V25 =5. Cube numbers and cube roots ‘A number is cubed when itis multiplied by itselfand then multiplied by itself again, For example, the cube of 2is 2 x 2x 2=8. The symbol for cubed is ’, So 2x 2% 2 can also be written as 2Bera ‘The cube root ofa number is the number that was multiplied by itself to get the cube number. The symbol for cube root is 4. You know that 8 =2', so YB =2. , 8 —— 8) Square numbers can be arranged o form a +b) Cube numbers can be arranged to form a solid square shape. This is 2 ‘cube shape, This is Finding powers and roots You can use your calculator to square or cube numbers quickly using the |#* Jand 2° J keys or the [#2 J key. Use the J” Jor _& J keys to find the roots. Ifyou dontt have a calculator, you «an use the product of prime factors method to find square and cube roots of numbers. Both methods are shown in the worked examples below. (eee Use your calculator to find: a47: b Fi) ck Vm dO a 13%=169 Enter b 5%=125 Enter |_#°_= J. you donot have a_# | button then enter ES J 22} 3 | “= |: forthis key you have to enter the power. e 524-18 Enter’ YJ) 2) 14) =) d@ ¥5i2-8 — Enter ¥ J 5) 1) eeu. {do not have a calculator, you can write the integer asa product of primes and group the prime factors into pais or ‘Look again at parts (c) and (4) of worked example Va240 ds 512 2 3 STS Group the factors into pairs, and write down the square root of each pai. 3x3 e sss 12 ‘Multiply the roots together to give you the square root of 324. 524-18 519— 2X 2X2 22%, 2x22 Group the factors into threes, and write the cube root of each threesome. pe a ae 2x2x2=8 ‘Multiply together to get the cube root of 512. WI2=8 Unit 1: NumberYou will work with higher powers and roots again when you deal with indices in chapter 2, standard form in chapter 5 and rates of growth and decay in chapters 17 and 18, Exercise 1.11 Other powers and roots You've seen that square numbers are all raised to the power of 2 (5 squared = 5 x5=5") and that cube numbers are all raised to the power of 3 (5 cubed = 5 x 5x 5 = 5), You can raise a number to any power. For example, 5x 5 x5 x 5 = 5%. This is read as 5 to the power of 4. The same principle applies to finding roots of numbers. 5225 VB=5 5=125 vias =5 5*= 625 4625 =5 ‘You can use your calculator to perform operations using any roots or squares. The |¥* J key calculates any power So, 0 find 75, you would enter 7 | ¥* ]5 and get a result of 16 807. The IT Jkey calculates any root, So, to find 4V81, you would enter 4 |] 81 and get a result of 3. 1 Calculate: a3 br cr diz ec ar fie g 3 hoi i js 2 Calculate: ats be ca a6 eo fA) og 10. ah 18” i 30° j 200 3 Find a value of x to make each of these statements true. a xxx=25 do xxxxx=729 g xxxxx=8000 f h i k 1 a ° 4. Use a calculator to find the following roots. ae b Ver evi ava e vi00 £ 0 g V8 h a0 i 1296 j VI76E kw 1 m v7 n VE © ¥1000 p v216 q v2 5 YD s Vins t 58RD 5 Use the product of prime factors given below to find the square root of each number. Show your working. b 225=3x3x5x5 d 2025=3x3x3x3x5x5 £ 250000=2%2x2x2x5x5x5x5x5x5 6 Use the product of prime factors to find the cube root of each number, Show your working, 27=3x3x3 b 729=3x3x3x3x3x3 1Bx 13x13 a 1000=2%2x2%5K5x5, XSXS5X5X5Xx5 X2X2X2K2X2K2X2%2x2X2XIXIXIX2Brackets act as grouping symbols. Work out any calculations inside Dreckets before doing the ‘ceulations outside the brackets. Root signs work in the same way 5 a bracket. f you have V25+3, Syou must add 25 and 9 before inding the root ‘Once 2 recon is chosen to be ost the oppose drecton = foken 6 be negave So * i up postive, down i negative fights postive ts negative «forts postive, southis DP regaive “+ if above 0is postive, below Oi negate Exercise 1.12 cra gen Caleulate: a (BY & Way © @ay © 5+vi6 f orI6 gs +E i vi00=36 j Vi0-V55 ik (VB XNA m 9x4 n oxvi o fe 4 8 Find the length of the edge of a cube with a volume of: a 1000cm? ‘b 19683cm? ¢ 68921mm* d_ 64000cm* 9. IF the symbol * means ‘add the square ofthe first number tothe cube ofthe second number, calculate: a273) b3t2 ¢ 14d atte 284 £452 g 1t9 bo9tl 5*2 5 285 10 Evaluate a 2) b xd +S a 2x97 e ¥628 x2 f s+(i2y 11 Which is greater and by how much? a 8'xator2x3* —b Y625x3* or $729 x4t Working with directed numbers ‘A negative sign is used to indicate that values are less than zero, For example, on thermometer, on a bank statement orn an levator ‘When you use numbers to represent real-life situations like temperatures, altitude, depth below sea level, profit or loss and directions (on a grid) you sometimes need to use the negative sign to indicate the direction of the number. For example, a temperature of three degrees below zero can be shown as -3°C. Numbers like these, which have direction, are called directed numbers. So if ‘point 25m above sea level is at +25m, then a point 25m below sea level i at -25:m, 1. Express each of these situations using a directed number. a aprofit of $100 b_ 25km below sea level © adrop of 10 marks 4 again of 2kg € aloss of 15kg £ 8000m above sea level & atemperature of 10°C below zero ha fall of 24m i adebt of $2000 jan increase of $250 atime two hours behind GMT 1 aheight of 400m 1m abank balance of $450.00 Unit 1: Numberoth eee ema ea cers You will use similar number ines when solving linear inequalities in chapter 14, Comparing and ordering directed numbers In mathematics, directed numbers are also known as integers. You can represent the set of integers on a number line like this: “10-9 -8 012345678910 J jt Jitity, fe “The further tothe right a number is onthe number line, the greater I value. 1 Copy the numbers and fill in < or >to make a true statement a 208 b 4s © vO a4o0-4+ ec Os * 04 [oy on ae} oe k-pO-4+ 1 203m 03 a 30 0 120)-89 2 Arrange each set of numbers in ascending order. a -8,7,10,-1,~12 b 4,-3,-4,-10,9,-8 © -11,-5,-7,7,0,-12 d_ -94,-50,-83,-90, 0 Applying your skills 3 Study the temperature graph carefully. ‘Temperature change during two weeks of January TE a ade “Temperature °C) Day of the week a What was the temperature on Sunday 14 January? b By how much did the temperature drop from Sunday 14 to Monday 157 € What was the lowest temperature recorded? d_ What isthe difference between the highest and lowest temperatures? € On Monday 29 January the temperature changed by 12 degrees. What was the temperature on that day? 4 Matt has a bank balance of $45.50. He deposits $15.00 and then withdraws $32.00. What is his new balance? 5 Mr Singhs bank account is $420 overdrawn. a Express this asa directed number. 'b_ How much money will he need to deposit to get his account to have a balance of $500? € He deposits $200. What will his new balance be? 6 A diver 27m below the surface of the water rises 16m. At what deptk is she then? 7 Ona cold day in New York, the temperature at 6.m. was ~5°C. By noon, the temperature had risen to 8°C. By 7pm. the temperature had dropped by 11°C from its value at noon. What was the temperature at 7p.m.?Local time in Abu Dhabi i four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, Local time in Rio de Janeiro is three hours behind Greenwich Mean Time. a Ifitis 4pm, at Greenwich, what time is it in Abu Dhabi? bb Ifitis 3a.m. in Greenwich, what time is it in Rio de Janiero?, € Ifitis 3p.m, in Rio de Janeiro, what time is it in Abu Dhabi? 4. Ifitis 8am. in Abu Dhabi, what time is tin Rio de Janeiro? 1.6 Order of operations AL this level of mathematics you are expected to do more complicated calculations involving more than one operation (+ -, x and +). When you are carrying out more complicated calculations you have to follow a sequence of rules so that there is no confusion about what ‘operations you should do first. The rules governing the order of operations are: ‘© complete operations in grouping symbols first ‘© do division and multiplication next, working from left to right ‘¢ do addition and subtractions last, working from left to right. Many people use the leters BODMAS to remember the order of operations. The letters stand for: Brackets Or (Sometimes, for ‘indices’ is used instead of ‘0’ for ‘of”) Divide Multiply Add Subtract BODMAS indicates that indices (powers) are considered after brackets but before all other operations. Grouping symbols ‘The most common grouping symbols in mathematics are brackets, Here are some examples of the different kinds of brackets used in mathematics: (4+9)x(10+2) [2(4+9)—4@)—12] (2- (42-7) -46+8)]-2x8} ‘When you have more than one set of brackets in a calculation, you work out the innermost st first Other symbols used to group operations are: 5-12 © fraction bars, eg. => © root signs, such as square roots and cube roots, eg. J9¥16 © powers, eg. Sor 4? oe b (10-4) x(4+9) 45 — [20 (4-3)] a 7x7=49 b 6x13=78 © 45~ [20x 1]=45-20 =25aa cesta ets Cece Calculate: 4428 +8 eras a b ae < a 34(6x8) b (7-9) +64 Exercise 1.14 1 Calculate, Show the steps in your working a (447)x3 b Q0-4)+4 © 50+(2045) © (47) x4 f (100-40)x3 g 16+ (25+ i 4042-4) j 00=(4416) ik 121+ (33+) 2 Calculate: a (448) x(I6 b (12-4)x(6+3) © @+4)-4+6) dd (33+17)#(10-5) e (4x2) +(8x3) f (x7) +*(27~20) B (105-85)+(16+4) he (12 +13) +5 i 66-6) x(4+3) 3 Simplify, Remember to work from the innermost grouping symbo's to the outermost. A bracket ype! isavays twinned Sane mierain a 4+[12-@-5) b 6+[2-2x0)) ame ype/shape. This haps € 8+[60-(2+8)] d 200~[(4+ 12)~(6+2)] mmathematgans to understand © 200% {100~ [4x (2-+8)]} £ (6+ (5x(2+30))}x10 a 8 [G0+12)-(7+9))x10 h 6x [(20+4)- (6-3) +2] ‘more easly s i 1000~ [6%(4+20) -4x(3+0)] 4 Calculate: a 6+72 < 4 20-442 f 5 i 5 Insert brackets into the following calculations to make them true, a 3x4+6=30 b 25-15x9=90 © 40-10x3=90 4 14-9x2=10 © 124345 f 19-9%15=150 g 10+10+6-2= h 348x15-9=66 1 9-4x742=45 j 10-4x5=30 k 64343%5 1 13-642 m 1+4%20+ n 8+5-3x2 0 %643%3-3-6 p 3xd-2+6 4 +4+1=01 F 6+2x84+2=24 Working in the correct order You wll aply the order of operation Now that you know what todo with grouping symbols, you are going to apply the rules for order tues to frecions, decimals end of operations to perform calculations with numbers. algebraic expressions as you progress through the couse. Exercise 1.15 1 simpli show the steps in your working a 5x1043 b 5x(10+3) © 2410x3 4 (2+10)x3 e 23472 f 6x2+343)Bn you wil use your B perform operations Border. However, you Bremember the order Bs rules and apply them fhe book as you do fed examples using vith your calculator by alalations wth rackets. For example: i2nd 3 x (2 +6). Do you By these ae diferent? ight ont have one Bet CJond > tho diferent shaped he alcaion (ich as Bester tne cult foreach ype Exercise 1.16 Gubract ands used to fone number orn another. d means ‘make negative! withthe buttons and that your calculators, you expect 0 dol peed ae h (I7+1) +942 cree 2x5 4-1 jo W7+3x21 k 48-2+3)x2 1 12x4-4x8 m 154+30+3+6 n 20-6+3+3 0 104x242 2. Simplify: a 18-4x2-3 b 14-(21+3) © 24+8x(6-5) d 42+6-3-4 © 5436+6-8 £ (8+3)x(30=3)+11 3 State whether the following are true or false. a (1+4)x2045=14(4K20)45 bx (442)X3> (6x4) 2x3 € 8+(6-3)x2<845-(X2) 4100+ 10+ 10> (100 +10) +10 4 Place the given numbers in the correct spaces to make a correct number sentence. a 0,2,5,10 O-O-O-0 b 9,11,13,18 o-oo © 1,3,8,14,16 O-C-D-O0-0 dd 4,5,6,9,12 a-O-O-0-O Using your calculator ‘A calculator with algebraic logic will apply the rules fr order of operations automatically. So, if you enter 2-+3 x 4, your calculator will do the multiplication first and give you an answer of 14 (Check that your calculator does this!). ‘When the calculation contains brackets you must enter these to make sure your calculator does the grouped sections first. ec es Use a calculator to find: a 3+2x9 b G+ayx4 © (x8-4)-@x5+1) a2 enter SICH IZ) boa <9 Enter _( Enter 1 Use a calculator to find the correct answer. 10-4x5 b 12+6+7-4 3+4x5~10 @ 18 +3x5—342 3x8-6+2 f 7434441 g (1+4)x20+5 h 36+6x(3~3) i (8+8)~6x2 j 100-30x(4~3) Kk 24+ (745)x6 1 [(60—40) ~ (53 ~ 43)] x2 m [(12+6)+9]x4 n [100+ (4+16)] x3 © 4x 25+(12-7) 2. Use your calculator to check whether the following answers are correct If the answer is incorrect, work out the correct answer. a 12x4+7% © 12x 18—4x2: e (82-36) x (2+6) 24 b 8475x8= 698 d (16+) x (7434) =76 f (Xx7-4)-(446+2)=12 Unit 1: Numberfear ta cera red 3 Each * represents a missing operation. Work out what it is. b 84" 1078 e 40757075) a 125 (28* 24) d 23717221 4 Calculate: © 3*7007"13)=17 f 9*15*(3*2)=12 7x6 a 2 When you wor with indices and 77 Feaxi0-Vas standard form in chapter 5, you wll i need o apply these stilsanduse —g _6'=I1 your calculator effectively o solve 207+2%4) . problems invohing any powers or r00ts. 36-3xVi6 een naa h 15-33 5. Usea calculator to find the answer The idea of rounding’ 0345 12.320.0378 1923x0087 Aaet noun ayes a a —e 13444267 Vie +8.05 where numerical datas collected. Masses inphysics, 6 Use your calculator to evaluate. temperatures in biology. prices in economics these allneed tobe recorded sensibly and wil be rounded toa degree of accuracy . appropiate forthe situation a VeaxIas b VPxF x6 < yeas © Mas oF h gars pL? 1.7 Rounding numbers In many calculations, particularly with decimals, you will not need to find an exact answer. Instead, you will be asked to give an answer toa stated level of accuracy. For example, you may be asked to give an answer correct to 2 decimal places, or an answer correct to 3 significant figures. To round a number to a given decimal place you look atthe value of the digit to the right of the specified place. IFit is 5 or greater, you round up; iit less than 5, you round down. iene Round 64.839906 to: | a the nearest whole number b 1 decimal place ¢ 3 decimal places [= ssssse0s 4s in the units place. 64.859906, The next digit is 8, so you will round up to get 5. = 65 (to nearest whole number) _To the nearest whole number. b 64839905, 8 isin the first decimal place. | 64839906 The nest digit is 3, so the 8 will remain unchanged. = 64.8 (1dp) Correct to 1 decimal place. © 64839906 9s in the third decimal place. | 64839906 ‘The next digit is 9, so you need to round up. When you round 9 up, you get 10, so carry one to the previous digit and write 0 in the place of the 9. = 64.840 (3dp) Correct to 3 decimal places.a a eee ‘To round to 3 significant figures, find the third significant digit and look atthe value of the digit to the right of it. Ifit is 5 or greater, add one to the third significant digit and lose all of the other digits to the right. If itis less than 5, leave the third significant digit unchanged and lose all the other digits to the right as before. To round to a different number of significant figures, use the same method but find the appropriate significant digit to start with; the fourth for dsf, the seventh for 7sfetc. If you are rounding to a whole number, write the appropriate number of zeros afer the last significant digit as place holders to keep the number the same size. 3 significant figures 'b 0.00736 to 1 significant figure The thied significant figure isthe 7. The next digit is 6, so round 7 up to get 8 Correct to 3 significant figures. The frst significant figure isthe 7. The nest digit is 3, so 7 will not change. Comet to 1 sigificant figure. 1 Round each number to 2 decimal places. a3. b 0.064 © 383456 0d 2149 © 0.999 £00456 g_ 0.005 h 41.567 i 8.299 j 0.4236 k 0062 1 0.009 m 3016 n 120164 — @ 15.11579 2 Express each number correct to: i 4significant figures i 3 significant figures ili 1 significant figure a 4512 b 12305 © 65238 4 32055 mmm 2 <(25716 f 0.000765 1.0087 h 7.34876 i 0.00998 j_ 0.02814 k 31.0077 1 (0.0064735 Use rounding to a given ‘of decimal places and nt figures in almost all ee earn ue a 3 decimal places b 2 decimal places ¢ 1 decimal place eee tines Significant figures 2 significant figures 1 significant figure “This is deat within move a dae haw 2 significant gm significant figu lin chapter 5. 3 Change 25 to a decimal using your calculator. Express the answer correct to: Unit 1: Number‘amination practice im-style questions Hire isa set of numbers: {~4, 1, 0, 3,4, 6,9, 15, 16,19, 20} Which of these numbers are ‘@ natural numbers? b_ square numbers? _negative integers? d prime numbers? multiples oftwo? factors of 802 @ Listallthefactorsof 12. Listall the factorsof24. ¢ ‘Find the HCF of 12 and 24 Find the HCF of 64 and 144 List the first five multiples of Mee obs ca Find the LCM of 24 and 36 List all the prime numbers from 0 to 40. 2 Usea factor tree to express 400 as a product of prime factors. Use the division method to express 1080 as a product of prime factors. € Use your answers to find: the LCM of 400 and 1080 ii the HCF of 400 and 1080 i Va00 iv whether 1080 isa cube number; how can you tell? Calculate a 26 bax What isthe smallest number greater than 100 that is 2 divisible by two? divisible by ten?’ ——_€ divisible by four? Atnoon one day the outside temperature is 4°C. By midnight the temperature is 8 degrees lower. ‘What temperature is it at midnight? b 4x (100-15) € (+6)x2+(15-3x2)-6 H2 Add brackets to this statement to make it true. 7+ 14e4-1x2=14 jst paper questions 1. Insert one pair of brackets only to make the following statement correct, 0 [cambridge IGCSE Mathematics 0580 Paper 2 Qi Octber/Novenrber 2014) 0) (Cambridge IGCSE Mathematie 0580 Paper 22 Q2 October/November 2014)= 22 3 Write 3.5897 correct to 4 significant figures. ae aie a 4“ 1 16 From the list of numbers, write down a the square numbers, D aprime factor of 9. 4 Write 90 as a product of prime factors. b Find the lowest common multiple of 90 and 108. cams Unit 1: Number i) ridge IGCSE Mathematics 0580 Paper 22 3 May/hne 2016) ul u) [Cambridge GCSE Mathematics 0580 Faper 22 Q5 May/une 2016) 22] st ide IGCSE Mathematics 0580 Paper 2 Q'S Octaber/November 2014]