Conservation of momentum-8

Derivation
• Now consider the influx of momentum due to
mass entering the control volume. Let velocity
be u,v,w in the x,y and z directions.
• Momentum entering the control volume in
the ‘y’ direction due to mass entering the
‘y=0’, ‘z=0’ and ‘x=0’ faces is ( ρvdxdz)v , ( ρ wdydzv)
and , ( ρ udydzv)
• Momentum leaving due to mass leaving the
control volume at y=dy, z=dz and x=dx is
obtained from the Taylor series expansion
with only the leading term retained
 Conservation of momentum-9
Derivation
• All the momentum terms in ‘y’ direction due
to mass entering or leaving the control volume
are given on the figure below; term on x=0
face omitted for clarity
∂
( ρwdydzv) + ( ρwdydzv)dy
∂z

∂
( ρvdxdz)v ( ρvdydzv) + ( ρvdxdzv)dy
∂y
y
x
∂
( ρudydzv) + ( ρudydzv)dx
∂x ρ wdxdyv
 Conservation of momentum-10
Derivation
• Net influx of momentum in ‘y’ direction due to
mass influx
ρ vvdxdz + ρ wvdxdy + ρ uvdydz
 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
−  ρ vv + ρ vv + ρ wv + ρ wv + ρ uv + ρ uv  dxdydz
 ∂y ∂z ∂x 
 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
= −  ρ vv + ρ wv + ρ uv  dxdydz (11.1)
 ∂y ∂z ∂x 
• In addition to surface forces due to the
stresses, assume body forces are present.
 Conservation of momentum-11
Derivation
• Assume body forces are present. Body force
vector(per unit volume) is given denoted by:
(X iˆ + X
x y
ˆj + X z kˆ ) (11.2)
• Net influx of momentum into control volume
is due to:
– mass entering (equn 11.1)
– force on the control volume faces(equn 10.8)
– Body force(equn 11.2)
 Conservation of momentum-12
Derivation
• The overall momentum balance equation
therefore becomes
 ∂ ∂ ∂  ∂ ∂ ∂ 
−  ρ v 2 + ρ wv + ρ uv  dxdydz +  τ yy + τ zy + τ xy  dxdydz
 ∂y ∂z ∂x   ∂y ∂z ∂x 
∂
− ρ vdxdydz + ρ X y dxdydz = 0 (11.3)
∂t
• Stresses are hard to measure therefore
convert to a more useful form using a
constitutive relationship. We restrict ourselves
to Newtonian fluids here.
 Conservation of momentum-13
Derivation
• Newton examined results of a large number of
experiments and proposed the following
du
relationship for shear stress: τ = µ
dy
for 1D.
• This shear stress can be generalized using the
nomenclature adopted earlier to get:
 ∂ui ∂u j 
τ ij = µ  +  for i ≠ j

(11.4)
∂
 jx ∂xi 

• A relationship between velocities and stress is

established using the above equation.
 Conservation of momentum-14
Derivation
• The following relationship, called the Stokes
constitutive relationship, will be used here
without deriving it.
 2   ∂ui ∂u j 
τ ij =  − P − µ ∇.u  δ ij + µ  +  (11.5)
  
3  ∂x j ∂xi 
δ ij = 0 for i ≠ j
=1 for i = j
⌢ ⌢ ⌢
u = u1i + u2 j + u3 k
 Conservation of momentum-15
Derivation
• Now, consider the stress terms in the
momentum equation and substitute the
Stokes relationship to get: From momentum
equation
∂ ∂ ∂
τ yy + τ xy + τ zy = After substituting
∂y ∂x ∂z Stokes relationship

∂P ∂  2  ∂  ∂v 
− −  µ ∇.u  +  2 µ 
∂y ∂y  3  ∂y  ∂y 
∂   ∂u ∂v   ∂  ∂v ∂w 
+  µ  +  + µ  +  (11.6)
∂x   ∂y ∂x   ∂z  ∂z ∂y 
 Conservation of momentum-16
Derivation
• In addition if µ is assumed constant the
equation becomes:
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂P 2 ∂
τ yy + τ xy + τ zy = − − µ ( ∇.u )
∂y ∂x ∂z ∂y 3 ∂y
∂  ∂u  ∂  ∂u ∂v  ∂  ∂v ∂w 
+ 2µ   + µ  +  + µ  + 
∂y  ∂y  ∂x  ∂y ∂x  ∂z  ∂z ∂y 
(11.7)
• For an incompressible fluid it has been shown
earlier that
∇.u = 0 (10.7a)
 Conservation of momentum-17
Derivation
• Since velocity is a continuous function, cross
differentiation is permissible :
∂ ∂u ∂ ∂u
= (11.8)
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y
• Use equn(10.7a) and equn (11.8) in equn(11.6):
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂P 2
τ yy + τ xy + τ zy ≡ − − µ∇.u
∂y ∂x ∂z ∂y 3
=0
 ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v  ∂  ∂u ∂u ∂u 
+µ 2 + 2 + 2 +µ  + + 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂y  ∂x ∂y ∂z 
=0
(11.9)
 Conservation of momentum-18
Derivation
• Substituting Equn 11.9 in equn 11.3:
∂ ∂ ∂ 2 ∂
( ρ v) + ρ uv + ρ v + ρ wv =
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂P  ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v 
ρXy − +µ 2 + 2 + 2  (11.10)
∂y  ∂x ∂y ∂z 

• Above is called the conservative form of the

momentum equation since it is derived from
the conservation equations
 Conservation of momentum-19
Derivation
• Expand LHS of equn (11.10) to get:
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
( ρ v) + ρ uv + ρ v 2 + ρ wv
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
 ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v   ∂ρ ∂ ∂ ∂ 
= ρ  + u + v + w  + v  + ρ u + ρ v + ρ w
 ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z   ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z 
=0

• Second term is zero from continuity (equn

10.6)
 Conservation of momentum-19
Derivation
• The ‘y’ component of the momentum
equation therefore becomes (Note that
µ
υ = ):
ρ
 ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v 
 ∂t + u ∂x + v ∂y + w ∂z  =
 
(11.11)
 ∂ v ∂ v ∂ v  1 ∂p
2 2 2
X y +υ  2 + 2 + 2  −
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  ρ ∂y
 Conservation of momentum-20
Derivation
• The above Y-momentum equation is written in
a compact form in the following fashion
dv 2 1 ∂p
= X y + υ∇ v −
dt ρ ∂y
2 2 2
2 ∂ v ∂ v ∂ v
∇ v≡ 2 + 2 + 2
∂x ∂y ∂z
dv ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v
≡ +u +v + w
dt ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
• X and Z momentum can be similarly derived
 Conservation of momentum-21
Derivation
• The final set of momentum equations are:
dv 2 1 ∂p
= X y + υ∇ v − (11.12)
dt ρ ∂y
du 2 1 ∂p (11.13)
= X x + υ∇ u −
dt ρ ∂x
dw 1 ∂p
= X z + υ∇ 2 w − (11.14)
dt ρ ∂z
• The above equations are derived for laminar,
incompressible, constant viscosity, Newtonian
fluids