UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN TEKNIKAL & VOKASIONAL

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN KEJURUTERAAN

TUGASAN KUMPULAN

TAJUK :
DC GENERATOR

MOHD FIRDAUS BIN ABD MAJID (CB160118)

ABDUL HAKIM BIN MOHD SAIDI (CB160027)
NAMA PELAJAR SAFINAH BINTI ABU TALIP (CB160053)
NOR ATHIRAH BINTI MUSA (CB160104)
NURUL NADZIRAH BINTI MOHD ROSLI (CB160003)

SEKSYEN SEKSYEN 1 & 2

NAMA PENSYARAH DR. NURHANIM SAADAH BINTI ABDULLAH

TAJUK TUGASAN DC GENERATOR

KOD KURSUS BBV 30203

NAMA KURSUS ELECTRICAL MACHINE
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT PAGE

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-2

2.0 CONSTRUCTION OF DC GENERATOR 3-7

3.0 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF DC GENERATOR 8

4.0 OPERATION / OPERATION SIMULATION 9-10

5.0 TYPES OF DC GENERATOR 11-15

6.0 MACHINE SPECIFICATION BY TYPES 16-18

7.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF DC GENERATOR 19-24

8.0 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 25

9.0 APPLICATION OF DC GENERATOR 26-28

10.0 CALCULATION 28-38

11.0 CONCLUSION 39

12.0 REFERENCES 40
 PARTITION OF TASKS

CONTENT NAME

1.0 INTRODUCTION NOR ATHIRAH

2.0 CONSTRUCTION OF DC GENERATOR NOR ATHIRAH

3.0 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF DC GENERATOR FIRDAUS

4.0 OPERATION / OPERATION SIMULATION FIRDAUS

5.0 TYPES OF DC GENERATOR HAKIM

6.0 MACHINE SPECIFICATION BY TYPES HAKIM

7.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF DC GENERATOR HAKIM & NADZIRAH

8.0 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES NADZIRAH

9.0 APPLICATION OF DC GENERATOR SAFINAH

10.0 CALCULATION SAFINAH

11. 0 CONCLUSION NADZIRAH

12.0 REFERENCES ALL

COMPILE NADZIRAH
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 HISTORY OF DC GENERATOR

Dynamo or is called as generator were used to light the city that Thomas Edison wired in
1800s. Dynamos were driven by hydro or steam power, as frequency was not a factor. In
1960s, DC generators were used to provide the bus power and charge the battery in the auto
industry. A malfunction in the field control would sometimes find the generator spinning
away as a motor when the engine was stopped, if the belt was loose.

The term of dynamos is a symbol of power. It is often used to indicate great activity
and accomplisment on the part of human beings or animals. Electrically a dynamo define
as a rotating electrical machine that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy or
electrical energy into mechanical energy. There are two kind of dynamo, therefore in
electric generator and electric motor. But for the generator means the machine that convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy usually by electromagnetic induction.

The DC generator has been the mainstay of the variable speed control in many years.
The output generator can be changed by changing either the speed of the armature or the
strength of the main filed. Even into the 1960s generator or motor sets were installed for
speed control in the industry.

1.2 PRINCIPLE OF GENERATOR

In electric generator, a large number of properly connected copper wire on a cylindrical,

laminated steel core and mechanically rotatating this structure inside a set of carefully
shaped electromagnet. The rotating element is called the armature, while the stationary set
of electromagnet is called the field. It assume the residual magnetism in the field pole would
provide the flux for the armature as it rotated around the frame. As the conductor cut the
line of flux is responsible for the generated voltage, EMF. Principle of generator action
requires :

1
 The presence of magnetic lines of force
Motion of conductors cutting the flux
Voltage is generated

1.3 TYPE OF DC GENERATOR

There are three generally type of DC generator which are series, shunt and compound. Each
type is distinguished by its field winding which are independent of the kind of armature
winding. If excitation is produced by a filed winding that is connected to full or nearly line
voltage its known as a shunt generator. But if excitation originates in field winding
connected in series with the armature, so that the flux depend upon the current delivered to
the load, its called series generator. Lastly if the excitation is produced by two field winding,
connected to full or nearly line voltage and the other excited by the line of armature current,
its called a compound generator.

SHUNT

SELF SERIES
EXCITED
CUMMULATIVE

COMPUND
TYPE OF DC
GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL

SHUNT
SEPARATELY CUMMULATIVE
EXCITED
COMPOUND

DIFFERENTIAL

Figure 1 : The Type of DC Generator

2
2.0 CONSTRUCTION OF DC GENERATOR

A DC generator has a stationary field frame that holds the poles on which the field winding
are wound. The frame can also support the poles that are used to control armature reaction,
commonly referred to as interpoles. The armature is the rotating part, consisting of a main
shaft, laminated core with slots for armature windings, and a commutator. The end bells
hold the bearing housings for the armature and shaft, one end bell has the brush holder
mounted in it. The brush holders contain the brushes and keep them aligned on the
commutator. DC generators are identified by the type of winding in the field frame series,
shunt and compound. It can summarized that DC generator consists of three main part.
There are magnetic field system, armature, brushes and commutator. (Refer figure 2)

3
 Figure 2.1 : The Construction of DC Generator

2.1 THE MAGNETIC FIELD SYSTEM

The part of stationary machine that produce magnetic flux is called the magnetic field. The
most important part of the stator is the field, with its customary laminated steel core and
winding. The field poles are usually bolted to a field yoke or frame, to which are also
fastened the end bells with their bearings and the brush rigging. The yoke may have a base
with feet or a supporting bracket which is made up of a hollow cyclinderof cast steel.

2.2 ARMATURE

The armature is the rotating part of the DC machine. It consists of the shaft upon which a
laminated cylinder (armature core) is mounted. At the outer periphery of the armature has
grooves or slots which accommodate the armature winding. The purpose of lamination is
to reduce eddy current losses, and the insulated conductor is put in the slot of the armature
core, it is called armature winding. The armature winding is the heart of the generator.
Because it is where the voltage is generated in the generator or where the torque is
developed. The armature coil ends are soldered to the commutator.

4
 Figure 2.2 : The Construction of Armature

Type of the armature winding are only two general which are lap and wave. In lap windings,
the coil ends are connected to adjacent commutator segments. For the wave winding, the
coil end are connected to the commutator segment very nearly, but never exactly, equal to
the distance between poles of the same polarity that is alternate poles. In addition another
construction that combine the advantages of both lap and wave type and which used on
machines manufactured is called frog leg winding. It was combination of a lap winding and
wave winding.

2.3 BRUSHES

A carbon brush is a material serving as an electrical contact that carries current to or from
a moving surface. The selection of the proper brush for the operation of a machine is
important. The general characteristics of brushes that need to considered are resistivity,
density, hardness, current carrying capacity, coefficient of friction and abrasiveness. The
type of brushes are the electrographite, carbon-graphite, graphite, and metal-graphite. There
are two basic style which are trailing edge and leading edge. Leading edge brushes are at
angle to the commutator and have less restricted up-an-down movement. Trailing edge
brushes have the long side tight against the brush holder.

5
 Figure 2.3 : The Part of Brushes

2.4 COMMUTATOR

The commutator is the most important part in DC machine. The function is to keep the
armature coils is in the correct polarity to interact with the main field. The commutator is
built up group of hard drawn copper bars, wedgeshaped in section when viewed on end,
and having V-shaped grooves at each end. The commutator is the connector from the
winding to the load via the brushes that function to connect the coil to the load and to keep
them in the correct polarity. As the commutator segment comes under the negative output
brush, the current split and flows through the load and back to the positive brush. This
change in the direction of current in the coil makes the commutator a switching device and
the load sees a continuous direct current. If the armature connected to AC source, the
commutator is convert all the negative half cycle into the positive cycle and smooth out the
ripples into an output voltage.

6
Figure 2.4 : The Part of Commutator

7
3.0 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF DC GENERATOR

Principle of DC generator can be know from Faraday’s laws electromagnetic induction

and Flaming’ right hand rule.

3.1 FARADAY’S LAWS

Faraday’s laws said, whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field (or a
conductor is moved in a magnetic field), an emf (electromotive force) gets induced in the
conductor. In a DC generator, field coils produce an electromagnetic field and the armature
conductors are rotated into the field. Thus, an electromagnetically induced emf is generated
in the armature conductors.

3.2 FLAMING’S RIGHT HAND RULE

Figure 3 : Right Hand Fleming

 The thumb is pointed in the direction of the motion of the conductor relative to the magnetic
field.
 The thumb is pointed in the direction of the motion of the conductor relative to the magnetic
field.The first finger is pointed in the direction of the magnetic field. (north to south)
 Then the second finger represents the direction of the induced or generated current within
the conductor from the terminal with lower electric potential to the terminal with higher
electric potential, as in a voltage source.
8
4.0 OPERATION / OPERATION SIMULATION
In the table show a figure of a single loop of conductor of rectangular shape that be tag
with ABCD is placed between two opposite poles of magnet.

STEP EXPLAINATION FIGURE

1 The rectangular loop of the conductor is ABCD

which rotates inside the magnetic field about its axis
ab. When the loop rotates from its vertical position to
its horizontal position, it cuts the flux lines of the
field. As during this movement two sides, AB and CD
of the loop cut the flux lines there will be an EMF
induced in these both of the sides (AB and BC) of the
loop.

2 As the loop gets closed there will be a current

circulating through the loop. The direction of the
current can be determined by flemming’s right hand
rule. This rule says that if you stretch thumb, index
finger and middle finger of your right-hand
perpendicular to each other, then thumbs indicates the
direction of motion of the conductor, index finger
indicates the direction of magnetic field, N – pole to
S – pole, and middle finger indicates the direction of
flow of current through the conductor.

3 Now if we apply this right-hand rule, we will see at

this horizontal position of the loop, current will flow
from point A to B and on the other side of the loop
current will flow from point C to D.

9
4 Now if we allow the loop to move further, it will
come again to its vertical position, but now the upper
side of the loop will be CD, and lower side will be
AB (just opposite of the previous vertical position).
At this position, the tangential motion of the sides of
the loop is parallel to the flux lines of the field. Hence
there will be no question of flux cutting, and
consequently, there will be no current in the loop

5 If the loop rotates further, it comes to again in a

horizontal position. But now, said AB side of the loop
comes in front of N pole, and CD comes in front of S
pole,

6 The loop is opened and connected it with a split

ring(commutator) as shown in the figure. Split rings,
made of a conducting cylinder, gets cut into two
halves or segments insulated from each other. We
connect the external load terminals with two carbon
brushes which rest on these split slip ring segments.
Because of the split ring of commutator there are no
cycle for the negative waveform.

7 Brush no 1 in contact with segment a. In the next half

revolution, in the figure, the direction of the induced
current in the coil is reversed. But at the same time
the position of the segments a and b are also reversed
which results that brush no 1 comes in touch with the
segment b. Hence, the current in the load resistance
again flows from L to M. The waveform of the
current through the load circuit is as shown in the
figure.

10
5.0 TYPES OF DC GENERATOR
DC generators are basically divided into specific class groups which are classified
according to their field excavation methods. Here is the class of the DC generator is divided
into the following two classes:

(i) Separately excited DC generators

(ii) Self-excited DC generators

The behaviour of DC generator is response on the load were depends on the field
excitation method. The generator has two component windings that is one at the armature
winding, which use for to generates electricity through the electromagnetic induction.
While, another is field winding, which are produces a static magnetic field. The motion
moves relative to the field and the current is due to the flux changes around it. Figure 1
below shows the classification chart of the DC generator classes.

Figure 5.1 : Classification of DC Generator

11
5.1 SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATORS

Separately excited DC generator have the field winding that will be supplied from a separate
power source. That means the field winding is separately electrically with the armature
circuit. Separately excited DC generators is the circuit are not commonly used in industry
because of the motor are relatively expensive. This type motor must attached with the an
additional circuitry or power source. Separately excited DC generator mostly are used in
laboratories for get accuracy speed control of DC motor, some research work and a few
other applications that self-excited DC generators are unsatisfactory.

Figure 5.2 : Separately Excited Connection

A dc generator on the winding magnetic fields are supplied from independent supply
that external dc source such as a battery and others external supply that called a separately
excited generator. From the connections of a separately excited DC generator, user of that
motor can know the voltage output that are depends on the speed of rotation at the armature
part and the field part with relate with the formula refer to calculation at section J this report.
The greater of the speed and greater field current can get the greater generated of emf.

5.2 SELF-EXCITED DC GENERATORS

A dc generator whose field magnet winding is supplied current from the output of the
generator itself is called a self-excited generator. In this type, armature winding and field
12
 winding are interconnected in various ways that to achieve a wide range of the performance
characteristics dc generator for example field winding are connected either in parallel or
series with the armature winding. Also, in this self-excited dc generator, the current
energized at the field winding produced by themselves. A small amount of flux density is
always present at the poles because of phenomena magnetism. So, in the beginning, current
will induces in the armature conductors of a dc generator only have the residual magnetism.
The field flux slowly increases as the induced current starts flowing through the field
winding. There are three types of self-excited generators depending upon the way the field
winding is connected to the armature, namely;

(i) Series generator;

(ii) Shunt generator;
(iii) Compound generator

5.2.1 SERIES GENERATOR

Figure 5.3 : Self Excited Series Connection

13
 In a series-wound generator, the field winding is connected as figure 3 in series
connection circuit with armature winding so that armature path current will flows through
the field winding as well as the load. Because of field winding is the carries of the whole of
load current the coil winding should have a few turns of thick wire that to having low
resistance that about 0.5 Ohm.

5.2.2 SHUNT GENERATOR

Figure 5.4 : Self Excited Shunt Connection

Figure 4 above shows the self-excited shunt connection type. In a shunt generator,
the field winding are connected the armature winding in parallel connection. So that, the
terminal voltage of the generator can be applied across it. For the physical winding, the
shunt field winding has made with a large number of turns of fine wire to produce having
high resistance on that wire that about 100 Ohm and it required small current of less than
5% of the rated armature current. Therefore, there are only have a part of armature current
flows through shunt field winding at the stator and the rest flowing through the load.

14
5.2.3 COMPOUND GENERATOR

Figure 5.5 : Self Excited Compound Connection

Figure 5 above shows the two set of self-excited compound connection. Firstly, is
the short compound connection and second is long compound connection. In a compound-
wound generator, one is in series and the other in parallel with the armature. A compound
wound generator may be:

(a) Short Shunt is having the connection shunt field winding that is parallel with
the armature winding.
(b) Long Shunt is having the connection shunt field winding that is parallel with
both series field and armature winding

15
6.0 SPECIFICATION MACHINE BY TYPES

6.1 SELF-EXCITED SERIES WINDING GENERATOR

Figure 6.1 : General Electric - Shunt Winding Generator

 This picture and specification motor is getting from supplier website

(https://www.caseyusa.com/products/spec_sheet/11364900000-20-kw-1800-rpm-250-
v-3610atz-dc-generator)

TITLE OF SPECIFICATION 20 KW, 1800 RPM, 250 V, 3610ATZ, DC

GENERATOR
KW 20
RPM 1800
VOLTAGE 250
AMPS 80
WINDING SERIES
FRAME 3610ATZ
TYPE T
MANUFACTURER RELIANCE
SHAFT SESS
BEARINGS A/F
FIELD AMPS 1.46
DEGREE TEMP RISE 40
SERIAL NUMBER OR ID NUMBER JP-20KSPE

16
6.2 SELF-EXCITED SHUNT WINDING GENERATOR

Figure 6.2 : General Electric - Shunt Winding Generator

 This picture and specification motor is getting from supplier website

(https://www.caseyusa.com/products/spec_sheet/10367500000-13-kw-1750-rpm-250-
v-general-electric-cd324-shunt-dc-generator)

TITLE OF SPECIFICATION 13 KW, 1750 RPM, 250 V, GENERAL

ELECTRIC, CD324, SHUNT, DC
GENERATOR
KW 13
RPM 1750
VOLTAGE 250
AMPS 52
WINDING SHUNT
FRAME CD324
MANUFACTURER GENERAL ELECTRIC
ENCLOSURE OPEN
SHAFT DESS
DUTY CONTINUOUS
BEARINGS A/F
FIELD AMPS 3.0/.44
FIELD OHMS 31.6/258
DEGREE TEMP RISE 60
MODEL NUMBER OR STYLE CD3246218
NUMBER
SERIAL NUMBER OR ID NUMBER SX1 689
SERVICE FACTOR 1.15

17
6.3 SELF-EXCITED COMPOUND WINDING GENERATOR

Figure 6.3 : General Electric - Compound Winding Generator

 This picture and specification motor is getting from supplier website

(https://www.caseyusa.com/products/spec_sheet/11893200000-17-kw-1750-rpm-
250v-general-electric-cd326-dc-generator)
TITLE OF SPECIFICATION 17 KW, 1750 RPM, 250V, GENERAL
ELECTRIC, CD326, DC GENERATOR
KW 17
RPM 1750
VOLTAGE 250
AMPS 68
WINDING COMPOUND
FRAME CD326
MANUFACTURER GENERAL ELECTRIC
ENCLOSURE DP
SHAFT SESS
DUTY CONT
BEARINGS A/F
FIELD AMPS 1.36
FIELD OHMS 119.2
DEGREE TEMP RISE 60
MODEL NUMBER OR STYLE
5CD326G4
NUMBER
SERIAL NUMBER OR ID NUMBER 7264339
SERVICE FACTOR 1.15

18
7.0 CHARACTERISTIC OF DC GENERATOR

Characteristic is the graph between the two dependent quantities. It shows the steady state
characteristic of DC generators. The characteristic of the DC generators explain the
relations between the loads, excitation and terminals voltage through graph. In general,
there are three characteristics of the following DC generator should be considered and these
three characteristics of DC generators will be explained below.

i. Open Circuit Characteristic (E0 / If)

This open circuit characteristic is also known as no-load saturation characteristic or

magnetic characteristic. The characteristic are shows the relationship between variable
emf produce or generate at no load (E0) with the current field (If) when the generator
give fixed speed. The O.C.C. graph or the curve shows the magnetization curve and
basically on practical have a similar pattern for all type of generators. The data of
O.C.C. graph curve are obtained and generate by operating the generator with no load
applied and keeping a speed of generator at a constant of speed. Current Field is slowly
increased with corresponding of terminal voltage are recorded. The arrangement of
connection winding to obtain O.C.C. graph curve is shown as figure below. For
connection of shunt or series excited generators, disconnected the field winding from a
machine and connected that winding to an external supply.

Figure 7.1 : The arrangement of connection winding to obtain O.C.C. graph curve

19
 The result generated emf should be get directly proportional to flux of field and at the same
time it also should be directly proportional to the current field. Even when the current field
is amount zero. Some of amount of emf is generated that represented as figure below.

Figure 7.2 : Open circuit characteristics or typical the saturation curve at no-load for all
types of DC generators.

ii. Internal Or Total Characteristic (E/Ia)

The internal characteristic curve is the relationship between variable of the on-load
generated emf (Eg) with the armature current (Ia). Typically, the on-load emf generated
Eg is should be always less than E0 because of armature reaction. The value Eg can be
determined by doing subtracting of decrease due to the impact of demagnetizing at
armature reaction from no-load voltage E0. Therefore, the internal characteristic curve
can show the below of O.C.C. curve.

iii. External Characteristic (V/IL)

An external characteristic graph curve is showing the relationship between variable of

terminal voltage (V) with the load current (IL). The terminal of voltage V is should be
less than the value of emf generated Eg because of voltage drop at the armature winding

20
 circuit. Therefore, external characteristic graph curve below of the internal
characteristic graph curve. The graph curve of external characteristics is mostly
important to determine the suitability for a particular purpose generator. Therefore, this
type of characteristic is sometimes also called as load characteristic or performance
characteristic.

7.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR

Figure 7.3 : Characteristics Of Separately Excited DC Generator

If the generator have no armature reaction and voltage drop at armature, the voltage
will continue remain constant for any load current. The straight-line AB show in figure
graph above represents the characteristic when no-load voltage versus with load current IL.
Because of process the demagnetizing effect at armature reaction, the on-load emf were
generated is low or less than the no-load voltage. The curve graph at point AC are represents
the on-load emf generated Eg versus with load current IL. At the same time, the terminal of
voltage is lower because the ohmic drop occur because process at the armature and brushes.
The curve graph at point AD are represents the load current versus terminal voltage.

21
7.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT GENERATOR

To determine the external load and internal load characteristics of a DC shunt generator the
machine voltage can be allowed to build up before it can be applying to any external load.
Therefore, the process of voltage build-up of a shunt generator, the shunt generator is driven
at the normal rated speed at the prime mover. The initial voltage is induced because of
process residual magnetism at the field poles. The generator generated its voltage as
explained by the O.C.C. graph curve. When the generator has built up the voltage, it is
slowly increasing the loaded with resistive load and readings are taken at the right distance.
The Connection arrangement of DC chunt generator is as shown in the figure below.

Figure 7.4 : Connection of DC Shunt Generator

Unlike separately excited DC generator, here the general formula IL≠Ia. For a shunt
generator, the total Ia=IL+If. Thefore, the internal characteristic that can be easily
transmitted to Eg versus IL by subtracting the correct value getting by If from Ia.

22
 Figure 7.5 : Characteristics Of DC Shunt Generator

During a normal running situaston, when the resistance of load is decreased, the load
current will be increases. And at the same time, decreasing the load of resistance, terminal
voltage also falls. So that, the load of resistance can be decreased up to a certain limit. After
the terminal voltage drastically decreases because of the excessive armature reaction ar
situation very high armature current will increase the value of I2R losses. Hence, the are
have limit of any further decrease in load of resistance results in decreasing load of current.
Therefore, the external characteristic graph curve is turns back as shown like figure above.

7.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES GENERATOR

Figure 7.6 : Characteristics Of DC Shunt Generator

23
 The graph curve at point AB in figure above same number to open circuit
characteristic (O.C.C.) of graph curve. This is because, this generator is DC series
generators field winding is connected in connection series with load and armature. Hence,
here load current is same or like field current that equition is IL=If. The graph curve at point
OC and at the point OD represent external characteristic and internal characteristic
respectively. In a DC series generator, terminal voltage increases with the load current. This
is because, as the load current increases, field current also increases. However, it have a
certain limit that terminal of voltage will starts decreasing with increase in the load. This is
because the generator is excessive demagnetizing effects at the armature reaction.

7.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND GENERATOR

Figure 7.7 : External Characteristics Of DC Compound Generator

The figure above shows the external characteristics in a graph of DC compound

generators. If the series winding are already adjusted so that, the result will shows of
increasing the load current causes the are happen increase at terminal of voltage then the
generator is called to be over compounded. The external characteristic line at the graph
show for over compounded generator is shown by the curve at the point AB in above figure
at the same time, the terminal voltage remains constant even the load current is increased,
then the generator is called to be flat compounded. The external characteristic for a flat
24
 compounded generator is shown by the curve graph at the point AC. If the series winding
has lesser number of turns than that would be required to be flat compounded, then the
generator is called to be under compounded. The external characteristics for an under
compounded generator are shown by the curve graph at point of AD.

8.0 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

There is a advantages and disadvantages for DC generator that we should know

Advantages Disadvantages
 The initial cost of DC generator is less  DC generator are less efficient due to
sparking and other losses like copper,
eddy current, mechanical and hyteresis
losses.
 Design is very simple.  The output from DC generator is
difficult to distribute as transformers
cannot be used.
 Ideal for running big motors and big  DC generators require frequent
appliances which require direct current maintenance and less reliable
to provide power
 Reduces fluctuation described for some  Construction is complex due
steady state applications by smooting commutators and slip rings.
the output voltage by the regular
arrangement of coils around the
armature.
 Able to charge batteries directly.  Voltage drop over long distances.

Table 8 : Advantages and disadvantages DC Generator

25
9.0 APPLICATION OF DC GENERATOR

9.1 SHUNT GENERATOR

The application of shunt generators is very much restricted for its dropping voltage
characteristic. They are used to supply power to the apparatus situated very close to its
position. These type of DC generators generally give constant terminal voltage for small
distance operation with the help of field regulators from no load to full load.

i. For electro plating

ii. Battery charging because they can be made to give constant output voltage.

iii. For excitation of Alternators

iv. For lighting purposes

v. Providing excitation to the alternators

vi. For small power supply (such as a portable generator)

9.2 SERIES GENERATOR

These types of generators are restricted for the use of power supply because of their
increasing terminal voltage characteristic with the increase in load current from no load to
full load. We can clearly see this characteristic from the characteristic curve of series wound
generator. They give constant current in the dropping portion of the characteristic curve.
For this property they can be used as constant current source and employed for various
applications.

i. Used for supplying field excitation current in DC locomotives for

regenerative breaking.
ii. Used as boosters to compensate the voltage drop in the feeder in various types
of distribution systems such as railway service.
iii. DC series wound generators are used in DC locomotives for regenerative
braking for providing field excitation current.
26
 iv. Used as a booster in distribution networks.
v. Over compounded cumulative generators are used in lighting and heavy power
supply.
vi. Flat compounded generators are used in offices, hotels, homes, schools, etc.
vii. Differentially compounded generators are mainly used for arc welding purpose.

9.3 COMPOUND GENERATOR

Among various types of DC generators, the compound wound DC generators are most
widely used because of its compensating property. Depending upon number of series field
turns, the cumulatively compounded generators may be over compounded, flat
compounded and under compounded. We can get desired terminal voltage by compensating
the drop due to armature reaction and ohm drop in the in the line. Such generators have
various applications.

i. Used for lighting, power supply purpose and for heavy power services because
of their constant voltage property. They are mainly made over compounded.
ii. Used for driving a motor.
iii. For small distance operation, such as power supply for hotels, offices, homes
and lodges, the flat compounded generators are generally used.
iv. The differential compound wound generators, because of their large
demagnetization armature reaction, are used for arc welding where huge voltage
drop and constant current is required.
v. Used to compensate the voltage drop in Feeders.

27
9.4 SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR

This type of DC generators are generally more expensive than self-excited DC generators
because of their requirement of separate excitation source. Because of that their applications
are restricted. They are generally used where the use of self-excited generators are
unsatisfactory.

i. Generally used for testing purpose in the laboratories because the ability of
giving wide range of voltage output.
ii. Separately excited generators operate in a stable condition with any variation in
field excitation. Because of this property they are used as supply source of DC
motors, whose speeds are to be controlled for various applications. Such as Ward
Leonard Systems of speed control.

10.0 CALCULATIONS

E -The induced e.m.f.

B -the flux density (teslas),
L -the length of conductor in the magnetic field (m),
V -the conductor velocity, (m/s)
If the conductor moves at an angle θ◦ to the magnetic field (instead of at 90◦ as assumed
above) then;

The total e.m.f for the loop conductor : E= 2Nlv sinɵ Volts

28
 EXAMPLE 1 :

A rectangular coil of sides 12 cm and 8 cm is rotated in a magnetic field of flux density1.4T,

the longer side of the coil actually cutting this flux. The coil is made up of 80 turns and
rotates at 1200 rev/min.
(a) Calculate the maximum generated e.m.f.
(b) If the coil generates 90 V, at what speed will the coil rotate?

ANSWER E1:

(a) Generated e.m.f, E= 2Nlv sinɵ (b) Since, E= 2Nlv sinɵ

N = 80, = 2 × 80 × 1.4 × 0.12 × v × 1
Flux density,B = 1.4T 90
V = 2 × 80 × 1.4 × 0.12
l = 12cm
V = ωr
= 0.12m 𝑉 3.348
1200 0.08
Velocity,V = ωr = ( 60 × 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠)( 2 m) Ω=𝑅= 0.08
2
= 1.6 𝜋m/s = 83.7 rad/s
ɵ = 90˚ , sinɵ = 1 83.7 ×60
Speed of coil in rev/min =
Maximum e.m.f induced; 2𝜋
E= 2Nlv sinɵ = 799 rev/min
= 2 × 80 × 1.4 × 0.12 × 1.6 𝜋 × 1
= 135.1 volts

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10.1 DC SHUNT GENERATOR

1. Armature Current

Ia = Ish + IL

2. Shunt field current

V
Ish = 𝑅
𝑠ℎ

3. Terminal voltage

V = Eg - IaRa

4. Power generated

Pg = Eg × Ia

5. Power delivered to the load

P L = V × LL

6. EMF Induced

𝑃𝑍ɵ 𝑁
E= volts
60𝐴

30
10.2 SHORT SHUNT COMPOUND WOUND DC GENERATOR

1. Series field current

Isc = IL

2. Shunt field current

(𝑉+𝐼𝑆𝐶 𝑅𝑆𝐶 )
Ish = 𝑅𝑠ℎ

3. Armature current

Ia = Ish + IL

4. Voltage across the load

V = Eg - Ia Ra – Isc Rsc

5. Power generated

Pg = V + IL

31
10.3 LONG SHUNT COMPOUND WOUND DC GENERATOR

1. Shunt field current

𝑉
Ish = 𝑅
𝑠ℎ

2. Armature current, Ia = series field current

Isc = Ish + IL

3. Voltage across the load

V = Eg – IaRa - IscRsc = Eg – Ia (Ra + Rsc)

4. Power generated

Pg = Eg × Ia

5. Power Load

PL = V × IL

32
10.4 DC SERIES GENERATOR

1. Armature Current

Ia = Isc = IL = I

2. Terminal voltage

V = Eg – Ia(Ra+Rse)

3. Power generated

P g = Eg × I

4. Power delivered to the load

PL = V × I

5. EMF Induced

𝑃𝑍ɵ 𝑁
E= volts
60𝐴

33
10.5 SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR

1. Voltage drop in the armature

Ia × Ra

2. Armature current

IA = IL

3. Voltage across the load

V= IRA

4. Power Generated
P g = Eg × I

5. Power delivered to the external loads

PL = V × I

6. The generated EMF

EA = VT + IARA

34
10.6 EFFICIENCY OF DC GENERATOR

The efficiency of an electrical machine is the ratio of the output power to the input power
and is usually expressed as a percentage. The greek letter ‘ŋ’ (eta) is used to signify
efficiency has no units. Thus

𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
Efficiency, ŋ = ( 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 ) × 100%

If the total resistance of the armature circuit (include brush contact resistance) is Ra, then
the total loss in the armature circuit is Ia2Ra.

If the terminal voltage is V and the current in the shunt circuit is If, then the loss in the shunt
circuit is IfV

If the sum of iron, friction and windage losses is C then the total losses is given by:

Ia2Ra + IfV + C

(Ia2Ra + IfV is, in fact, the ‘copper lost’)

If the output current is I, then the output power is IV.

Total input power = IV + Ia2Ra + IfV + C , Hence

𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
Efficiency, ŋ = 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕

IV
ŋ = (IV + Ia2Ra + 𝐼 ) × 100%
𝑓V + C

The efficiency of a generator is a maximum when the load is such that;

Ia2Ra = IfV + C

When the variable loss = the constant loss

35
EXAMPLE 2: Ia

Terminal Voltage, V Field Winding External DC supply

Ra

Determine the terminal voltage of a generator which develops an e.m.f of 200V and has an armature
current of 30A on load. Assume the armature resistance is 0.30Ω.

ANSWER E2:

V = E – IaRa
= 200 – (30)(0.30)
= 200 – 9
= 191V

EXAMPLE 3:

A generator is connected to 60Ω load and a current of 8A flows. If the armature resistance is 1Ω
determine

a) The terminal voltage

b) The generated E.M.F

ANSWER E3:

Terminal voltage, V = IaRL Generated E.M.F, E = V + IaRa

= (8)(60) = 480 + (8)(1)
= 480V = 488V

36
EXAMPLE 4:

A separately excited DC Generator is connected to 50Ω load and a current 0f 8A flows. The
armature resistance is 0.8Ω and the excitor voltage is 240v. Calculate;

a. The terminal voltage

b. The generated e.m.f

ANSWER E4:

a. VT = IARL b. EA = VT + IARA
= (8)(50) = (400) + (8)(0.8)
= 400V = 406.4A

EXAMPLE 5:

A shunt generator supplies a 20kW load at 200V through cable of resistance, R = 100mΩ. If the
field winding resistance, Rf =50Ω and the armature resistance, Ra = 40mΩ, determine

a) The terminal voltage

b) The e.m.f generated in the armature

ANSWER E5:

37
 20 000 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 b) Armature current,Ia = If + I
a) Load current, I = 200 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑉
Field current, If = 𝑅
= 100A 𝑓
210
= 50
Volt drop in the cable to the load = IR
= (100)(100×10-3) = 4.2A
= 10V Ia = If + I
Terminal voltages, V = 200 + 10 = 4.2 + 100
= 210V = 104.2A
Generated e.m.f, E = V + IaRa

= 210+ (104.2)(40×10-3 )

= 210 + 4.168

= 214.17V

EXAMPLE 6:

A 10kW shunt generator having an armature circuit resistance of 0.75Ω and a field resistance of
125 Ω, generates a terminal voltages of 250V at full load. Determine the effiency of the generator
at full load, assuming the iron, friction and windage losses amount 600W.

ANSWER E6:

Output power = 10 000W = VI from which, IV

ŋ = (IV + Ia2R + 𝐼 ) × 100%
10 000 𝑓V + C
load current, I = 𝑉
10 000 10 000
= 250 = (10 000+ (422 )(0.75) +(2)(250) + 600 ) × 100%
= 40A 10 000
𝑉 = (12 423) × 100%
Field current, If = 𝑅
𝑓
250 = 80.50%
= 125
= 2A
Armature current, Ia = If + I
= 2 + 40
= 42A

38
11.0 CONCLUSION

As we know, generator is a machine that converts the mechanical energy of a power

machine into electrical energy. The generator is based on the principle of electromagnetic
induction discovered in 1831 by Michael Faraday. Faraday discovered that if an electric
conductor, like a copper wire, is moved through a magnetic field, electric current will flow
in the conductor. So the mechanical energy of the moving wire is converted into the electric
energy of the current that flows in the wire.To change the simple generator into a DC
generator, we have to do the following. First, the current must be made to move in only one
direction. Second, the current must be conducted from the rotating loop of wire.

DC generator are mainly three types which permanent magnet, separately excited
and self excited. According to field and armature connection, there can be firther classified
as DC series, shunt or compound generator respectively. In a DC generator, the coil through
which the current flows rotates in a fixed field. The overall design is very simple but
construction is a complex due commutators and slip rings. DC generator have commutator
to make the current in one direction only.

DC generator consists of stator and rotor. On the stator there is a permanent magnet
or wire windings that are charged with DC, forming electromagnets that replace permanent
magnets. The rotor also has windings that are powered by DC. The magnetic fields in DC
generators are most commonly provided by electromagnets. There are four internal losses
that contribute to lower efficiency of a DC generator. It is copper losses, eddy-current
losses, hysteresis losses and mechanical losses. Lastly. the invention of the DC generator
made our life easy.

39
12.0 REFERENCES

1) Bhattacharya S.K. (2008). Electrical Machines (Third Edition). New Delhi, India: Tata-
McGrew-Hill Publishing Company Limited.

2) Charles S. Siskind (1959). Electrical Machines Direct and Alternative Current. Second
Edition. United State:McGraw-Hill Book Company.

3) Jadric, I., Borojevic, D., & Jadric, M. (2000). Modeling and control of a synchronous
generator with an active DC load. IEEE transactions on Power Electronics, 15(2), 303-311

4) Lin, T. T. (1999). U.S. Patent No. 5,977,684. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark
Office.

5) Michaelis R., Mutti R., Overmyer J. & Taylor O. (2006). All About Motor. United State:
NJATC.

6) Rozman, G. I., Markunas, A. L., Cook, A., & Nguyen, V. (1996). U.S. Patent No.
5,581,168. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

7) Say M. & Taylor E., O. (2001). Direct Current Machine. Second Edition. Edinburgh :
Heriot-Watt University.

8) Wang, Y., Deng, Z., & Wang, X. (2012). A parallel hybrid excitation flux-switching
generator DC power system based on direct torque linear control. IEEE Transactions on
Energy Conversion, 27(2), 308-317.

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