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Nutrient Composition of Peanut Meal

Article  in  The Journal of Applied Poultry Research · June 2005

DOI: 10.1093/japr/14.2.254

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2005 Poultry Science Association, Inc.

Nutrient Composition of Peanut Meal

A. Batal,* N. Dale,* and M. Café†

*Department of Poultry Science, Poultry Science Building, University of Georgia,

Athens, Georgia 30602-2772; and †Department of Animal Science,
School of Veterinary, University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil 74001-970

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Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Researchers, Quality Control Personnel

SUMMARY
Solvent-extracted peanut meal is receiving increased attention as a feed ingredient for poultry.
Due to limited availability, levels of inclusion in US broiler diets are generally from 3 to 4%.
Because the origin of nutrient values for peanut meal reported in standard tables of nutrient
composition is unclear, a study was undertaken to document the nutrient composition of peanut
meal samples currently available to the poultry industry. Seventeen samples of peanut meal were
obtained during 2003 from commercial sources in the southeastern United States. Each sample
was analyzed for proximate composition, TMEn, and mineral composition. Seven representative
samples were analyzed for total and available amino acid contents. All values were adjusted to a
90% dry matter basis, this being representative of the meals evaluated in this study. Although
considerable variation was noted between sources, a reasonable consistency was observed among
samples from each of the 5 suppliers, presumably reflecting modest differences in processing
procedure.
Nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy ranged from 2,273 to 3,009 kcal/kg with a mean of
2,664 kcal/kg, whereas CP ranged from 40.1 to 50.9% with a mean of 45.6%. Mean values for
fat, fiber, and ash were 2.5, 8.3, and 5.0%, respectively. Total concentration and percentage
availability, respectively, of several critical amino acids were: lysine, 1.54% (85); methionine, 0.52%
(87); cystine, 0.64% (78); threonine, 1.17% (81); and arginine, 5.04% (90). Average levels of
calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium were 0.08, 0.57, 0.01, and 1.22%, respectively. The
variation observed among samples strongly indicates that confirmatory analyses should be
conducted prior to use of samples from a new supplier.

Key words: nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy, amino acid digestibility, peanut meal,
crude protein
2005 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 14:254–257

DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM acceptable for human food products. Such pea-

nuts may be discolored, shriveled, or simply
Peanut meal is the high-protein solid resi- broken. The very high oil content of peanuts
due obtained from the extraction of oil from (35 to 40%) necessitates removal of part of the
whole or broken peanuts. Peanuts not suitable oil from the seed (prepressing) prior to solvent
for human consumption are obtained from 2 extraction. In addition, small amounts of hull
product streams: farmer stock refers to peanuts are frequently added to peanut meals to provide
arriving at the oil extraction facility still in the texture needed for efficient oil extraction.
the shells, and oil stock is shelled peanuts not Prepress solvent peanut meal is the type that

1
To whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected].
BATAL ET AL.: COMPOSITION OF PEANUT MEAL 255

TABLE 1. Proximate composition and TMEn of peanut meal (90% DM basis)

Sample TMEn1 CP Crude fat Crude fiber Ash

(kcal/kg) (%)
1 2761 46.8 2.58 5.77 4.92
2 2765 48.2 1.50 6.89 5.13
3 2716 47.9 1.43 6.88 5.03
4 2627 46.0 2.46 11.00 4.85
5 2677 40.1 5.97 10.80 5.31
6 2838 45.6 1.99 9.25 4.82

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7 2621 44.9 2.78 7.80 4.65
8 2386 44.0 1.79 12.60 4.84
9 2502 42.7 2.57 10.50 4.82
10 2654 41.0 5.35 10.50 5.30
11 2710 44.5 2.37 7.27 5.05
12 3009 45.7 1.82 6.87 5.09
13 2273 46.4 1.02 8.53 4.49
14 2842 46.5 5.41 6.21 7.01
15 2644 49.4 0.80 6.73 4.31
16 2629 50.9 0.68 6.56 4.44
17 2638 45.3 1.49 6.98 5.20
Average2 2,664 ± 171 45.6 ± 2.8 2.47 ± 2.47 8.30 ± 2.05 5.02 ± 0.59
Low High3 2,273 – 3,009 40.1 – 50.9 0.68 – 5.97 5.77 – 12.60 4.31 – 7.01
1
Determined with 10 conventional Single Comb White Leghorn roosters per sample.
2
The average ± SD of 17 peanut meal samples.
3
The low and high values observed in 17 peanut meal samples.

has become increasingly available to the feed MATERIALS AND METHODS

industry.
In contrast to soybean meal, peanut meal Seventeen commercially produced, pre-
is low in lysine but is an excellent source of press, solvent-extracted peanut meals were ob-
arginine [1]. Zhang and Parsons [2] demon- tained from 5 suppliers during 2003. Each sam-
strated that overheating of peanut meal reduces ple was evaluated for proximate composition
amino acid availability (especially lysine),
[5], TMEn [6, 7, 8], and mineral composition
which can be quantified using the protein solu-
[9]. Seven samples from 4 suppliers were eval-
bility in KOH assay. Because standard tables
uated for amino acid composition and avail-
of nutrient composition [1, 3, 4] do not specify
the number or origin of samples contributing ability [10, 11]. The data were analyzed using
to values contained therein, the nutrient compo- the general linear models procedures of SAS
sition of peanut meals currently available to the [12] to determine the minimum, maximum, and
poultry industry is inadequately documented. It standard deviations of the samples. Correlation
was the purpose of this study to evaluate a and regression analyses were also applied with
representative sampling of peanut meals for the general linear model procedure of SAS [12]
those parameters of most interest to poultry to determine the chemical components that best
industry nutritionists. predicted the TMEn of peanut meal.

TABLE 2. Prediction equations for TMEn of peanut meal based on 1, 2, or 3 variables (90% DM basis)

Variables
(n) Variable1 Prediction equation R2 CV (%)

1 Fiber TMEn = 3007 – 41.1 (fiber) 0.25 5.75

2 Fiber, fat TMEn = 2985 + 42.0 (fat) – 52.1 (fiber) 0.39 5.36
3 Fiber, fat, ash TMEn = 2728 + 27.5 (fat) – 45.7 (fiber) + 49.5 (ash) 0.40 5.51
1
Variable(s) that lead to prediction equations with the highest R2 values were selected.
256 JAPR: Research Report

TABLE 3. Total and digestible amino acid composition (%) of peanut meal (90% DM basis)

Average1 Low2 High2

Amino acid Concentration Digestibility3 Concentration Digestibility3 Concentration Digestibility3

Aspartic acid 4.96 ± 0.39 89.6 ± 1.7 4.23 86.2 5.30 91.1
Threonine 1.17 ± 0.08 81.0 ± 2.8 1.05 76.0 1.26 83.7
Serine 1.71 ± 0.19 83.7 ± 3.0 1.49 77.8 2.07 86.8
Glutamic acid 8.36 ± 0.73 92.2 ± 1.6 6.96 89.0 9.08 93.4
Proline 1.96 ± 0.18 88.3 ± 3.0 1.72 84.8 2.29 94.5
± ±

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Alanine 1.76 0.13 85.6 3.0 1.52 79.5 1.89 88.0
Cysteine 0.64 ± 0.07 78.3 ± 4.7 0.51 69.0 0.71 83.6
Valine 1.87 ± 0.13 87.2 ± 2.3 1.65 82.8 2.00 89.6
Methionine 0.52 ± 0.04 86.7 ± 3.2 0.45 80.1 0.56 89.9
Isoleucine 1.54 ± 0.12 87.9 ± 2.3 1.39 83.6 1.68 90.0
Leucine 2.89 ± 0.21 89.6 ± 2.1 2.55 85.6 3.13 91.5
Tyrosine 1.64 ± 0.18 91.7 ± 1.5 1.46 88.6 1.88 92.8
Phenylalanine 2.27 ± 0.20 93.1 ± 1.7 1.96 89.3 2.48 94.2
Histidine 1.10 ± 0.09 87.9 ± 1.9 0.97 84.1 1.19 90.0
Lysine 1.54 ± 0.12 84.6 ± 2.7 1.36 79.8 1.67 86.9
Arginine 5.04 ± 0.38 89.8 ± 3.5 4.49 83.7 5.39 94.1
Tryptophan 0.45 ± 0.03 93.1 ± 0.7 0.39 92.1 0.50 94.3
1
The average ± SD amino acid level observed in 7 peanut meal samples.
2
The low and high amino acids levels observed in 7 peanut meal samples.
3
Determined with 5 cecectomized Single Comb White Leghorn roosters per sample.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION relatively constant. In contrast to the lower val-

ues for CP, samples evaluated in this study had
Proximate composition and TMEn of all a substantially higher TMEn than reported by
samples are presented in Table 1. For consis- the NRC [1] (2,664 vs. 2,408 kcal/kg at 90%
tency, all values have been adjusted to a 90% DM). Most standard published tables of nutri-
DM basis. Crude protein values were found to ent composition [1, 3] underestimate the energy
range between 40.1 to 50.9% with an average value of peanut meal by as much as 25%. Equa-
of 45.6%. This was markedly lower than the tions to estimate TMEn on the basis of proxi-
CP value of 50.7% reported by the NRC [1]. mate composition were developed based on 1,
However, it must be noted that the average 2, or 3 variables (Table 2). The best single
CP content was influenced by several values indicator of TMEn was fiber (R2 = 0.25). The
between 40 and 41% from a single supplier, inclusion of a second or third variable (fat or
whereas another source had consistently higher fat and ash) improved the accuracy of the TMEn
values. Substantial differences in fat and fiber prediction equation (R2 = 0.39 and 0.40, respec-
were noted among samples, whereas ash was tively). However, the relatively low R2 ob-

TABLE 4. Mineral composition of peanut meal (90% DM basis)

Item Phosphorus Potassium Calcium Magnesium

(%)
Average1 0.57 ± 0.06 1.22 ± 0.12 0.08 ± 0.02 0.31 ± 0.04
Low to high2 0.48 – 0.65 1.00 – 1.44 0.05 – 0.11 0.25 – 0.38

Item Sodium Iron Aluminum Copper Zinc Manganese

(ppm)
Average1 117 ± 54 542 ± 465.4 423 ± 348 12 ± 2 56 ± 6 33 ± 5
Low to high2 51 – 247 150 – 1787 165 – 1571 9 – 16 46 – 67 26 – 42
Average ± SD of 17 peanut meal samples.
1
2
The low and high mineral levels observed in 17 peanut meal samples.
 BATAL ET AL.: COMPOSITION OF PEANUT MEAL 257

tained for all the prediction equations suggest of calcium found in current samples was ap-
a limited benefit of these prediction equations. proximately half that reported by NRC [1]. Ex-
In spite of the somewhat lower CP content tremely wide ranges in composition were noted
in the current set of samples, levels of critical for iron and aluminum.
amino acids were remarkably similar to those No effort was made to quantify degree of
reported by the NRC [1]. The average, low, and processing of peanut meals, as this ingredient
high amino acid concentrations are presented in does not require the degree of heating needed
Table 3. Very good agreement was noted with soybean meal to destroy antinutritional
factors. For peanut meal, it is presumed the
among the average amino acid availabilities of

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principal criterion is solvent recovery. None of
the 7 samples assayed in this study and those
the samples tested in this study were noticeably
reported by the NRC [1] and Green et al. [13]. darker than any of the others, suggesting that
The average and range of mineral contents overprocessing is not a serious problem at the
of peanut meals is presented in Table 4. Very present time. No attempt was made to deter-
good agreement with the NRC [1] was noted for mine the aflatoxin in the test samples, as com-
phosphorus and potassium, whereas average monly encountered levels would not be ex-
values for most other minerals were generally pected to affect parameters included in this
in reasonable agreement. By contrast, the level study.

CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS

1. Currently available peanut meal generally has lower CP than reported by the NRC, although
considerable variation was noted among suppliers.
2. The digestibility of amino acids in currently available peanut meal is very similar to that reported
by the NRC.
3. The TMEn value of currently available peanut meal is higher (2,664 kcal/kg) than reported by
the NRC.

REFERENCES AND NOTES

1. National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of 9. Maxfield, R., and B. Mindak. 1985. EPA Method study 27.
Poultry. 9th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC. Method 200.7. EPA-600/85/05. National Technical Information Ser-
vice, Springfield, VA.
2. Zhang , Y., and C. M. Parsons. 1996. Effects of overprocess-
ing on the nutritional quality of peanut meal. Poult. Sci. 75:514–518. 10. Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, Univ. of Mis-
souri, Columbia, MO. Determination of amino acids was conducted
3. Dale, N., and A. Batal. 2003. Ingredient analysis table: 2003– using an HPLC procedure with a Beckman 6300 analyzer (Beckman
2004 edition. Feedstuffs 75(38):16–17. Coulter, Inc., Fullerton, CA) with an ion exchange column.
4. Rostagno, H. S. 2000. Tabelas Brasileiras Para Aves e Su- 11. Parsons, C. M., F. Castanon, and Y. Hen. 1997. Protein and
inos-Composicao de Alimentos e Exigencias Nutricionais. Imprensa amino acid quality of meat and bone meal. Poult. Sci. 76:361–368.
Universitaria, Vicosa, Brazil.
12. SAS Institute Inc., 1990. SAS STAT User’s Guide. Release
5. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1980. Official 6.08. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
Methods of Analysis. 13th ed. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., Washing-
13. Green, S., S. L. Bertrand, M. J. C. Duron, and R. Maillard.
ton, DC.
1987. Digestibilities of amino acids in soyabean, sunflower and
6. Sibbald, I. R. 1976. A bioassay for true metabolizable energy groundnut meals, determined with intact and caecectomized cocker-
of feedingstuffs. Poult. Sci. 55:303–308. els. Br. Poult. Sci. 28:643–652.

7. Dale, N. M., and H. L. Fuller. 1984. Correlation of protein

content of feedstuffs with the magnitude of nitrogen correction in Acknowledgments
true metabolizable energy determinations. Poult. Sci. 63:1008–1012.
This study was supported by a grant from the Georgia Commodity
8. AgriServices Laboratory, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA. Commission on Peanuts, Tifton, GA.

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