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Alpha Particle Scattering & Atomic Structure

1. The document describes an experiment involving alpha particles scattering off a gold nucleus. It provides a diagram of the electric field around the gold nucleus and a spreadsheet modeling the behavior of an alpha particle approaching the nucleus. 2. The document also describes a Penning trap, which uses electric and magnetic fields to contain positively charged ions. It can be used to determine ion masses with high precision. 3. Early 20th century experiments scattering alpha particles off thin gold foil provided evidence about the structure of atoms. Air was removed from the apparatus to prevent scattering, and conclusions were that nuclei are very small and atoms are mostly empty space.

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Richard Davidson12

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

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Alpha Particle Scattering & Atomic Structure

Uploaded by

Richard Davidson12

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

1 (a) Sketch the electric field surrounding the gold nucleus drawn below.

(3)

(b) The spreadsheet shown approximately models the behaviour of an alpha particle as it
approaches a gold nucleus.

The proton number of gold is 79.

mass of alpha particle = 6.64 × 10–27 kg

A B c D e
1 Magnitude
Distance Velocity at end of Displacement of
of force time interval
from gold time interval alpha particle in time
on alpha / s
nucleus / m / m s–1 interval / m
particle / n
2 8.60E-14 4.92E+00 1.00E-21 1.53E+07 1.56E-14
3 7.04E-14 7.34E+00 1.00E-21 1.42E+07 1.47E-14
4 5.57E-14 1.17E+01 1.00E-21 1.24E+07 1.33E-14
5 4.24E-14 2.02E+01 1.00E-21 9.34E+06 1.09E-14
6 3.15E-14 3.66E+01 1.00E-21 3.83E+06 6.58E-15
7 2.49E-14 5.84E+01 1.00E-21 −4.97E+06 −5.69E-16
8 2.55E-14 5.59E+01 1.00E-21 −1.34E+07 −9.18E-15
9 3.47E-14 3.02E+01 1.00E-21 −1.79E+07 −1.57E-14
10 5.03E-14 1.43E+01 1.00E-21 −2.01E+07 −1.90E-14

(i) Show how cell B3 is calculated.

(2)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii) Show how cell D5 is calculated.
(3)

(iii) Show how cell E6 is calculated.

(2)

(iv) Suggest a value for the maximum radius of a gold nucleus based on the results
from this spreadsheet.
(1)

Maximum radius =

*(c) Describe the conclusions Rutherford reached about the structure of gold atoms as a
result of the alpha particle scattering experiments.
(3)

(total for Question = 14 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 A strong magnetic field of flux density B can be used to trap a positive ion by making it
follow a circular orbit as shown.

(a) Explain how the magnetic field maintains the ion in a circular orbit. You may add to
the diagram above if you wish.
(2)

(b) Show that the mass m of the ion will be given by

Bq
m
2πf

where q is the charge on the ion and f is the number of revolutions per second.
(3)

(c) The above arrangement will not prevent a positive ion from moving vertically. To do
this, a weak electric field is applied using the arrangement shown below.

B B

– + –
+V – +

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(i) Explain how the electric field prevents the ion moving vertically.
(2)

(ii) This device is known as a Penning Trap. It can be used to determine the mass
of an ion to an accuracy of 3 parts in 10 million.
Confirm that the mass of a sulphur ion can be measured to the nearest 0.00001u.
mass of sulphur ion = 32.0645u
(2)

(iii) Under certain conditions nuclei of sulphur emit a gamma ray with a known
energy of 2.2 MeV.
Calculate the resulting loss in mass of a sulphur ion in u and confirm that this
value could be determined by the Penning Trap technique.
(4)

(total for Question = 13 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3 Early in the twentieth century physicists observed the scattering of alpha particles after
they had passed through a thin gold foil. This scattering experiment provided evidence
for the structure of the atom.
(a) State why it is necessary to remove the air from the apparatus that is used for this
experiment.
(1)

. . . . . . ............................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) From the results of such an experiment give two conclusions that can be deduced
about the nucleus of an atom.
(2)

Conclusion 1 ..... ............................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . ............................... ............................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Conclusion 2 ..... ............................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . ............................... ............................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

followed by one of the particles is shown.
Add to the diagram to show the paths followed by the other two particles.
(3)

Nucleus

(Total for Question 6 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 The electron in a hydrogen atom can be described by a stationary wave which is
confined within the atom. This means that the de Broglie wavelength associated with it
must be similar to the size of the atom which is of the order of 10 10 m.
(a) (i) Calculate the speed of an electron whose de Broglie wavelength is
1.00 × 10 10 m.
(3)

. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Calculate the kinetic energy of this electron in electronvolts.

(3)

. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kinetic energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eV

!
"
in the atomic nucleus, but it was soon realised that this was impossible because the
energy of such an electron would be too great.
Suggest why an electron confined within a nucleus would have a much greater
energy than the energy calculated in (a)(ii).
(2)

. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 8 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
*5 At the beginning of the last century, experiments were performed using alpha particles
and gold foil. The alpha particles were directed at the gold foil and a detector was used
to see if and where they were scattered.
Summarise the results from these experiments and the conclusions that were drawn
from them.
(5)

. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
6 D 'HVFULEH WKH NH\ REVHUYDWLRQV RI WKH DOSKD SDUWLFOH VFDWWHULQJ H[SHULPHQWV ZKLFK OHG
to Rutherford’s nuclear model of the atom.
(3)

. . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E ([SHULPHQWV DW 6WDQIRUG 8QLYHUVLW\¶V OLQHDU DFFHOHUDWRU OLQDF DFFHOHUDWH HOHFWURQV XS

WR HQHUJLHV RI *H9
L 6WDWH WKH PDLQ IHDWXUHV RI D OLQDF
(3)

. . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
LL &DOFXODWH WKH GH %URJOLH ZDYHOHQJWK RI *H9 HOHFWURQV $W WKHVH HQHUJLHV WKH
following relativistic equation applies E pc.
(3)

. ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

De Broglie wavelength ..........................................................

LLL 6XJJHVW ZK\ WKHVH HOHFWURQV ZRXOG EH SDUWLFXODUO\ XVHIXO IRU LQYHVWLJDWLQJ
nuclear structure.
(1)

. ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LY 7KHVH HOHFWURQV FDQ EH DLPHG DW D K\GURJHQ WDUJHW 6RPH RI WKHVH HOHFWURQV DUH
scattered at large angles by the protons whilst others pass straight through.
Suggest what this tells you about the structure of a proton.
(2)

. ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Y 7KH VFDWWHULQJ SURFHVV LV LQHODVWLF :KDW LV PHDQW E\ DQ LQHODVWLF FROOLVLRQ"

(1)

. ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 13 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
7 An electron gun uses a potential difference to accelerate electrons from rest to a speed of
2.00 × 107 m s–1.

(i) The potential difference is

A 569 V
B 1140 V
C 2280 V
D 4560 V
(ii) The de Broglie wavelength associated with electrons moving at 2.00 × 107 m s–1 is
A 3.3 × 10–41 m
B 5.0 × 10–14 m
C 3.6 × 10–11 m
D 5.0 × 10–8 m

(Total for Question = 2 marks)

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

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Alpha Particle Scattering & Atomic Structure

Uploaded by

Alpha Particle Scattering & Atomic Structure

Uploaded by

1 (a) Sketch the electric field surrounding the gold nucleus drawn below.

The proton number of gold is 79.

(i) Show how cell B3 is calculated.

(iii) Show how cell E6 is calculated.

(total for Question = 14 marks)

(total for Question = 13 marks)

(Total for Question 6 marks)

(ii) Calculate the kinetic energy of this electron in electronvolts.

(Total for Question 8 marks)

(Total for Question 5 marks)

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De Broglie wavelength ..........................................................

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(Total for Question 13 marks)

(i) The potential difference is

(Total for Question = 2 marks)

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