ANALOG ELECTRONICS

PROJECT REPORT FILE

(EC 201)

CONTENTS
  Introduction
 Apparatus Required with description
 Theory
 Principal
 Working
 Procedure
 Analysis
 Reference

INTRODUCTION

In this report we are presenting a Portable charger using rectified circuit and capacitive
filter circuit without any use of IC's.
A battery charger ,is a device used to put energy into a secondary cell or rechargeable
battery by forcing an electric current through it.
The charging protocol (how much voltage or current for how long, and what to do when
charging is complete, for instance) depends on the size and type of the battery being

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charged. Some battery types have high tolerance for overcharging (i.e., continued
charging after the battery has been fully charged) and can be recharged by connection
to a constant voltage source or a constant current source, depending on battery type.
Simple chargers of this type must be manually disconnected at the end of the charge
cycle, and some battery types absolutely require, or may use a timer, to cut off charging
current at some fixed time, approximately when charging is complete. Other battery
types cannot withstand over-charging, being damaged (reduced capacity, reduced
lifetime) ,over heating or even exploding. The charger may have temperature or voltage
sensing circuits and a microprocessor controller to safely adjust the charging current
and voltage, determine the state of charge, and cut off at the end of charge.

Most mobile phone chargers are not really chargers, only power adapters that provide a
power source for the charging circuitry which is almost always contained within the
mobile phone. Older ones are notoriously diverse, having a wide variety of DC
connector-styles and voltages, most of which are not compatible with other
manufacturers' phones or even different models of phones from a single manufacturer.

Use in project
A battery charger can work as a DC power adapter for experimentation. It may,
however, require an external capacitor to be connected across its output terminals in
order to "smooth" the voltage sufficiently, which may be thought of as a DC voltage plus
a "ripple" voltage added to it. There may be an internal resistance connected to limit the
short circuit current, and the value of that internal resistance may have to be taken into
consideration in experiments.

APPARATUS USED AND THEIR DESCRIPTION:

1. Diode(1N4007)
2. Capacitor(1000µF)
3. Connecting Wires
4. Signal Generator
5. Jumper Wires
6. Cardboard
7. Transformer

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 8. Orcad Simulator
9. Multimeter
10.DSO

DESCRIPTION

1) DIODE-1N4007:

Description
A diode is a device which allows current flow through only one direction. That is the
current should always flow from the Anode to cathode. The cathode terminal can be
identified by using a grey bar as shown in the picture above.

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 For 1N4007 Diode, the maximum current carrying capacity is 1A it withstand peaks
up to 30A. Hence we can use this in circuits that are designed for less than 1A. The
reverse current is 5uA which is negligible. The power dissipation of this diode is 3W.

Data Sheet for 1N4007

Pin Configuration
Pin No. Pin Name Description
1 Anode Current always Enters through
Anode
2 Cathode Current always Exits through
Cathode

Features:
 Average forward current is 1A
 Non-repetitive Peak current is 30A
 Reverse current is 5uA.
 Peak repetitive Reverse voltage is 1000V

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  Power dissipation 3W
 Available in DO-41 Package

1N4007 Equivalent Diodes:

1N4148, 1N4733A, 1N5408, 1N5822, Zener Diodes

Applications of Diodes
 Can be used to prevent reverse polarity problem
 Half Wave and Full Wave rectifiers
 Used as a protection device
 Current flow regulators

2D representation (DO-41)

2) CAPACITOR (1000µF)
This article is about the device. For the physical phenomenon, see capacitance. For an
overview of various kinds of capacitors, see types of capacitor.
"Capacitive" redirects here. For the term used when referring to touchscreens, see
capacitive sensing.

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The Electrolytic Capacitors have polarity. Meaning they have a positive and negative
pin. The pin which is long is the positive pin and the pin which is short is the negative
pin. You can also identify the polarity using the negative strip on the capacitor label. As
shown in the picture above the negative pin will be directly under the negative symbol.
Note: There are many types of capacitors; however electrolytic capacitors are the most
widely used ones and this document is applicable only for the same.

Features
 Capacitor Type - Electrolytic
 Has a high range of capacitance value starting from 0.01uF to 10000uF
 Has a high range of voltage value starting from 16V to 450V
 Can withstand a maximum of 105°C temperature

Capacitors

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A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores potential energy
in an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some
capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a
capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was
originally known as a condenser
or condensator.

3) TRANSFORMER

It is a general purpose chassis mounting mains transformer. Transformer has 240 V

primary windings and center tapped secondary winding. The transformer has flying
colored insulated connecting leads (Approx 100 mm long ).The Transformer act as step
down transformer reducing AC - 240V to AC - 9V
The Transformer gives two outputs of 9V, 9V and 0V. The Transformer's construction is
written below with details of Solid Core and Winding
The transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling
between its winding circuits. A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying
magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux through the
secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive force
(E.M.F) or voltage in the secondary winding. The transformer has cores made of high
permeability silicon steel. The steel has a permeability many times that of free space
and the core thus serves to greatly reduce the magnetizing current and confine the flux
to a path which closely couples the windings.

Applications of Transformer
 DIY projects Requiring In-Application High current drain.

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 On chassis AC/AC converter.
 Designing a battery Charger.

4) CONNECTING WIRES

Connecting wires allows an electrical current to travel from one point on a circuit to
another because electricity needs a medium through which it can move. Most of the
connecting wires are made up of copper
or aluminum. Copper is cheap and good
conductivity. Instead of the copper, we
can also use silver which has high
conductivity but it is too costly to use.

5) JUMPER WIRES

Jumper wire is use for the taking a care

of electrical continuity.
when a cable comes through
transmission line at that time we have to
provide a support to them called as
transmission tower as i am talking about
overhead line .

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now , as Overhead cable is supported thorough Transmission line tower ,for them we
have to prove the insulator for safety purpose so your cable will be end at one end of
cross arm and it will again start with another end of cross arm. between them there is no
electrical continuity , so make a electrical continuity we have to provide a jumper wire.

6) OrCAD Software
1. Drawing electronic circuit schematics,
2. Providing a visual simulation framework to run SPICE simulations and
3. Drawing, designing and routing printed circuit boards (PCB)
especially for electronic devices in high volume.
Many of Apple’s hardware design engineers are expected to know OrCAD, or its big
brother, Allegro.

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 Project Circuit

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 Simulation Output

6) Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)

A DSO uses high speed sampling to read an electric signal and store this sample into
memory. This process allows analysis of the signal in real time or after it is captured.
This feature offers an advantage since very fast and very slow events can be analyzed.
For example, you could read the signal from a TV remote and then analyze the pulses
to determine the structure and timing of the pulses.

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7) MULTIMETER

Multimeter, also known as a VOM (volt-ohm-milliammeter), is an electronic measuring

instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical
multimeter can measure voltage, current, and resistance. Analog multimeters use a
microammeter with a moving pointer to display readings. Digital multimeters (DMM,
DVOM) have a numeric display, and may also show a graphical bar representing the
measured value. Digital multimeters are now far more common due to their cost and
precision, but analog multimeters are still preferable in some cases, for example when
monitoring a rapidly varying value.
A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service
work, or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy.
They can be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and
household devices such as electronic equipment, motor controls, domestic appliances,
power supplies, and wiring systems.

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7) FUNCTION GENERATOR
A function generator is usually a piece of electronic test equipment or software used to
generate different types of electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies. Some
of the most common waveforms produced by the function generator are the sine wave ,
square wave, triangular wave and sawtooth shapes. These waveforms can be either
repetitive or single-shot (which requires an internal or external trigger
source). Integrated circuits used to generate waveforms may also be described as
function generator ICs.
In addition to producing sine waves, function generators may typically produce other
repetitive waveforms including sawtooth and triangular waveforms, square waves, and
pulses. Another feature included on many function generators is the ability to add a DC
offset.

Function Generator Along with various Generated Function Examples

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 THEORY
A transformer is used to convert high to low voltage. Since the high voltages carried in
the wires are significantly greater than what is needed in-home, transformers are also
used extensively in electronic products to decrease (or step-down) the supply voltage to
a level suitable for the low voltage circuits they contain.The transformer commonly
available in market is 230 to 9 V. Hence, the circuit was designed accordingly.
The full wave rectifier circuit is a rectifier circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc
voltage.
These circuits are called full wave rectifier because it generates output of full cycle for
input of full cycle. No input cycle is wasted.
Vin is input voltage. Output is Vout. T is step down center tapped transformer. n1 is the
turn ratio of primary coil and n2 are the turn ratio of secondary coils of transformer. Input
voltage is applied in primary coil of transformer. This voltage is step down and
transferred to secondary coil. Based on the polarity of input voltage and the position of
diode, the diode is forward biased (diode on) or reverse biased (diode off) and generate
the output.
The primary application of rectifiers is to derive DC power from an AC supply (AC to DC
converter). Virtually all electronic devices require DC, so rectifiers are used inside the
power supplies of virtually all electronic equipment.
A capacitor smoothens out the ripple. A full wave rectifier is better than a simple diode
which makes half wave DC, by filling in the negative half waves not rectified by the
single diode. If the objective is to have smooth DC, half wave rectification is not enough.
Adding a big capacitor in parallel does the job.
The modified Full wave bridge rectifier has been used so as to deliver the desired
output (5V) using the fact that each diode when forward biased contributes to some
specific value of cut in voltage. (For eg. 0.7V).

Working

This project was completed in three basic steps that is

1) Using signal generator (as step down transformer) for low voltage
2) Rectifying using diodes
3) Filtering the circuit

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The transformer has been used to convert high to low voltage and then diodes are used
for rectifying the input voltage as ac supply to dc supply using a full wave rectifier and
after that a capacitor has been placed in parallel to filter the ripples. Now we are getting
a dc supply voltage which can be used for different applications.

PROCEDURE
1. Firstly simulate circuit on OrCAD.
2. After getting a positive result move on to practical assessment .
3. Connect the circuit as required.
4. Test the output voltage using the multimeter.
5. Now it can use as a mobile charger.

ANALYSIS
Orcad software can be easily used for simulating electronic circuits and
in understanding the various magnitudes of voltages, current, power etc.
Thus, implementing such circuits becomes extremely easy.
5V DC is required for charging mobile phone batteries and various
electronic devices.AC to DC conversion can be made out very easily.
The components were so chosen so as to fit the given conditions.(Peak
Inverse Voltage of the diodes is equal to 35V which is safe for its
operation).
Realizing first the circuit on Cadence Orcad , we have designed a
charger that is easy to design. The problem that we faced during this
project were caused by faulty apparatus. We had to test the circuit 3-4
times to get the final correct value. We corrected our mistakes step by
step and finally we were able to get the required output.

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REFERENCE
References for successful completion of this project, we have gathered
information from the books and websites -
 Millman Grabel
 Quora
 Wikipedia
 turbofuture.com
 circuitdigest.com

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