A database is an organized collection of data, generally stored and accessed electronically from a
computer system. Where databases are more complex they are often developed using formal design
and modeling techniques.
The database management system (DBMS) is the software that interacts with end users,
applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze the data. The DBMS software
additionally encompasses the core facilities provided to administer the database. The sum total of
the database, the DBMS and the associated applications can be referred to as a "database system".
Often the term "database" is also used to loosely refer to any of the DBMS, the database system or
an application associated with the database.
Computer scientists may classify database-management systems according to the database
models that they support. Relational databases became dominant in the 1980s. These model data
as rows and columns in a series of tables, and the vast majority use SQL for writing and querying
data. In the 2000s, non-relational databases became popular, referred to as NoSQL because they
use different query languages.
Terminology and overview
Formally, a "database" refers to a set of related data and the way it is organized. Access to this data
is usually provided by a "database management system" (DBMS) consisting of an integrated set of
computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to
all of the data contained in the database (although restrictions may exist that limit access to
particular data). The DBMS provides various functions that allow entry, storage and retrieval of large
quantities of information and provides ways to manage how that information is organized.
Because of the close relationship between them, the term "database" is often used casually to refer
to both a database and the DBMS used to manipulate it.
Outside the world of professional information technology, the term database is often used to refer to
any collection of related data (such as a spreadsheet or a card index) as size and usage
requirements typically necessitate use of a database management system.[1]
Existing DBMSs provide various functions that allow management of a database and its data which
can be classified into four main functional groups:
Data definition – Creation, modification and removal of definitions that define the
organization of the data.
Update – Insertion, modification, and deletion of the actual data.[2]
Retrieval – Providing information in a form directly usable or for further processing by other
applications. The retrieved data may be made available in a form basically the same as it is
stored in the database or in a new form obtained by altering or combining existing data from the
database.[3]
Administration – Registering and monitoring users, enforcing data security, monitoring
performance, maintaining data integrity, dealing with concurrency control, and recovering
information that has been corrupted by some event such as an unexpected system failure.[4]
Both a database and its DBMS conform to the principles of a particular database model.[5] "Database
system" refers collectively to the database model, database management system, and database.[6]
Physically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases and run only
the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with
generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. Hardware database accelerators,
connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, are also used in large volume
transaction processing environments. DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications.
DBMSs may be built around a custom multitasking kernel with built-in networking support, but
modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard operating system to provide these functions.[citation needed]
Since DBMSs comprise a significant market, computer and storage vendors often take into account
DBMS requirements in their own development plans.[7]
Databases and DBMSs can be categorized according to the database model(s) that they support
(such as relational or XML), the type(s) of computer they run on (from a server cluster to a mobile
phone), the query language(s) used to access the database (such as SQL or XQuery), and their
internal engineering, which affects performance, scalability, resilience, and security.
