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linear functionals in functional analysis
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hectuner 13-18 Couse coke 1633)
a ee ante
EF Dua’ ov Conyugore Space D Neel Space x,
Beinn (lie: funTnal )
LA (w Wit) be a novmed Save Peete an
BE Coripbn surder. Tee funtion fs N—> F
eed tp be oO ¢ wnctioe 2 and i rat veclos
MM, Tis Oinear duncdonrd 'f
velol
Meee N oA abe F
iC (Gie Ly) = a po)
“A Ginear Lunchorak 1s gerd T be continuo
¢ 2
: A Ty Qn aa -
My aun ¢ 72, bore endl 5 At
LC).
¢
Emcen fix-x~1e6 > |fOo- fw}e é
Bn ince Felon? tx guid te be bounded if
Le Go) = K dxf aay
and — tence
Fh LAC i oc ahtyie yy
x¢o al
More otth
{£ca) < UF fall ¥ xen
provided ‘f'is bounded
we)
ee ee ee oe.
— Sa WM mF te a Cntr Pundimad. Tan f
one ify The iearereys cbicl in N
Proofs.
I
t
nn ire preente 5
Kev f = bx en | Low = o§ 14 Cloded in wv, LA Sung I
Be any Sejumer in kerf at OF ae I
HE haw tak eked. Snte P is ction 9° |
nie
Sot) ayo oO
Binte Xn € Kerf (hon each ‘n’) |
= f (%)=0 (Glos eee
TH ,
a xen aay Ny
Ea Cm) = f 0x) 13 O
RM CX)=0, So, X EC feat
Hence
eee +n clased In N.
Coveney fuppore thal Kerf +h elesed
Tat reas Pee, Sine: f°
ply if is bomddd, Seo, we prt that las.
bounded. we het tore carer
Cael xf ig
thon fl = 0 30 Kel
4 is bounded an Apuco f 1 NED Case I £42, then (Kerf) is nan—enphy
aA open yt lat Xo e (bet), then, £00) + %
: on sek, AO
we Can Choose f(x0)=\. Since (Ker {) ig open i.
4 definition 6) sven set there exists open ball b(t)
jt
wext we claim that
replue Lo bg
ae > tro le | en.
: an Fe
Suppose against fi Clotim tha ae im
fader — Holz} vx i ori
a d= =X ad observe hah fH)
fo
f(%0 +7) Gey edt CS)
Lye
pet 7 1%)
= eee
£07)
Se C!
= 0
puis 1m pliz» Kot Je Kv ee Aho oe
eel, 2
Tee a |,
ik ey Me ed le foal
Jxorg- Xo) = hdl = ff fal is
SB |oty-mll [fo]<' -—— @
Next. (kt ‘z’ be on arbitrary aslo nr ae
See tha
==
oe
J tz l= Scr wd qn by @
ali L
+ (5) = ga leol< | jh
i
a He] <2 \21) Gaecaen i
hi, Shows that {¢’ 14 bounded om Nar Ahuee i
cmtinvowr om N ras nt
; Rok ana [
Exarpler bow 2d Lineow Pea ae ‘ il
Sampleed one wey
iace a finite dimengi
ee ixt = fe jay ¥ x-Cr,n, —% er"), l
FX) = Za Ki Pea
c
Pi. and bounded Lunelo nal.
[
[
Frou ole thal pp = Hall [
[ Bee gee ad a, be F, mide
Bex l5)- 2 Z acai rx)
» Ean sb7)
Bere aneh SRR
; saft +b tld
Bo fF is Linear. afte )
Lis bounded ,
a
Py al jo CEG eee ‘ !
f (x)= = ee me : r
ee loo | =} ga | LE
: ae Ca
eZ an 3 [2 bel Cs negra, ) [ r
= flat fat a
Bee | tf < fall ae oD) r
Since. PC h a
C= (a, a0. ff
Brees - 2 *_ 3 2 teal L
= ei
Now l
My = Sf ol go ince a as 7, oe
at xl e yal 2 I L
=) i 2lak = @ ©
g
8 ® md ©, we hare
tell = fall
Exanfle 2s nee |
Ld (claw b} Ml) be nemod Space § aQtveal |
Cathinuowr fumclion where (Fil= 9p let] I
Defies Be fanine Te e744) ae is !
L(f)= [4 (ve, I I
then eas ei On Pena furclmall [ I Eis brow,
Pe ee t [a re Pee mls
# L(4t+b9) - feesacost
- fe £4 alt) ne
. a feeoaee > [ 310 \dt
ee ee)
consid
u
face)| - [fr coat] 2
b
( (4 co) a
a
2 sp leo) (At
a ae.
= ney (b- 4)
=> k 2
el é (-4)
(fll
ve af 1G) ze &-9
fo [IF
a Mirah re
i dod .
ee aT, ts bom
Alo nots that gry sep (2! TH)
ofa
do 4(O=1 © teas),
=b-@a
C7)
Je fee setlist
Le ; Dial Space of a normed Space a
De iten it ;
Et WN be & nomed Space od F be fda
Es Space. by all Ginear arch bounded funcoarclr
from "VN tt, fF 13 Called duall Space Oa
denslod a N* he
i a | Nee? Fin Bineas and brea § '
a: Pre thst ee At) one Rea Hace
Th tt tw poh a
A re oA a fllows 7 L
PY f,9¢ 4", “EE
= 4x) «gc ee {
(£49) Fea) « dO) Vv t
= ae ae & L
Gi = a fy ve tl
- under Hhre gerdbins prove thet (W',-) ta a
a Linsov Gpace, (&
BoPart. tivo PR by
Pie il wen u
tacit jes — Prove “that Wr nom Linton Selafier
Reeeva aa Ns
a
Be Peon thal ne Qineaw Hon tbeae difincd a
a frie Upiransvpae nowmod Space is boundotl.
Freofs Follow Bley: in The proof Gd welabd tower”
fee Ricooe eperalow
(do it yourself )
Qe Prove That w* is Banach Space.
Proof. Exercise)
Definibion ¢ (£50 meFric ‘So morphism)
LI N and r
be novmed Spacer. Ay speralor
BMI 5, gal to be an isomolvec.
if it Sols fier ©, O ad Os
&- ED as syed ne
Be A Broor
a p Predserven norma , (a
{eontebtl — y xen
i£omorpham @ the dell See VP is (Lo iM
Boh fet dL) represent, duck Space 9 IF
[
the. we peol To prot Hot A(R’) = Ie 2 Pe
g Nae That by definition ce
r a \
ACB") = SSFP ef bur oA, E
bounded § ‘E
penta CPR
we will prowe thot Pp: dcp) >= & cs .
hae
we
i
Ciiy Qincar _E
i
an jSomelyec
glow That p a ey bijective
Yd) P preserves nov.
Pee. 9: Ae )> ia by i
|
1 mn \
() = Cf + £é AC)
h
iSomor pls Gg
t
8
where a) i
ll
given ty & Phe, oom
eer te a boo fe Rr, hee fx ang xR i
xe EEC E an eee A
ee n Cre :
Been > £( 2 ue) (
Le 1
y uA Ni
24 FCI =O. stan)"
a ca
Since f (&) 1) @ real number fav each C1, So
et EN 2
[ Bet, wehowt
a]
[
f(x) < ee ae cable [
[
fee C4, %, eRe [
[
pew we fave prove ae p tifine spe '
oC) = Ce is sijecting, Ono aan ‘Gee
ner, 5 i
QD ie ee: ‘tI
w p ie moe wh ; I
Suppose Dat fer nae cate’), \
pce) = PCS) r
<<. meee sj l
(4,0, @ < (4,42, - dn) |
($0) Ff i) = bee atel) :
: a) = g ee ute.
2 oh d v ié 3 a 3 |
(e-g) i) = poke a
Tun
Gaa- £ x Fae = ®) p is onto s — ,
be pe (h, by, bn) CR”
We Show that Thene entih @ fencbionak [ c
GR OP 4t- Pld= & [ P
a , re
Bs S xchi
Pe
ia, 9 ere ei umdaa Vara 1), & E
ge ace) ad fan
PCH)= b= (bs, -~ bn) ;
Go p Fn eoy * 7
Peed e a(e’) Eyecare
Plats bf) = % —@ jp-aFeh§
ie. “(as age), @f +b ger), +, laf + 9) | f L.
@ 2
L !
os epeadete:| K
F (2.400) +43), a FCA) ALI), a. fcedh9@) Uy
(a £¢2), af@),. af) + (49), PIC, pged) | 7
pi We ge).. 5e))
_ al Fe), £0), FO +b(9 A) r
2OG +h i w
aa ’ & © tL
Plafrsj)= aly +b Cy ' f
= apt) +b PG a
i) P_prererse nove +- I
We hare te prove that pci afl vr -§
See fei} «| nefyedt= Wel (eet =)
pe eed tt ¢ Tees I
Fie n it
Hephe Se fcc) < WEY {
eae l
5 Rep) eae tha cai i
ae ae .
5 fC%) a S xi Cee) , |
4 |
eo ee
tt
Bim pce)| > | 2 xe te
naa
Z ie is ns
= A ei! ( a } I [
belt feel
i cz). peps !
Ky, {
im i 1)
Bee fede peel
jel
a Miegic OY)
by &) ad Gr), ve hort
feel! = HY
+ Ip col MH,
Cc
Ge 1k oN be an Oe nen A rovers Spare
Then iB duos! n* also 4 ve Bee
Since Wim finte fers ek
Bere. oe} nae
Meee 8 ff. 0% eae
nN’, wher eath a
Sol.
i
fe th oO ban Bley
rs dined ‘9: G82 fF jae”
1 if ws
4. (ei) = Séj = ‘.
; 5 : i
the domain § anak 4 ee
ios,
co Pe eans oy Nene
Wie Bt iA a Linsar by inde penclok Apaming
sot 6) yeclors in W*
Unass inden pendence 2
Mo healers Aya «An , ea :
a ) Li
2 af -Q (zev0 a) i
JA Us
To prove that en
New Gnce ee 00%) = 2 (2 Of (3) ap i an :
do this equalon hs last i ae. ae [ j
ey = £5 Fee) UC
Z ar fs eo els ee [
(4, pr |e, 2 a ..
aR (4o ia [ i
Thu all bcalay ave Cero i
a - So 4 ‘ aM a
Perel yet A ie ed Loo ( ;
{ B* Spans Ne
LX fen” be arbitrary ond an fr
5 i
a eee iN noe SG ee
ie
= zt,
F(z) = re © eS xe 2r)
a
pe we f Cee)
(=I
Een a. ace £ C2)
a
= Gq x
ee
Parmer) ipl
os ae :
rn s
cue)
Pi t=!
fa ¢ ay;
ji
¥*
HEB is a bows fo N* oA
). +
dim wv Baan whenever
dim N = Recall hot, the dimension 9 qualionk Apure N/e
rs caltoal lo- dimen iow el BubSpace < ea a
Ne ae
% ; eas | oe
Bi, pon nove Liner func anal
f: > F, “The Co- dime ng ion of hee
bile Ae Perot ( zen}
aL ¢
ely hott
Baaket> sc Mie .
N f
Be x, EN, fo Apthe € oe
ad since “ef 15 Cinoar Space, thin implier [
1 |
i a
: ints
a( Lor ket) ¢€ Be igs : i
ie Chertef>c a j i
fag €or tok > }
nele that oe LEN Can 22 written ar
ee ee eke 1
er { ete,
BS AtokdG. 5 az 0%), ye bot i
J
a) 4 kerf= atot pt ber f if
= AN + ke "
ea (x04 kof) es bt? i
x 9 snk x4 keenf war avbi tre Bees f 1
of N . fluor ea a |
| Ke Nv ane ry
inf Yond cf
nally we have if
et) E ats a Cf
eee os
ss. Int dimarsrone’ pace U
tence Co- dimonsim 6) kor os he [ d
{
tlyper plane + -
prey WN bea pee pace eee dhe Bub Spree él iE
po ce-dim (m=, Tam for am Xo EM { ll
rorm= Ff xo4g | aem§ 7
Heda ke
ee r pevpp (ant.
ri :
t
Qa] | Franplo -—
Xet Kerf wD oO hapa plane
fen aed ee NN OF
a Fx me) non- Lem Ginear i uncional f
Be Cine space Shur that
Hees we Ns fF CH)o ak}
fie a hy per plane.
Sls Sine f+ 0 (20 re)
Bo there exish x, © N, Sadr td
Paige ae
wl ae.
f Meek: the, --CXo) tt ( =
(x)
ee. fC%)= & Wo impor xe H
thay Ye xo r werd = a hyperplane.
<>
Goh. feo R ry
Tom de 13 Continuo on @ and [fl - [2
LX) = Hy, +A Fy vy x2 (4% mer
