INQUIRY- defined as “a seeking for truth, information or knowledge.

The information is sought through

questioning.
The exploratory nature of inquiry allows individuals particularly students to grapple with different ways
of looking at ideas and issues and to think creatively about problems that do not possess simple answer.
WHAT IS RESEARCH?

THE WORD RESEARCH IS DERIVED FROM THE OLD FRENCH WORD CERCHIER, WHICH MEANS TO “SEEK
OR SEARCH.” “SEARCH” MEANING TO INVESTIGATE. THE PREFIX “RE” MEANS “AGAIN” AND SIGNIFIES
OF THE SEARCH. LITERALLY, RESEARCH MEANS TO “INVESTIGATE AGAIN”.
Is defined as careful, systematic study in the field of knowledge, undertaken to discover or establish facts
or principles (Webster, 1984).
Defined as a scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, analysis and interpretation
of facts (Calmorin, 2004).
Implications to Educational Research:
• A Picture of Relativism and Tolerance
• In turn, each individual creates his/her own version of reality from experience and
perspective.
• Therefore, research provides a solid foundation for the discovery and creation of
knowledge.
• Warning: Limited touch of truth turn into overreaching misinterpretations and
misjudgments.
• Synthesis: Open our eyes wider and seek every opportunity to discover/experience the
totality.
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
1. Concern for context and meaning

• Human experience
2. Naturally occurring settings
• Behavior as it happens naturally in a school, classroom, community or organization
3. Humans as Instruments
• Only human being can do the field work methods
• Ethics and Research

ETHICS- Norms of conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.

• Research Ethics:

• 1. A research project needs to be designed to create valid outcomes if it is believed to be

pursuing truth.

• 2. Researchers have a duty to ensure that they do not deliberately mislead participants as to the
nature of the research.

• 3. Researchers have a duty to avoid causing both physical and psychological difficulties to
participants.

• 4. Researchers are ethically bound to maintain the privacy of participants and confidentiality for
any information they give and anonymity for their identity.
 • 5. Society trusts that the results of research reflect an honest attempt to describe the world
accurately and without bias.

Synthesis: It is the researcher’s ethical responsibility not to harm the human participants.

Some Ethical Principles

1.Honesty

2.Objectivity

3.Integrity

4.Carefulness

5. Openness

6. Respect for Intellectual Property

7. Confidentiality

8. Responsible publication

9. Respect for colleagues

10. Social Responsibility

11. Non-discrimination

12. Competence

13. Legality

Ethical Challenge: Conflict of interest between the researcher and the what is being researched on.
Ethical Issues:
1. The researcher may uncover or get hold of practices that may not be acceptable.
2. The issues of anonymity and confidentiality.
3. The researcher is expected to give back to the participants of the research and to show
appreciation for their commitment of time, effort and cooperation.
4. The researcher writes a letter and seeks to be allowed to conduct a study.
Be critical and ethical!
Be aware of the DepEd Research Guiding Principles
GUIDING PRINCIPLES
In the conduct of research
EXCELLENCE
• Relevant and researchable
• Appropriate research methods
• Logical, coherent, and evidence-based findings
INTEGRITY
• High ethical standards
• Honest and accurate in the collection, analysis, and reporting of data
OPENNESS
• Collaborative research work
• Multi-disciplinary perspectives
• Truthful and timely dissemination of research results

WHAT DOES THIS ILLUSTRATION SIGNIFY ABOUT RESEARCH?

The Research Process

Conceptualization
Conceptualization
Phase Phase
1. 1.Topic/Problem
Topic/ProblemIdentification
Identification
2. Review of Literature
2. Review of Literature
3. Hypotheses/Proposition
3. Hypotheses/Proposition Development
Development
4. 4. Framework
Framework Development
Development
5. Objective Formulation
5. Objective Formulation

Dissemination Phase Design Phase

10. Communicating and 6. Research Plan Formulation
Utilizing the Findings
 Analytical Phase
8. Data Analysis & Empirical Phase
Interpretation 7. Data Gathering/Collection
9. Conclusion

Define the
Review the Formulate Design
research
literature hypothesis research
problem

Interpret and Analyze Collect

Report Data
Data

THINGS TO CONSIDER IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH

1. KNOWLEDGE
2. TIME
3. AFFORDABILITY- time, money and efforts are to be considered.
4. ACCESSIBILITY- the possibility of resources such as respondents, ways of gathering data,
location etc.
5. APPLICABILITY- whether the results of the research can be used to solve a problem or
not.
6. NOVELTY- whether the topic is new or outdated which is related to relevance to one’s
life or not.

Writing activity: #1 On one whole sheet of paper, answer the above-mentioned question

WHAT DOES THIS ILLUSTRATION SIGNIFY ABOUT RESEARCH?

The Research Process
This is the format: short bond, times new roman, 1.5. line spacing, 2.0 between paragraphs,
margin should be 1.5 left, 1’ for the right, 1 for above and bottom., indention for every
change of idea in the body.

I. Introduction – can be a question, a declarative sentence, a definition, a

quotation, an analogy, etc.
II. Body- can be composed of more than one indentions.
III. Closing – can be a summary, a generalization, a question, a challenge to action, a
quotation, etc.
APPROACHES TO RESEARCH

QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
APPROACH APPROACH

QUANTITATIVE APPROACH

THE INVESTIGATOR PRIMARILY USES QUANTIFIABLE CLAIMS FOR DEVELOPING KNOWLEDGE (e.g.,
cause and effect thinking, reduction to specific variables and hypotheses and questions, use of
measurement and observation, and the test of theories), EMPLOYS STRATEGIES OF INQUIRY
SUCH AS EXPERIMENTS AND SURVEY, AND COLLECTS DATA ON PREDETERMINED INSTRUMENTS
THAT YIELD STATISTICAL DATA.

based on numbers and mathematical calculations

QUALITATIVE APPROACH
One in which the inquirer often makes knowledge claims based primarily on constructivist
perspectives (i.e., the multiple meanings of individual experiences, meanings socially and
historically constructed, with an intent of developing theory or pattern) or
advocacy/participatory perspectives. It also uses strategies of inquiry such as narratives,
phenomenology, ethnographies, grounded theory studies, or case studies. THE RESEARCHER
COLLECTS OPEN-ENDED, EMERGING DATA WITH THE PRIMARY INTENT OF DEVELOPING
THEMES FROM THE DATA.
 based on written or spoken narratives
Comparison chart

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE

Purpose The purpose is to explain and The purpose is to explain, predict, and/or
control phenomena through focused
gain insight and understanding of phenomena collection of numerical data.
through intensive collection of narrative data.

Smaller and not randomly selected larger and randomly selected

Sampling: Purposive: Intent to select “small Random: intent to select large representative
Not necessarily representative sample in order sample in order to generalize results to a po-

To get in-depth understanding. pulation.

Study of the whole not variables. Specific variables studied

Qualitative data such as open-ended Quantitative data based on precise measurements

responses, interviews, participant using structured and validated data collection

observations, field notes, reflections instruments.

FORMS OF DATA COLLECTED

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Data Analysis Data Analysis
Raw data are in words essentially on-going
Raw data are numbers, performed at the end of
It involves using the observations, comments study. It involves statistics using numbers to
to come to a conclusion. come to a conclusion.
Identify patterns, features, themes Identify statistical relationships
Approach to inquiry
subjective, holistic, process- oriented Objective, focused, outcome- oriented
Research Setting
Controlled setting not as important Controlled to the degree possible
Measurement
Non-standardized, narrative (written word) standardized, numerical (measurements,
numbers)
Design and method Structured, inflexible, specified in detail in advance
Flexible, specified only in general terms in advance of study

Non-intervention, minimal disturbance Intervention, manipulation and control of

All Descriptive History, Biography, Ethnography, Descriptive, Correlation Causal-Comparative
Phenomenology, Grounded Theory, Case Study,
Consider many variables, small group Experimental. Consider few variables, large
 group

Researcher and their biases may be known to Researcher and their biases are not known to
participants in the study, participant characteristics participants in the study, participants
may be known to the researcher. characteristics are deliberately hidden from the
researcher

Scientific method Confirmatory or top-down: the researcher tests

Exploratory or bottom-up: the researcher generates the hypothesis and theory with the data
a new hypothesis and theory from the data
collected
Nature of observation
Study behavior in a natural environment
Narrative report with contextual description & Study behavior under controlled conditions:
direct quotations from research participants isolate causal effects
Final Report
Narrative report with contextual description Statistical report with correlations,
& direct quotations from research participants comparisons of means, & statistical
significance of findings

What is qualitative Research?

• As an inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem based on building a
complex holistic picture formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants and
conducted in a natural setting (Cresswell, 1994).

• Qualitative researchers are interested in understanding the meaning people

have constructed, that is, how people make sense of their world and the
experiences they have in the world. (Merriam, 2009. )
Synthesis: Is interpretive, follows a non-linear research path and speaks a language of “cases and
contexts.” Cases that arise from daily life are closely examined.

Qualitative Research Methods

1. Participant Observation- Immersion in the natural setting. 3. In- depth interviewing- large amount

2. Observation- systematic noting or recording of events. Of data are gathered quickly and
immediate follow-up and clarifications are made possible.
Immediate follow-up and clarifications.

Individual Activity:
Think of a research Problem by citing a situation that poses a problem because of a certain cause.
Example: deep holes on road entrances that pose accidents because the driver’s focus is on two things:
How to pass safely and how to manage driving without getting damage of his car’s accessories.
 In this situation, you are citing a cause to a problem and that is the deep holes or rough roads. In the
same way you are already stating the anticipated problem and that is vehicular accidents because of the
difficulty that the driver might experience in driving.
Now, look around you or imagine the school campus, imagine your community where you live and the
routinary situations that might create problem. They are too many if you would just let you mind travel,
and imagine.
Situation:

Now, after writing your chosen situation, formulate research title. Remember that the research title
should consist of a cause/ or a problem and the corresponding effects. Let’s go back with the example
research problem. So if you are to think of a research title, what would it be?

Research title: Severe Street Holes and the Safety Risks for the Motorist and Passengers.
Analyze the title: What word or phrase refers to a cause? What word or phrase refers to an
effect? So there you are! In formulating a title, be brief.

Name ___________________________ Section _______ DATE _____

I. Read carefully each situation and write the ethical principle that corresponds
to your answer BEFORE EACH NUMBER.
1. The researcher does not hide any fact that will distort the validity of his findings.
2. He should accept some suggestions and at the same time consider all data valuable for
his study.
3. After his study, he is expected to share his findings to everyone who will need it
especially to those who contributed to his research.
4. Taking extra precautions in citing sources and facts is a must to every researcher.
5. A researcher /writer should not submit his piece of work to two or more publications.
6. The researcher’s opinions are not counted in his collection of data. All factual data are
needed not his opinions.
7. Keeping harmful information is hereby practiced by the researcher as to protect his
participants.
8. The researcher should possess trustworthiness, sincerity and credibility.
9. He does not select participants based on his own judgment but based on the necessity
or nature of his study.
10. He does not cite any information or facts without due acknowledgment of the source.
II. Identify each topic or purpose of the research as to quantitative or qualitative.
Read carefully the characteristics of the two approaches in your handouts for
guidance/ reference.
1. abortion and its effects on the victims
2. environmental concerns
3. the percentage of working students among the ABM TRACK
4. Which prime time show of ABS/CBN and GMA is presently the highest rating
among televiewers?
5. What factors contribute to the maximum productivity of the company workers and
how do they relate with their performances?
6. What difficulties in writing do TVL students have?
 7. Number of Licensure examination passers among Mechanical Engineering graduates in
BPSU from its beginning up to present.
8. What are the characteristics of an effective teacher and how each quality contributes to
his competence?
9. Language of the Gays
10. Why are women not the weaker sex?

III. Analyze each quality of research and identify as to qualitative or quantitative.

1. Students are randomly selected.

2. Questions in survey questionnaires give freedom to the respondents to elaborate.
3. intent to select large representative sample in order to generalize results to a po-
pulation.
4. Raw data are in words essentially on going.
5. Study of the whole area of knowledge and not on specific variable or factor.
6. It deals on human problem based on building a complex holistic picture formed with
words.
7. The researcher mingles and lives with the participants to get accurate data.
8. The purpose is to explain, predict, and/or control phenomena through focused
collection of numerical data.
9. Data are based on precise measurements. Using structured and validated data
collection.
10. The purpose is to explain and gain insight and understanding of phenomena through
intensive collection of narrative data.

IV. Think and write a specific title for each topic. Please make it research-like by
using formal words. (10 pts.)

1. Students with writing anxiety Ex: Writing anxiety of Grade 11 students at BNHS-SHS
2. Cyber bullying
3. Modern courtship (FB, ETC.)
4. The youth’s over indulgence to gadgets.
5. DEPED’S MEMORANDUM on giving honors to the students. ( Getting 90 and above)

Space for your answers:

Practice:
I. Write a hypothesis for each topic. Remember the hypothesis exhibits the two variables
(factors) in which one the independent variable affects the other, the dependent variable,
which depends on the independent variable. Use the following expressions and add or
delete necessary or unnecessary words.

Example: Reading habits and writing proficiency of GAS-1 STUDENTS OF BNHS.

HYPOTHESIS: Reading habits affects the writing abilities of GAS-1 STUDENTS OF BNHS.
Independent variable dependent variable
You can use these other expressions:

CAUSE/S LEADS TO + DEFINITE EFFECT

CAUSE/S RESULTS IN

Name __________________ Section ______ Date _____ Score______

40
I For each situation below, construct a research title/problem. Be aware on the cause effect
relationship that should be present in each title. Titles are written as phrases, not sentences.
1. Unlighted streets in San Jose, Balanga City.
2. Frequent absences of a teacher in classroom learning.
3. Cramming During Examination Days
4. Too much Extra- curricular activities of students
5. Principal’s hands-on supervision among the school activities and co- related tasks.
6. Family expenses exceeding the family income
7. Too much allowances of a student
8. Single mothers rearing three male kids
9. Too much dependence on anti-biotics
10. Tactless comments on facebook

There are none yet effects on the above-written topics. You have to choose from inside the box on page
2. That’s how titles are formulated.
Example: Situation/Problem : Improper disposal of garbage in Sitio Mathay, Upper Tuyo Balanga
City

Research Title: Improper Disposal of Garbage in Sitio Mathay, Upper Tuyo, Balanga City
And Health Problems Among Kids and Infants
Reminders: 1. The beginning letter of each word in the title should be capitalized.
2. The proposed effect should not abrupt but should be realistic.
Example: Cyber bullying causes suicidal tendencies
It should be:
Cyber bullying affects the victim’s psychological being.
3. Provide for the specific group of respondents or delimitation of your subject, as well as
place.
4. Use research sounding words or vocabulary. Write motivation instead of inner drive or
likes, or determination, use achievement instead of success, illness instead of sickness, Difficulties
instead of weakness, enhances instead of develops, facilitates, instead of made easy, leads to
instead of results in, improves or diminishes (as the case maybe) rather than can affect which is
not so certain if positive or negative.
5. Make it direct to the point and not too long. Words should be written concisely
Example: Improper Disposal of Garbage in Sitio Mathay, Upper Tuyo, Balanga City
Title: Improper Disposal of Garbage in Sitio Mathay, Upper Tuyo, Balanga City
and the Diseases Children Acquire
For the phrase and the Diseases Children Acquire,
it should be better this way”
and Health Problems Among Children

I. Write your answers here for TEST I. Possible answers for effects are given below. You have
to analyze to which topic each one fits and match them by writing a hypothesis.
financial constraints, accumulation of several bashers, indulgence to destructive vices,
poor academic success, low examination results, emotional vacuum on the children,
damage of internal organs, impressive school achievement, vehicular accidents,
students’ deprivation of academic knowledge

1.
II. Formulate hypothesis using the research title you have formed IN TEST I. (2pts.each)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.
10.
Name__________________ Section ____ Date _____ SCORE ____
40
I. Given the topic, formulate a research title. Remember the cause /effect relationship
embedded in a research title. (20 pts.) Mention specific group of people and the place the
study will be conducted.
1. Inconducive classroom

2. Unsanitary Restrooms in Senior High School

3. Traditional courtship Among Filipinos

4. Sari- Sari Stores in Sta. Monica ,Balanga City

5. Reputable Institutions for OJT of the Students

6. Business Sites in Balanga City

7. Increasing number of Meat shops in Balanga, City

8. Residents’ work/profession in a barangay

9. Single parent upbringing

10. Working wives

 II. Formulate hypothesis for each problem you constructed. Use leads to, relates to, correlates
with, produces, enhances, hampers, blocks, affects, influences, improves, etc . Remember to
use them appropriately. (Hypothesis are written in sentences)

REMINDERS:
Motivates, Facilitates, Influences/Affects are used when the effect mentioned in the title is
too broad as in; but there are cases that they can also be used for specific effect.
Bullying affects the psychological being of the victim. ( psychological being- broad
effect)
Meat shops affect the profits of the market vendors. ( profits—specific)
Power point presentation motivates/ facilitates one’s learning.
Reduces , improves, diminishes are used when the stated effect is too specific.
Bullying reduces self- confidence of the victims.
Bullying diminishes one’s self-esteem.
Dialogue journals improves writing efficiency.

III.Choose one title and construct questions related to it. These questions should be giving answers/data
that you need for analysis and interpretation.