MI 205 FLUID MECHANICS
LECTURE 3
B. K. Gandhi
Fluid statics
Fluid statics or hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that
studies "fluids at rest and the pressure in a fluid or exerted by
a fluid on an immersed body"
Pascal’s Law
A consequence of the pressure in a fluid remaining
constant in the horizontal direction is that the pressure
applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure
throughout by the same amount
In non-flowing fluid, the pressure is a scalar quantity i.e.
the pressure at a point in the fluid has a single value,
independent of direction
Cont.…..
• Pressure at any point in a fluid is the same in all directions (has magnitude
but not direction)
By Newton’s second law: force balance in y and z direction
F y p y x . z ps Sin s . x 0
x y z
z z
F p x y p s s x Cos g
2
0
Cont.…..
As from Figure: y sCos
z s Sin
So the eq. will be:
p y - ps = 0 (1)
z
p z - ps - ρg 0 (2)
2
Since θ is arbitrary, these equations are valid for any angle. If we
rotate 900 about z-axis, axis y and x interchange and found
p x = ps
Cont.…..
As in Eq 2. δz→ 0 and the wedge becomes infinitesimal,
and thus the fluid element shrinks to a point.
On combining eq. 1 and 2
p y = ps = p z
Consider when wedge is not at rest and no shear stress
then
x y z
yF ma y
2
. ay
x y z
Fz maz 2 az
Cont.…..
Pressure will be:
y z
. ay
and az
2 2
When limit is taken, these terms will vanish just like:
z
g
2
Therefore pressure is also independent of direction in a
moving fluid if there are no shear stresses.
Cont.…..
If shear stresses are present, they would have to be included in
our force balance and these terms will not vanish by taking limit.
So in fluid flow with shear stresses, the pressure is not
necessarily independent of direction.
In such case, an average pressure is defined by :
1
p=
3
p x +p y +p z
Note : The difference between the average pressure and
the three 'directional' pressures is seldom significant.
Hydrostatic pressure
Pressure variation in a static fluid:
V x z 1 g
Cont.…..
F x px z 1 px z 1 0
F z pz x 1 p z x 1 g x y 1 0
Substituting and simplifying we get :
p
H.O.T. x z 1 0
x
p
And H.O.T x y 1 0
z
divide by x y 1 and then take limits x, z 0 gives
Cont.…..
p
0
x
p
0
z
p
z
p p
Since are zero, therefore
x y
dp
dz
Cont.…..
Note:
1. Higher order terms in Taylor's series may be dropped out
because limit δx, δy and δz→0 will bring the terms having
higher than the first term. So only first order of the series is
important and should be taken for consideration.
2. Pressure changes only in the direction of gravity force and
hence an ordinary diff. in z direction replaces the partial
derivative.
dp
= -
dz
2
p2 − p 1 = −∫ γdz
1
Cont.…..
(A) Pressure variation in a constant density fluid
If specific weight of the fluid is constant (as in liquids), eg.(S1) can
be easily integrated to give
p z = -γz + p0
Where p0 is the pressure at z = 0
Cont.…..
for z = -h
p h =p 0 +γh Hydrostatic pressure distribution
Where 'γh' Hydrostatic pressure
(B) Pressure variation in a variable density fluid and the
standard atmosphere.
dp
= - g
dz
for an ideal gas, p = ρRT
dp p.g
So = -
dz RT
Cont.…..
dp g
p = - RT dz + C
T(z) = ?
For troposphere
T = T0 - Bz
B is a lapse rate = 0.0065 k/m
and T0 is surface temperature
approx. 15oC
Cont.…..
On substituting and integrating
g/RB
Bz
p = p 0 1-
T0
p0 = 1.01332 bar
T = Tc = 216.7 K in stratosphere.
Pressure measurement
Manometry. (Munson et al.)
A standard technique for measuring pressure involves the
use of liquid columns in vertical or inclined tubes, known
as manometers.
Three common types of manometers are: Piezometer
tube, U- tube and Inclined tube.
Cont.….
Piezometer tube
A simplest type of manometer consists of a vertical tube,
open at the top, and attached to the container in which the
pressure is desired.
For static fluid:
p A =p 0 +γh
Cont.….
Disadvantage:
1. Only suitable if container pressure is higher than Atm.
pressure.
2. If pA is small requiring small column height.
3. Fluid in the container must be liquid.
Cont.….
U-tube manometer
To overcome above difficulties, U-tube is widely used. The fluid
in the manometers is called gage fluid.
Remember : Pressure in a fluid at the same level is equal.
Cont.….
p 2 = p A + γ1 h1 for A to (1)
p3 = p 0 + γ 2 .h 3 for A to (3)
p 2 = p3
p A + γ1 h1 = p 0 + γ 2 h 3
p A = p 0 + γ 2 h 3 - γ1 h1
Cont.….
Start from one locate bottom most point and start from
other locate top most point
p A + γ1h1 + γ 2 h 2 = p B (1)
pC - γ 4 h 6 - γ3 h 5 = pT (2)
Cont.….
pT + γ3h 4 + γ 2 h 3 = pc (3)
put values of pT and pC for eqs. (1) and (2)
p C -γ 4 h 6 -γ 3 h 5 +γ 3 h 4 +γ 2 h 3 =p A +γ1h1 +γ 2 h 2
p A +γ1h1 +γ 2 h 2 -h 3 +γ 3 h 5 -h 4 +γ 4 h 6 =p C
p A +γ1h1 -γ 2 h 3 -h 2 +γ 3 h 5 -h 4 +γ 4 h 6 =p C
Cont.….
1. Start from one end, taking its pressure.
2. Add the pressure if you are going down and subtract if
you are going up.
3. The common height of the liquid which you go down
and come up gets cancelled. So account the difference
only.
Cont.….
Inclined tube :
To measure small pressure the tube of a manometer can
be inclined
h Sin
