PHYSICAL SCIENCE WORKSHEETS

CLASS - X

LEVEL-1
1) Readiness Programme
AND

LEVEL-2
2) Academic Year 2020-21
CHAPTER – I : REFLECTION OF LIGHT AT
CURVED SURFACES

CHAPTER – II: CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH & TRAINING,

TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
 Acknowledgement

The State Council of Educational Research and Training, Telangana

extends its gratitude to Smt. P. Sabitha Indrareddy, Hon’ble Minister of
Education, Smt. Chitra Ramachandran, Spl. Chief Secretary to Education,
Ms. A. Sridevasena, Director of School Education for their inspiration and
guidance in the development of Worksheets for all subjects for Classes II to
X to reach out to the children during the lockdown.

Further, SCERT, Telangana expresses heartfelt thanks to Subject

Experts, Editorial Team and DTP operators for their commendable work in
designing the worksheets using online platforms and social media groups
for discussions while developing the material.

August, 2020 B. Seshu Kumari

Hyderabad. Director, SCERT
 DEVELOPMENT TEAM

Chairperson :
Smt. B. Seshu Kumari, Director, SCERT, TS, Hyderabad.

Subject In-charge :
Sri. Y. Venkat Reddy, ZPHS Chivemmla, Suryapet
Members :
Sri. C. V. Hariskrishna, SA, ZPHS Thupranpet, Yadadri Bhongir.
Sri. D. Madhusudhan Reddy, SA, ZPHS, Kodad, Suryapet
Sri. K. Satya Prasad SA, ZPHS, Kapugallu, Suryapet
Sri. Sk. Jaffer SA, ZPHS, Munagala, Suryapet
Sri. Khadar Pasha SA, ZPHS, Acharyalagudem, Suryapet
Sri. K. Rambupal Reddy, SA, ZPHS, Pedakaparthy, Nalgonda
Sri. S.S.U.M. Sharma, SA, ZPSS, Jaggaiahpet, Jayashanker Bhupalpally
Sri. A. Laxminadam, SA, ZPHS, Indalwai, Nizamabad
Sri. Ch. Bharani Kumar, SA, ZPHS, Addagudur, Yadadri Bhongiri.
Smt. Farida, PGT, TSMS, Palamakula, Ranga Reddy.
Coordinators :
Smt. Tahaseen Sultana, Professor and Head, C&T Department, SCERT, TS.
Smt. A. Uma Rani, Science Supervisor, Department of Mathematics and Science,
SCERT.

Editors :
Dr. Koya Venkateshwar Rao, Rtd., Reader in Chemistry, New Science College,
Saifabad, Hyderabad..
Smt. Vasavi Repudi, Language Editor, SCERT, TS

Technical Support :
Sri. A. Srinivas, PET, ZPHS Pillalamarri, Suryapet.
Smt. S. Soundarya, DTP Operator, SCERT, TS.
 PHYSICAL SCIENCE (EM) - CLASS X
(Class IX Basics)
Level -1

INDEX

Sl.No. Name of the chapter Name of the topic Page

number
Refraction of Light at Plane
1 Refraction of Light at Curved Surfaces 1-4
Surfaces
Refraction of Light at Plane Refractive Index, Relative Refractive
2 5-7
Surfaces Index
Refraction of Light at Plane
3 Snell’s Law 8-11
Surfaces
Refraction of Light at Plane
4 Total Internal Reflection, Mirages 12-18
Surfaces
Atoms, Molecules and Atoms, Molecules and Law of
5 19-21
Chemical Reactions Conservation of Mass
Atoms, Molecules and
6 Atomicity, Valency and Ions 22-24
Chemical Reactions
Atoms, Molecules and Atomic Mass, Molecules and Chemical
7 25-28
Chemical Reactions Formulae
Atoms, Molecules and Molecular Mass, Formula Unit Mass
8 29-32
Chemical Reactions and Molar Mass
Atoms, Molecules and
9 Types Chemical Reactions 33-37
Chemical Reactions
Atoms, Molecules and
10 Oxidation and Reduction 38-40
Chemical Reactions
11 What is Inside Atom? Sub Atomic Particles 41-43

12 What is Inside Atom? Thomson Model of Atom 44-46

13 What is Inside Atom? Rutherford Nuclear Model of an Atom 47-49

14 What is Inside Atom? Bohr’s Model of Atomic Structure 50-52

15 What is Inside Atom? Distribution of Electrons in Shells 53-55

16 What is Inside Atom? Valency 56-59

Atomic Number, Atomic Mass Number
17 What is Inside atom? 60-65
and Symbols of Elements
 PHYSICAL SCIENCE (EM) - CLASS X

LEVEL - 2

INDEX

Sl. Page
Name of the chapter Name of the topic
No. number
1. Concave, Convex mirrors vocabularies 1-3
2. Concave, Convex mirrors vocabularies 4-6
3. Properties of Concave Mirror 7-9
4. Fundamental Principles of Ray Diagrams 10-12
Reflection of Light at Curved
I 5. Verifying activity by Ray diagrams 13-15
Surfaces
6. Properties of Convex Mirror 16-18
7. Mirror Formula and Sign Convention 19-21
8. Magnification 22-25
9. Solar Cooker 26-27
10. Physical and Chemical change 28-31
11. Word and Chemical Equations 32-34
12. Balanced Chemical Equations, Law of
35-38
conservation of mass, Formula Unit
II Chemical Equations
13. Balancing a Chemical Equations –
39-42
Practice
14. Chemical Equations - Additional
43-46
Information
 LEVEL-2

Academic Year 2020-21

CHAPTER–I : REFLECTION OF LIGHT AT
CURVED SURFACES

CHAPTER–II : CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
ACADEMIC YEAR : 2020 – 21, LEVEL - 2
CLASS: X MEDIUM :English SUBJECT : Physical Sciences
CHAPTER : Reflection of light at curved surfaces
TOPIC / CONCEPT : Concave,Convex mirrors Vocabularies WORKSHEET NO : 01

Key Words: Concave mirror, convex mirror, Pole, Center of curvature, radius of curvature,
principal axis

Learning outcomes:

 Children can explain in their own words why we call concave mirrors and convex mirrors
as spherical mirrors.
 Can indicate Pole for a given mirror.
 Can explain centre of curvature, principal axis through diagrams.

CONTENT

* You have learnt formation of images due to a plane mirror and their characteristics in 7th and 8th classes.
* We see various mirrors in our daily life. For example plane mirrors, rear view mirrors and mirrors used by
dentists etc.
* Sizes of images are different for different mirrors.
* Why does this happen? Before we understand the difference in images, let's learn what spherical mirrors are and
how they are formed.
* Recall the activity done in 7th class.

1
 ACTIVITY

* Take a hallow ball.

* Cut a small piece of it and observe the surfaces formed in that piece.
* We find a bulged surface (convex) and a deep surface (concave). See fig (a)

Convex Mirror
Figure (a)
* If a glass piece of such shape is painted on its inner side, it works as a convex mirror.
See fig (b)

Concave Mirror
* If painted on its bulged (outer) side, then it works as a concave mirror. See fig (c)

Figure (b) Figure (c)

Note: you have already learnt that painted part on surfaces of mirrors is shown by smaller lines.
Concave mirror and convex mirror are the parts of sphere, therefore they are called spherical mirrors.

Now let's learn a few terms related to spherical mirrors

Pole of mirror:

Geometrical centre or mid point of mirror is called as Pole of the mirror (P).

Centre of curvature:
Centre of the sphere to which the concave or convex mirror belongs to is called the centre of
curvature. This is denoted by C.

Radius of curvature:

Distance between Pole of the mirror(P) and centre of curvature(C) is called as radius of curvature.
This is denoted by R.

2
 Principal Axis:
The horizontal line which passes through the centre of curvature and
Pole is called principal axis of the mirror.

ASSESSMENT
1. Why do we call concave and convex mirrors as spherical mirrors
2. Draw the diagram of convex mirror.
3. Draw the diagram showing radius of curvature and principal axis for a concave mirror.
4. Explain, how concave and convex mirrors are formed.
Multiple Choice Question
5. Look at the adjacent diagram and choose the correct one from below. [ ]
A) X - Pole , Y - Centre of curvature, Z - principal axis
B) X- centre of curvature, Y - Pole, Z - principal axis
C) X - centre of curvature, Y - principal axis, Z - Pole
D) X - Pole, Y - principal axis, Z - centre of curvature

6. Geometric centre of mirror is… [ ]

A) Centre of curvature
B) Pole of the mirror
C) Radius of curvature
D) Principal axis

7. Centre of sphere from which mirror is made is ……. [ ]

A) Pole
B) Principal axis
C) Centre of curvature
D) Radius of curvature

8. In spherical mirrors, C, R, P respectively refers to…. [ ]

A) Pole, radius of curvature, centre of curvature
B) Pole, centre of curvature, radius of curvature
C) Radius of curvature, centre of curvature, Pole
D) Centre of curvature, Pole, radius of curvature

3
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
ACADEMIC YEAR : 2020 – 21, LEVEL - 2
CLASS: X MEDIUM :English SUBJECT : Physical Sciences
CHAPTER : Reflection of light at curved surfaces
TOPIC / CONCEPT : Concave, Convex mirror Vocabularies WORKSHEET NO : 02
Key words:
Normal, Focal point, Focal length, Object distance and Image distance.

Learning outcomes:

 Children Can find out focal point of a given concave mirror.

 Can explain the relation between the focal length and the radius of curvature.

CONTENT

* As per laws of reflection, when light falls on a surface, angle made by incident ray with normal is equal to the
angle made by reflected ray with normal.
* It means angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.
* This law is valid not only in case of plane mirrors but also in spherical mirrors
* Identifying normal is somewhat easier on plane surfaces than on curved surfaces.
* Let's learn how to draw normal on curved surfaces through an activity

ACTIVITY Do the activity 1 from page No. 2 in textbook.

*** Normals drawn on plane surfaces are vertical and parallel to each other. Figure 1A

*** Normal lines drawn to concave planes are seen to be converged at a point. Figure 1B

*** Normal lines drawn to convex surfaces seen to be diverged. Figure 1C

4
 Radius is always perpendicular to the

tangent to the circle drawn at the point.

Line drawn from any point on spherical mirror to its centre of curvature indicates
Normal: normal line at that point.

As shown in the adjacent fig - 2(b), to verify the law of reflection,

Draw a line parallel to principal axis and then

draw a reflected ray making same angle with the angle of incidence.

To verify this experimentally, we need a parallel beam of light.

Now we'll find out, how to get a parallel beam of light through
an activity.

Do activity in Textbook page no. 4 fig. 3.

We understand that,
1) The source of light should be so far to get a parallel beam of light.
2) We need high intensity light rays to reach us clearly from a far distance.

As SUN is very far from us, we can consider the sun rays as a parallel beam of light

Let's do an activity to find out the point of focus

Focus: or focal point of a concave mirror.
Do the activity 2 page no. 4 in textbook.
"Parallel beam of light rays from Sun reflects from the surface of
concave mirror and meet at a point. This point is called point of focus”

The distance between the point of focus and the

Focal length: Pole of the mirror is called focal length of the
mirror (f.)
Radius of curvature is double to the focal length of the mirror
R. = 2 , f = R/2

5
 Object distance: The distance from pole of the mirror to the object is called object distance (u).
Image distance: The distance from pole of the mirror to the image is called image distance (v).

ASSESSMENT

1..Write relation between focal length and radius of curvature.

2 .Which distance is called object
3. Draw the diagram showing focal point of a convex mirror
4. Write the experimental procedure to find out focal point of a concave mirror.
Multiple Choice Question
5. Radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 30 cm. Its focal length is…..cm [ ]
A) 30. B) 15. C) 60. D) 20

6. A line drawn from any point on a concave mirror to its centre of curvature is called…. [ ]
A) Normal
B) Principal axis
C) Radius of curvature
D) Focal length

7. Identify defect in the given figure [ ]

A) P
B) C
C) F
D) B and C

8. When parallel beam of sun rays fall on a concave mirror and reflect, they meet at… [ ]
A) Centre of curvature
B) Focal point
C) Pole of the mirror
D) Any point

6
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
ACADEMIC YEAR : 2020 – 21, LEVEL - 2
CLASS: X MEDIUM :English SUBJECT : Physical Sciences
CHAPTER : Reflection of light at curved surfaces
TOPIC / CONCEPT : Properties of Concave mirror WORKSHEET NO : 03

Keywords: Real image, Virtual image, Identifying images of object placed at different positions in front of a
concave mirror and understanding characteristics of image.

Learning outcomes
➢ Children can differentiate real image and virtual image.
➢ Can explain characteristics of images of an object by a concave mirror.

Content:
* We have learnt that sun rays are parallel and convergent at a point when reflected from a concave mirror.

* This converging point is the image of sun. We can catch this image on screen or a paper.

* When we place an object very close to a concave mirror, we can see it's image only in the mirror.

* Hence we understand, a few images can be seen on a screen and a few images can be seen only in the mirror.

* Images that can be caught on a screen are called real images.

* Images that can be seen only in the mirror and cannot be caught on a screen are called virtual images.

7
 LAB ACTIVITY

Let's do an experiment to find out positions of images due to a concave mirror

and the differences in images for different object positions.

Do the activity given in page no. 6 in textbook.

Precautions:
Take care so that candle flame is exactly above the
principal axis of mirror and paper should be below
the principal axis.

A Student has got the following values in his activity.

From your observations write down in which case

the images are larger and in which the images of smaller.
Note down in which case the image is not formed.

Observations:
When candle is placed in between focus and pole of the mirror, the distance of
virtual image can't be measured.
Can not identify sharp image when object is placed on Focus.
One can generalise the following based on the values in the table and
the experiment performed.

8
 ASSESSMENT

1. Write differences between real image and virtual image.

2. Where should we place an object in front of a concave mirror to get virtual image?
3. List out the materials required to perform the experiment to find the image positions for different places of object
in front of a concave mirror
4. Explain the procedure of experiment to find images for different positions of object in front of a concave mirror.

Multiple Choice Questions

5. Characteristic(s) of real image [ ]

A) Inverted
B) Erect image
C) Can be caught on a screen
D) A and C

6. An object is placed at centre of curvature in front of a concave mirror.

Position and size of its image are….. [ ]
A) Real, same sized
B) Beyond C, enlarged
C) Between C and F, smaller than object
D) At focus, point sized

7. Where should we place the object in front of a concave mirror to get enlarged image [ ]
A) Beyond C
B) In between C and F
C) In between P and F
D) B and C

8. A concave mirror is placed facing the Sun. Where does the sun rays get converged. [ ]
A) At centre of curvature
B) At pole of the mirror
C) A and B
D) At focus

9
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
ACADEMIC YEAR : 2020 – 21, LEVEL - 2
CLASS: X MEDIUM :English SUBJECT : Physical Sciences
CHAPTER : Reflection of light at curved surfaces
TOPIC / CONCEPT : Fundamental Principles for Ray diagrams WORKSHEET NO : 04

Keywords: Fundamental Principles for Ray diagrams R1, R2, R3

Learning outcomes

➢ Children can draw reflected rays for R1, R2, R3

Content:
* we can measure the position of image of an object put in front of a concave mirror experimentally.

* Let's learn a method to draw Ray diagrams to find image for an object placed in front of concave mirror at

various places as we drew ray diagram for sun rays.

* Assume a candle is placed in front of a concave mirror on its principal axis.

* Observe the two light rays in the figure started from the tip of the flame.

* Reflected rays of these two rays meet at a point A.

* Drawing reflected ray for a light ray incident on a concave mirror is not so easy.

* Drawing normal line at the point of incidence and reflected ray with the angle equal to angle of incidence is

tedious and time taking.

* For this we have an alternate and easy method

* We have seen that all light rays that are are parallel to principal axis get reflected such that they pass through
the focal point of the mirror.
* So, for drawing any diagram the most suitable Ray to draw will be the one that comes from the object and
goes parallel to the axis of the mirror.

10
* The reflected ray will be the line drawn from the point of incidence on the mirror and
passing through the focal point of the mirror. Consider this as R1( fig- 8).

* The Converse situation of previous one is also true, that is, a ray that passes
through the focal point of the mirror will travel parallel to the principal axis
after reflection. This gives us our second ray R2 (fig - 9).

* We have seen earlier that any ray that is normal to the surface, on reflection,
will travel along the same path but in the opposite direction.

* We know that a line drawn from the centre of curvature to the mirror is always perpendicular to the tangent
at the point where the line meets the curve. So if you draw a ray coming from the tip of the object
going through the centre of curvature to meet the mirror, it will get reflected along the same line.
Consider this as R3 (fig - 10)

11
 * R1, R2, R3 are easy and basic rules for drawing images..

* When an object is placed in front of a spherical mirror, any two of the above 3 rays R1, R2, R3
can be used to detect the position of image. The meeting point of these rays gives
the position of image of object.

* As shown in the above figure, intersecting point of light rays coming from the top of the flame and
intersecting point of light rays reflecting from the bottom of the flame are equidistant from the mirror
Therefore as shown in the figure image is perpendicular to the principal axis.
In this case image is inverted.

ASSESSMENT

1. A light ray passing through the focal point of a concave mirror reflected from the mirror. Draw the reflected ray.

2. A light ray parallel to the principal axis reflected from the mirror. Draw the reflected ray and show the directions.

3. A light ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror reflected from the mirror. Draw the

reflected ray.

12
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
ACADEMIC YEAR : 2020 – 21, LEVEL - 2
CLASS: X MEDIUM :English SUBJECT : Physical Sciences
CHAPTER : Reflection of light at curved surfaces
TOPIC / CONCEPT : Verifying activity by Ray diagrams WORKSHEET NO : 05

Keywords: Verifying the results obtained by candle activity using Ray diagrams.

Learning outcomes

➢ Children can draw Ray diagrams for the image of object placed in different positions in front of a concave mirror.
➢ Can explain characteristics of image.
➢ Can verify the position of virtual image, which cannot be exactly identified by activity method, using ray
diagrams.

Content:
* We have learnt experimentally the positions and characteristics of image of an object placed in different
positions in front of a concave mirror.
* Now let's verify the same results by drawing ray diagram.
Experimental results

image image image

* For a concave mirror whose focal length is known, for every case in the above table,
Let's draw Ray diagrams using primary rays R1, R2, R3 and observe the characteristics of image in each case.

13
 RAY DIAGRAM

Case (i)

RAY DIAGRAM

Case (ii)

RAY DIAGRAM

Case (iii)

RAY DIAGRAM

Case (iv)

14
 RAY DIAGRAM

Case (v)

Results of ray diagrams are matching with the experimental results.

ASSESSMENT

1. Where should we place the object in front of a concave mirror to obtain same sized image?
2. A point sized image is obtained in front of a concave mirror. Guess the position of the object?
3. Complete the ray diagram in given figure and show the position of image

4. State all cases in which enlarged image is obtained for a concave mirror and draw Ray diagrams for them.

Multiple Choice Questions

5. Parallel beam of light rays after reflection from a concave mirror pass,… [ ]
- through focal point
A) Through centre of curvature
B) Parallel to principal axis
C) A and B
6. Position of object to get a smaller image due to concave mirror is…. [ ]
A) At infinite distance
B) Beyond C
C) At C
D) A and C
7. For a concave mirror, virtual image is obtained at…. [ ]
A) Between P and F
B) Beyond C
C) Between C and F
D) Behind (inside) the mirror
8. When object is placed at focus in front of a concave mirror, image will be .. [ ]
A) Behind ( inside) the mirror
B) At infinite distance
C) Beyond C
D) Between F and C

15
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
ACADEMIC YEAR : 2020 – 21, LEVEL - 2
CLASS: X Medium :English SUBJECT : Physical sciences
CHAPTER : Reflection of light at curved surfaces
TOPIC / CONCEPT : Properties of Convex mirror WORKSHEET NO : 06
Key Words

Obtaining images in case of convex mirror using ray diagrams.

Learning outcomes

- Children can explain usage of R1,R2, R3 to find out position of image in case of convex mirrors
- Can find out position of image and its characteristics of an object put in front of a convex mirror
using R1, R2, R3

BRIEF SUMMARY

One can draw Ray diagrams for convex mirror too. The easy rays that we identified earlier can
be used in this case with small modification

RULES

Rule 1: A ray parallel to principal axis, on meeting the convex

mirror will get reflected so as to appear as if it is
coming from the focal point.

Rule 2: This is converse of rule 1. A light ray traveling in the

direction of the focal point, after reflection, will
become parallel to the principal axis.

Rule 3: A light ray traveling in the direction of centre of

curvature will, on reflection, travel in the opposite
direction and appears to be coming from the centre of
curvature.

16
Now let us know rules to show the formation of image of object placed at different places
in front of the convex mirror with any two rays of R1, R2, R3.

Case 1
When object is at infinite distance
Light rays from an object placed at infinite distance are parallel to principal axis and
striking on convex mirror reflect as if they're coming from focal point F. Such two rays
meet at a point,called focal point, if extended backwards. A point sized image is formed
at the focal point.
Characteristics of image:
1. Forms at F
2. Point sized image.
3. Virtual image

Case 2
Let's understand the position of image when the object is placed at a distance in front
of a convex mirror. See the figure.

Case 3
Now let's find the position of image when object is placed in front of a convex mirror
very close to the Pole.

Characteristics of image:
1. Image forms between P and F
2. Smaller than object
3. Erect image
4. Virtual image

With the help of these Ray diagrams we understand

a) For an object at infinite distance, image is formed at focal point F.

b) As the object is moved from infinite distance towards the convex mirror, the image is
moved from focal point to pole of the mirror.
So in any case image is formed between P and F.

17
 ASSESSMENT

1. Which rays are more suitable in ray diagrams to get image of object placed in front of a
convex mirror?

2. Where does the image of an object placed at infinite distance in front of a convex
mirror formed.
3. In which direction a light ray, traveling towards centre of curvature of a convex mirror,
goes after reflection? Show by ray diagram.

4. An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm in front of a convex mirror whose focal

length is 5 cm. Where is the image formed? Draw the ray diagram.

Multiple Choice questions

5. Which mirror always forms smaller image ( )

A) concave mirror
B) convex mirror
C) plane mirror
D) B and C
6. A ray traveling towards focal point of a convex mirror, after reflection, ( )
A) passes parallel to principal axis
B) Appears to be coming from focal point
C) Appears to be coming from centre of curvature
D) Appears to be moving towards centre of curvature
7. An object is placed at a distance of 20cm in front of a convex mirror with focal
length 20cm. Its image distance is… ( )
A) Less than 10
B) Greater than 10
C) Equal to 10
D) Equal to 20
8. For a convex mirror, light ray incident parallel to the principal axis, after reflection
seems to be … ( )
A) Started from focal point F
B) Passing through focal point
C) Started from centre of curvature C
D) Passing through centre of curvature

18
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
ACADEMIC YEAR : 2020 – 21, LEVEL - 2
CLASS: X Medium:English SUBJECT : Physical sciences
CHAPTER : Reflection of light at curved surfaces
TOPIC / CONCEPT : Mirror formula, Sign convention WORKSHEET NO : 07

Key concepts

1. Mirror formula
2. Sign convention. Calculations

Learning outcomes

1. Children can do numerical calculations related to f, u and v

2. Can explain usage of sign convention rules during numerical calculations

Relation between u and v:

1 1 1
= +
f v u

This is called mirror formula.

While using this formula, we have to use sign convention in every situation.

Sign convention

1. All distances should be measured from the pole.

2. The distances measuring the direction of incident light, to be taken positive and
doors measured in the direction opposite two incident light to be taken negative.
3. Height of object ( ho) and height of image (hi ) are positive, if measured upwards
from the axis and negative if measured downvids downwards
4. Now let's learn calculations on mirror formula following sign convention rules.

19
 Example 1
An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm on the principal axis of a concave mirror whose radius of
curvature is 8 cm. Where is the image formed?
Sol:. R = 8 cm
f = R/2. = 4 cm
u. = 10 cm
v. =. ?

As per sign convention:

u = -10 cm, f. = -4 cm,
1 = 1+ 1 1 = 1+ 1 1 = 1- 1 4 −10 = 1 6 =1
⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒
f v u −4 v −10 −4 v 10 4 X 10 v 4 X 10 v

v = 10 X 4
−6
v = 20
−3
v = -6.6 cm

Example 2
An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm on the principal axis of a convex mirror whose
radius of curvature is 8 cm. Where is the image formed?
Sol:. R = 8 cm
f = R/2. = 4 cm
u. = 10 cm
v. =. ?

As per sign convention:

u = -10 cm, f. = 4 cm,

1 = 1+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10+ 4 = 1 6 =1
⇒ = + ⇒ + = ⇒ ⇒
f v u 4 v −10 4 10 v 4 X 10 v 4 X 10 v

v = 4 X 10
14
v = 20
7
v = +2.85 cm

Similarly try to solve the following problems.

1. An object is placed at a distance of 4 centimetres in front of a concave mirror whose focal

length is 5 centimetres. Where is the image formed?
20
2. An object is placed at a distance of 4 centimetres in front of a convex mirror whose focal
length is 5 centimetres. Where is the image formed?

ASSESSMENT

1. State mirror formula.

2. State the rules of sign convention.

3. An object is placed at a distance of 4 centimetres in front of a convex mirror whose focal

length is 5 centimetres. Where is the image formed?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

4. Which of the following is correct. ( )

A) All distances should be measured from pole
B) Distances measured in the direction of incident light are positive
C) Distances measured opposite to the direction of incident light are negative
D) All the above
5. Mirror formula related to u and v is ……. ( )

A) 1 = 1+ 1 B) 1 = 1– 1
f v u f v u

C) 1 = 1– 1 D) None of the above

f u v
6. For a concave mirror f = 5 cm, u = 10 cm, v = 10 cm, as per sign convention rules, which
is correct? ( )
A) f = 5 cm, u = 10 cm, v = 10 cm,
B) f = -5 cm, u = -10 cm, v = -10 cm,
C) f = -5 cm, u = 10 cm, v = +10 cm,
D) f = 5 cm, u = 10 cm, v = +10 cm,
7. For a convex mirror f = 5 cm, u = 10 cm, v = 3.3 cm, as per sign convention rules, which
is correct? ( )
A) f = 5 cm, u = 10 cm, v = 3.3 cm
B) f = -5 cm, u = -10 cm, v = -3.3 cm
C) f = 5 cm, u = -10 cm, v = 3.3 cm
D) f = -5 cm, u = -10 cm, v = 3.3 cm
21
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
ACADEMIC YEAR : 2020 – 21, LEVEL - 2

CLASS: X Medium:English SUBJECT : Physical sciences

CHAPTER : Reflection of light at curved surfaces
TOPIC / CONCEPT : Magnification
WORKSHEET NO : 08
Key Concep

Magnification and calculations

Learning outcomes

1. Children can explain magnification for every case of spherical mirrors

2. Can find out image size for a given object size.

Magnification gives relation between object size and image size.

Magnification

Ratio of size of image to size of object is called magnification.

Magnification is also expressed as the relation between object distance and image distance

As shown in the diagram, a ray started at point O incidents on surface of a concave mirror at
point P and reflects.
In the diagram, ,∆ POO1 and ∆ PII1 are similar triangles
therefore
I I1 PI
1 = → ------ eq. 1
OO PO
According to sign convention rules
PO = u, PI = -v, OO1 = ho, II1. = hi
Substituting these values in equation 1
−hi − v hi − v
= ⇒ =
ho −u ho u
hi − v
Magnification m = = =
ho u
hi
Therefore. m = m = ,
ho
Magnification is also expressed in terms of object distance and image distance.

22
 −v
m= .
u
Note: Every time we use mirror formula or magnification formula, we have to follow sign
convention rules

Example
An object of height 4 cm is placed at 25 cm distance in front of a concave mirror whose focal
length is 15 cm. Calculate image distance and height of the image.

Sol: According to sign convention

f. = 15 cm f. = -15 cm
u = 25 cm u = -25 cm
ho = 4 cm ho = 4 cm
v =? v =?
hi = ? hi = ?

1 1 1
Mirror formula is = +
f v u
1 1 1
⇒ = +
−15 −25 v
1 1 1
– =
25 15 v
15 − 25 1
⇒ =
25 X 15 v
− 10 1
⇒ =
25 X 15 v
−2 1
⇒ =
75 v
−75
⇒v =
2
v = -37.5 cm

Magnification
hi − v
m= =
ho u

m = hi = −37.5
4 −25

hi = 15.5 X 4
−25

hi = -6 c.m

23
 Now, let's find the magnification of convex mirror
hi
m=
ho
1.In case of convex mirror, image size is always smaller than object size
2. In case of convex mirror, always virtual image is formed
Therefore according to sign convention rules image size hi and object size ho
(image and object are always on principal axis)
+hi
m=
+ ho
Always. hi < ho
hence. m < +1 and m < 0.
0 < m <1
Here ( + ) indicates virtual image
Magnification is greater than zero and less than 1
Similarly, we can calculate magnification in case of concave mirror for all object positions
For example let's find magnification due to concave mirror when object is at centre of
curvature.
When object is at centre of curvature image is also found at centre of curvature of concave
mirror
Size of image is equal to size of object
hi = ho
It is a real image. Therefore image is below the principal axis when object is above the principal
axis.
According to sign convention rules, image size is = hi
object size is = ho
−hi
m=
ho
m. = -1. ( hi = ho)

Here ( - ) indicates real image and one ( 1 ) indicates that size of image is as same as the size of
object
Similarly, Try to find out magnification due to concave mirror for the remaining positions of
objects
24
 ASSESSMENT

1.Explain the term magnification in your own words.

2. Which rule do we have to follow while finding magnification?

3.Virtual image of an object placed between P and F of a concave mirror is larger than the
object. What is magnification in this case?

4.An object of height 2 cm is placed at 20 cm distance in front of a concave mirror whose

focal length is 15 cm. Calculate height of the image.
5. Magnification of convex mirror is ……. ( )
A) 0 < m < 1
B) -1
C) +1
D) < 1
6. image of an object placed at C of a concave mirror forms at C in same size. Magnification
in this case… ( )
A) +1
B) -1
C) <1
D) 0 < m < 1
7. For mirrors which of the following indicate magnification ( )
(I) v/u (ii) -v/u (iii) hi/ho (iv) ho/hi
A) i, ii
B) ii, iii
C) iii, iv
D) iv, i
8. Object is beyond C of a concave mirror. Magnification in this case is… ( )
A) -1 < m < 0
B) -1
C) 0 < m < 1
D) +1

25
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
ACADEMIC YEAR : 2020 – 21, LEVEL - 2

CLASS: X Medium: English Subject: Physical Sciences

CHAPTER : Reflection of light at curved surfaces
TOPIC / CONCEPT : Solar cooker WORKSHEET NO : 09

Key concepts

1. Solar cooker
2. Applications of spherical mirrors

Learning outcomes

1. Children can explain principle behind solar cooker

2. Can explain uses of spherical mirrors

BRIEF HISTORY
So far we have learnt the phenomenon of reflection of light by curved surfaces. Do you know?
How and where do we use it in daily life. Let's make a solar cooker using mirrors.

Solar cooker

We have already learnt that a concave mirror focuses parallel sun

rays at the focal point of the mirror. So with small concave mirror
we can heat up and burn paper.
In the same way make a big concave mirror to heat a vessel.
You might have observed the TV dish antenna. Make a wooden/
iron frame in the shape of TV dish. Cut acrylic mirror sheets into
8 or 12 pieces in the shape of isosceles triangles with the height
equal to the radius of your dish antenna. Stick the triangle mirrors
to the dish frame.
This dish frame works as a concave mirror and it is our solar
cooker.
Arrange it so that concave part faces sun. Find its focal point
and place a vessel at that point. The vessel gets heated enough to
cook rice.
26
 We use spherical mirrors widely in our daily life. Now let's know a few uses of them.

Applications of spherical mirrors

1. Concave mirror:
 Dentists use concave mirrors to see interior parts of teeth.
 As a reflecting surface in headlights of automobiles.
 As shaving mirrors

2. Convex mirror:
 As rear view mirrors for vehicles
 To prevent accidents at T - junctions.

ASSESSMENT
1. Write two uses of spherical mirrors in daily life.
2. Imagine and write what would happen if there were no spherical mirrors today.
3. List the materials required for making solar cooker.
4. Explain the procedure of making of solar cooker.
5. Mirror used as shaving mirror ( )
A) Plane mirror
B) Concave mirror
C) Convex mirror
D) B and C
6. Mirror used to prevent accidents at T - junctions is …….. ( )
A) Plane mirror
B) Concave mirror
C) Convex mirror
D) B and C
7. For using solar cooker, vessel is placed at……. ( )
A) Focal point
B) Centre of curvature
C) Any point in the dish
D) Pola of the dish
8. Mirror used as reflecting surface in headlights of vehicles is…. ( )
A) Concave mirror
B) Convex mirror
C) Plane mirror
D) A and B

27
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
ACADEMIC YEAR : 2020 – 21, LEVEL - 2

CLASS: X MEDIUM : English SUBJECT : Physical Sciences

CHAPTER : Chemical Equations
TOPIC / CONCEPT : Physical and Chemical change
WORKSHEET NO : 10

Key concepts Physical change, Chemical change

Learning outcomes

 Children can explain physical change and chemical change in their own words.
 Can differentiate physical change and chemical change.
 Can explain various changes in chemical reactions.

INTRODUCTION

We have discussed physical change and chemical change in previous class. Let's revise them with daily life
examples.

Physical change

* A physical change is a temporary change in which the substance never loses its characteristic properties.
H2O(s) H2O(l)
H2O(l) H2O(vap)
Ex. 1. Melting of ice

2. Boiling of water into vapour

3. Breaking up of a ceramic bowl into pieces.

28
 Chemical change

* Change in nature of a substance and formation of a new substances is known as chemical change.
Ex. 1. Burning of crackers

2. Digestion of food

3. Powdered lime added to water

Chemical change is called a chemical reaction.

Let's do some activities to understand chemical reactions.

Activity 1 (A):

➢ Take about 1 gm of quick lime(calcium oxide) in a beaker.

➢ Add 10 ml of water to this. Lime water is formed in the beaker

➢ Touch the beaker with your finger to feel hot.

Activity 1(B):

➢ Take a few pieces of lime stone and burn them on Bunsen burner.

➢ A gas (carbon-di-oxide) is released from lime stone.

Activity 2 :

➢ Take about 100 ml of water in a beaker and dissolve small quantity of sodium sulphate in it.

➢ Take about 100 ml of water in another beaker and dissolve a small quantity of barium chloride in it.

➢ Observe the colours of solutions obtained.

➢ Add the first solution to the second one and observe the changes.

➢ A white precipitate is formed. (barium sulphate).

29
Activity 3 :

➢ Take a few zinc granules in a conical flask.

➢ Add about 5 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid to it.

➢ Observe the changes in the conical flask.

➢ White fumes are released from the conical flask.

➢ Touch the conical flask. It is hot.

From the above activities we can conclude a fewchanges during a chemical change

1. The original substances lose their characteristic properties and new substances are formed.

2. Chemical changes may be exothermic are endothermic i.e., Heat may be liberated or observed.

3. They may form an insoluble substance known as precipitate.

4. Gas may be evolved.

30
 SELF ASSESSMENT

1. Give a chemical change in which a gas is liberated in a double decomposition reaction?

2. List the materials and chemicals required for getting barium sulphate precipitate.

3. What do you mean by exothermic and endothermic reactions?

4. Illustrate physical change and chemical change with examples and differentiate them.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

5. Burning of crackers is a…. [ ]

A) physical change
B) chemical change
C) Chemical decomposition reaction
D) None of these.

6. Adding water to powered lime is…. [ ]

A) Physical change
B) Chemical change
C) Endothermic reaction
D) Chemical decomposition reaction

7. Heating of lime stone gives carbon dioxide and powdered lime. This is a … [ ]

A) Chemical change
B) Exothermic reaction
C) Endothermic reaction
D) Chemical combination reaction.

8. When dilute hydrochloric acid is added to zinc pieces,... [ ]

A) It needs catalyst
B) Precipitate is formed
C) Heat is liberated
D) Heat is obsorbed

31
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
ACADEMIC YEAR : 2020 – 21, LEVEL - 2

CLASS: X MEDIUM : English SUBJECT : Physical Sciences

CHAPTER : Chemical Equations
TOPIC / CONCEPT : Word and Chemical Equations
WORKSHEET NO : 11

Key Concepts Word equation, Chemical equation

Learning outcomes

 Children can explain word equation and chemical equations in own words.
 Can write word equations and chemical equations to the given reactions.

Introduction:

In this chapter we study various types of chemical reactions and their symbolic representation.
● In activity 1, when calcium oxide reacts with water a new substance is formed which is unlike to either
calcium oxide are water.
● The description of chemical reactions in activity 1 in a sentence is quite long. It can be written in short form
as a word equation.
● Word equation of above reaction is,
Calcium oxide + water Calcium hydroxide

The substances which undergo chemical change in the reaction are called reactants and the new substances
formed are called products.
● In the above word equation Calcium oxide and water are reactants and Calcium hydroxide is product.

● Change of reactants to products is shown by an arrow placed between them.

● The arrow head point faces the products showing the direction of reaction.
● The reactants, are written on the left side of the arrow and final substances or products are written on the
right side of the arrow.

32
 ● if there is more than one reactant or product involved in the reaction they are separated with a plus (+) sign
between them.

Chemical equation:
A chemical reaction expressed in terms of formulae and symbols is called chemical equation.

Let's write a word equation into chemical equation.

Word equation: Calcium oxide + water Calcium hydroxide

Chemical equation: CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2

Some more examples.

(a) Word equation: Zinc + Hydrochloric acid Zinc chloride + Hydrogen

Chemical equation: Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2

(b) Word equation: Sodium sulphate + Barium chloride Barium sulphate + Sodium chloride

Chemical equation: Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl

(c) Word equation: Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide

Chemical equation: Ca CO3 CaO + CO2

Similarly, try to write chemical equations for the following.

(1) Magnisium + Iodine Magnisium Iodide

(2) Calcium hydroxide + Nitric acid Water + Calcium nitrate

(3) Sodium Hydroxide + Sulphuric acid Sodium sulphate + Water

(4) Sodium + Water Sodium Hydroxide + Hydrogen

33
 SELF ASSESSMENT

1. Write word equation for any one chemical change ?

2. What do we call a chemical equation?
3. On heating lime stone ( calcium carbonate), we get powdered lime and carbon dioxide.
Write chemical equation to this reaction.
4. Zinc granules on reaction with hydrochloric acid gives zinc chloride and hydrogen gas.?
Based on this information write answers of the following.
1) State reactants and products.
2) What type of heat change is observed in this reaction?
3) Write word equation for this reaction?
4) Write chemical equation for this reaction.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

5. Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl In this chemical reaction… [ ]

A) Na2SO4 , BaCl2are reactants

B) BaSO4, NaCl are products
C) A white precipitate is formed.
D) A and C.

6. Which of the following is correct ? [ ]

A) CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2

B) 2H2 + O2 2H2O
C) Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2 NaCl
D) All the above

7. Which of the following is NOT correct, [ ]

A) Calcium oxide + Water Calcium Hydroxide

B) Hydrogen + Oxygen Water
C) Calcium oxide Water + Calcium hydroxide
D) A and B

8. Word equation for Zn + CuCl2 ZnCl2 + Cu [ ]

A) Zinc + Hydrochloric acid Zinc chloride + Hydrogen

B) Zinc + Cupric chloride Zinc chloride + Copper
C) Zinc + Sulphuric acid Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen
D) Zinc + Copper chloride Zinc chloride + Copper

34
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
ACADEMIC YEAR : 2020 – 21, LEVEL - 2
CLASS: X MEDIUM : English SUBJECT : Physical Sciences
CHAPTER : Chemical Equations
TOPIC / CONCEPT :Balanced chemical equations,
Law of conservation of mass, Formula unit. WORKSHEET NO : 12

Key Concepts Law of conservation of mass, balanced chemical equation, primary equation, formula
unit, balancing a chemical equation.

Learning outcomes:

 Children can explain reason for balancing a chemical equation.

 Can balance given primary chemical equation.

Law of conservation of mass:

In a chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed

(Or)

In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the products formed must be equal to the total mass of reactants consumed.

● An atom is a smallest particle of an element that takes part in a chemical reaction. It is the atom which

accounts for the mass of any substance.

● The number of atoms of each element before and after the reaction must be the same.

Balanced chemical equation:

A chemical equation in which the number of atoms of different elements on the reactant side is same as

those on product side is called a balanced chemical equation.

35
 Ex:-
All chemical equations are not balanced as the above

equation. They need to be balanced as per the law of conservation

of mass.

Balancing a chemical equation involves finding out how

many formula units of each substance take part in the reaction,

Formula unit:

Formula unit is one unit of atom or ion or molecule corresponding to a given formula.

Ex. a) NaCl formula unit - one Na+ ion and one Cl- ion.

b) MgBr 2 formula unit - one Mg+2 ion and two Br- ions.

c) one formula unit of water is one H2O molecule.

Let us Balance some chemical equations.

Ex. Hydrogen reacting with oxygen to form water

Step 1
● Write the equation with the correct formula for each reactant and product.

Primary Equation : - Chemical equation which has only molecular formulae of

the substance and has not got balanced is called “Primary Equation”.

Ex:-

36
Step 2

● Identify the suitable coefficient.

● "Whole number written before formula for balancing chemical equation is called coefficient"

● Coefficient indicates number of formula units required to balance the equation.

● During balancing a chemical equation, only coefficients should be changed but not the formulae.

● To balance this equation a coefficient 2 is written before H2O and H2

Ex:-

Step 3

● Coefficients should be the smallest possible whole numbers.

● If necessary divide all the coefficients with same number to get the smallest number possible.

● In the above equation, coefficients of reactants and products are the smallest whole numbers. Therefore it

does not require any division.

Step 4

● Verify the equation for balancing of atoms on both sides of the equation.

● In the equation number of atoms of hydrogen and oxygen are same on both sides of arrow mark.

● Hence chemical equation is balanced.

37
 SELF ASSESSMENT

1. Explain primary equation.

2. Explain formula unit with an example.

3. Why should we balance a chemical equation?

4. Write a chemical equation for reaction of iron oxide with aluminium to form Aluminium oxide and iron.

Balance the equation

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

5. Formula unit of magnesium bromide is… [ ]

A) MgBr
B) NaCl
C) Mg+2, Br-
D) Na+ , Cl-

6. Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + NaCl coefficient required for NaCl for balancing equation is…. [ ]

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

7. Identify the balanced equation [ ]

A) CaO. +. H2O Ca(OH)2

B) H2 + O2 H2O
C) CaCO3 CaO + CO2
D) A and C

8. Which chemical equations are not balanced. [ ]

A) Mg + O2 MgO
B) C + O2 CO2
C) H2 + O2 H2O
D) A and C

38
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
ACADEMIC YEAR : 2020 – 21, LEVEL - 2
CLASS: X MEDIUM : English SUBJECT : Physical Sciences
CHAPTER : Chemical Equations
TOPIC / CONCEPT : Balancing chemical equations-practice WORKSHEET NO : 13

Key concepts Balancing a chemical equation - practice

Learning outcomes:

 Children can balance chemical equations.

@@@
Ex: 1) Combustion of propane with oxygen.

Step 1
● Write primary equation.

C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O

Step 2 Identify the suitable coefficient.

a) There are 3 carbons in C3H8. If if we add a coefficient of 3

to CO2 on the right side the carbon atoms get balanced

C3H8 + O2 3CO2 + H2O

b) There are 8 hydrogen atoms on left but only 2 on the right
side. By adding a Coefficient of 4 to the H2O on the right,
the hydrogen atoms get balanced
C3H8 + O2 3CO2 + 4H2O

39
 c) There are two oxygen atoms on the left side but 10 on the right side. By adding a coefficient of 5 to the O2
on the left, oxygen atoms get balanced

Step 3: “Coefficients must be the smallest possible whole numbers”.

● In the above chemical equation all the coefficients are smallest possible whole numbers.

Step 4 “Count the number and kinds of atoms on both sides of the equation to make sure they are same.”

● In the above equation, number of carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms is same on both sides.
● Hence equation is balanced.
Ex 2. Write a chemical equation for reaction of Iron Oxide with Aluminium to form Aluminium oxide and Iron.
Balance the equation

Step 1

Step 2

● (a) Add a coefficient of 2 to Fe on the right side.

● (b) On the left side, add a coefficient of 2 to Al.

40
 Step 3 All the coefficients are smallest whole numbers.

Number of atoms of Iron, Oxygen and Aluminium are same on both sides.
Step 4
Hence equation is balanced.
Ex 3. Write chemical equation to the reaction of ammonia gas and chlorine gas to form nitrogen gas and ammonium
chloride. Balance the chemical equation.

Step 1

Step 2

● (a) Add a coefficient of 8 to NH3 and a coefficient of 6 to NH4Cl. Number of nitrogen atoms and hydrogen
atoms is balanced.

● (b) Add a coefficient of 3 to Cl2.

Chlorine atoms are balanced

Step 3 All the coefficients are smallest whole numbers.

Step 4 Number of all kinds of atoms is balanced on both sides.

Hence equation is balanced

Similarly, balance the following chemical equations.

● KClO3 KCl + O2

● C6H12O6 C2H5OH + O2

41
 SELF ASSESSMENT

1. Balance the following chemical equations.

1. Na + H2O NaOH + H2

2. NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O

3. Mg + I2 MgI2

2. Write chemical equation to the following word equation and explain balancing it.

Calcium hydroxide(aq.s) + Nitric acid (aq.s) Water(l) + Calcium nitrate(aq.s)

42
 STATE COUNCIL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING
TELANGANA, HYDERABAD.
ACADEMIC YEAR : 2020 – 21, LEVEL - 2
CLASS: X MEDIUM : English SUBJECT : Physical Sciences
CHAPTER : Chemical Equations
TOPIC / CONCEPT : Additional information
WORKSHEET NO : 14

Key concepts Additional information in a chemical equation - practice

Learning outcomes

 Children can state a reaction to be exothermic or endothermic based on heat energy shown in chemical
equations.
 Can say whether a gas liberated or a precipitate formed in a reaction.

@@@

Chemical equations can be made more informative by expressing

following characteristics of the reactants and products.

● Physical State

● Heat changes

● Gas evolved if any

● Precipitate formed if any

● Temperature, pressure or catalyst

43
 Physical state:

● The physical states of the substances must be mentioned along with their physical formulae.

● The different states that is gas, liquid and solid states are represented by notations g, l and s respectively.

● If the substance is present as a solution in water, the word aqueous is written.

● In the short form it is written as (aq).

∆
Ex. (a) Fe2O3 (s) + 2Al (s) 2Fe (s)+ Al2O3 (s)

(b) Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) BaSO4(s)+ 2NaCl (aq)

Expressing the heat changes:

● Heat is liberated in a exothermic reactions and heat is absorbed in endothermic reactions.

● Q is heat energy which is shown with ( + ) sign on product side for exothermic reactions and minus ( - )

sign on product side for endothermic reactions.

Ex. (a) C(s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) + Q (Exothermic)

(b) N2 (g) + O2 (g) 2NO(g) - Q (Endothermic)

Expressing the gas evolved:

● If a gas is evolved in a reaction, it is denoted by a upward arrow ( ↑ ).

Ex. (a) Zn(s) + H2SO4(l) ZnSO4(l)+ H2(g) ↑ + Q

(b) C(s) + O2g) CO2g) ↑ + Q

Expressing precipitate formed:

● If a precipitate is formed in the reaction it is denoted by downward arrow (↓).

Ex. (a) AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) AgCl (s)↓ + NaNO3 (aq)

(b) Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) BaSO4 (s )↓ + 2NaCl (aq)

44
 Expressing the effect of temparature, pressure and catalyst formed:

● The reaction conditions such as temperature, pressure and catalyst are indicated above and or below the

arrow mark In the equation.

Sunlight
Ex. (a) 6CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2↑
Chlorophyll

Sunlight
(b) 2AgCl (s) Ag (s) + Cl2 (g)↑

SELF ASSESSMENT

1. How can we identify by a chemical equation whether a precipitate formed or a gas liberated in a reaction?

2. Explain exothermic reaction with example.

3. Zn(s) + H2SO4(l) ZnSO4(l)+ H2(g) + Q

Based on above balanced chemical equation, answer the following questions.

a) Write the chemical name of precipitate formed.

b) Is there a catalyst in this reaction?

4. Write all the information provided by given balanced chemical equation.

Sunlight
6CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2↑
Chlorophyll

45
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

5. In a reaction Zn(s)+ 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2g) + Q [ ]

A) Gas liberated
B) Heat liberated
C) Heat absorbed
D) A and B

6. 2AgBr(s) 2Ag(s) + Br2g)↑ [ ]

A) Reactants are AgBr, Products are Ag, Br2

B) Gas liberated
C) Endothermic reaction
D) All are correct

7. Where is catalyst shown in a chemical equation? [ ]

A) Reactant side
B) Product side
C) Above or below the arrow mark
D) It cannot be shown in chemical reaction

8. CaCO3 (s) CaO(s) + CO2g)↑ as per the equation, which of the following is NOT correct. [ ]

A) Gas liberated
B) Exothermic reaction
C) Endothermic reaction
D) Chemical Decomposition reaction

46