1 The Hartmann Material Model
The expression for strain energy density is:
ψ(I¯1 , I¯2 , J) = w(I¯1 , I¯2 ) + U (J) (1)
where
m
X n
X j
3/2
w(I¯1 , I¯2 ) =α(I¯13 − 33 ) + ci0 (I¯1 − 3)i + c0j I¯2 − 33/2
i=1 j=1
K 5
U (J) = (J + J −5 − 2)
50
1.1 Derivation of Kirchhoff Stress
The Second Piola Kirchhoff Stress is given by:
∂ψ(I¯1 , I¯2 , J) ∂w(I¯1 , I¯2 ) ∂U (J)
S=2 =2 +
∂C ∂C ∂C
where
∂w(I¯1 , I¯2 ) ∂w ∂ I¯1 ∂I1 ∂ I¯1 ∂I2 ∂ I¯1 ∂J ∂I3
= ¯ + +
∂C ∂ I1 ∂I1 ∂C ∂I2 ∂C ∂J ∂I3 ∂C
∂w ∂ I2 ∂I1 ∂ I¯2 ∂I2 ∂ I¯2 ∂J ∂I3
¯
+ ¯ + +
∂ I2 ∂I1 ∂C ∂I2 ∂C ∂J ∂I3 ∂C
and
∂U (J) ∂U (J) ∂J ∂I3
=
∂C ∂J ∂I3 ∂C
It is known that
I1 I2 1/2
I¯1 = 2/3 I¯2 = 4/3 J = I3
J J
The derivatives are:
∂ I¯1 1 ∂ I¯1 ∂ I¯1 ∂J I¯1
= 2/3 =0 =− 2
∂I1 J ∂I2 ∂J ∂I3 3J
∂ I¯2 ∂ I¯2 1 ∂ I¯2 ∂J 2I¯2
=0 = 4/3 =− 2
∂I1 ∂I2 J ∂J ∂I3 3J
1
∂I1 ∂I2 ∂I3
=I = I1 I − C = J 2 C −1
C C C
Substituting in Eqn (2):
∂w(I¯1 , I¯2 ) I¯1 −1 2I¯2 −1
∂w 1 ∂w 1
= ¯ I− C + ¯ (I1 I − C) − C
∂C ∂ I1 J 2/3 3 ∂ I2 J 4/3 3
∂w(I¯1 , I¯2 )
¯
I1 ∂w 2I¯2 ∂w
∂w 1 ∂w 1 ¯ ∂w 1
= + I1 I − ¯ 4/3 C − + C −1 (2)
∂C ∂ I¯1 J 2/3 ∂ I¯2 J 2/3 ∂ I2 J 3 ∂ I¯1 3 ∂ I¯2
Similarly
∂U (J) dU (J) J −1
= C (3)
∂C dJ 2
The Second Piola Kirchhoff Stress is:
¯
I1 ∂w 2I¯2 ∂w dU (J) J
∂w 1 ∂w 1 ¯ ∂w 1
S=2 ¯ 2/3
+ ¯ 2/3 I1 I − 2 ¯ 4/3 C − 2 ¯ + ¯ − C −1
∂ I1 J ∂ I2 J ∂ I2 J 3 ∂ I1 3 ∂ I2 dJ 2
(4)
The Cauchy Stress σ = F SF T /J is:
¯
I1 ∂w 2I¯2 ∂w dU (J) J
2 ∂w 1 ∂w 1 ¯ ∂w 1 2
σ= + I1 B − ¯ 4/3 B − + − I
J ∂ I¯1 J 2/3 ∂ I¯2 J 2/3 ∂ I2 J 3 ∂ I¯1 3 ∂ I¯2 dJ 2
(5)
The Kirchhoff Stress τ = Jσ is:
2 ∂w ¯1 ∂w 2 ∂w 2 ∂w ∂w dU (J)
τ = + I B − 4/3 ¯ B 2 − I¯1 ¯ + 2I¯2 ¯ I+ JI (6)
J 2/3 ∂ I¯1 ∂ I¯2 J ∂ I2 3 ∂ I1 ∂ I2 dJ
Let
2
m
∂w ¯
X i−1
2
w̄1 = ¯ = 3αI1 + ici0 I¯1 − 3
∂ I1 i=1
n
∂w X
¯ 3/2
j−1 3
1/2
w̄2 = = jc 0j I − 33/2
I¯2
∂ I¯2 j=1
2
2
dU (J) K
U 0 (J) = = (J 4 − J −6 )
dJ 10
Hence the Kirchhoff Stress is given by:
2 2 2 ¯
w̄1 + I¯1 w̄2 B − 4/3 w̄2 B 2 − I1 w̄1 + 2I¯2 w̄2 I + U 0 (J)JI
τ = (7)
J 2/3 J 3
1.2 Derivation of Material Tangent Stiffness
The tangent stiffness is defined as:
∂τij
Cijkl = Flm (8)
∂Fkm
The derivatives of I¯1 , I¯1 &J wrt Fkm are given by:
∂ I¯1 2 2
= 2/3 Fkm − I¯1 Fmk
−1
∂Fkm J 3
∂ I¯2 2 2 4
= 2/3 I¯1 Fkm − 4/3 Bkq Fqm − I¯2 Fmk
−1
∂Fkm J J 3
∂J −1
=JFmk
∂Fkm
A few other identities required for the derivation are:
3
∂ I¯1
2 2 ¯ −1
Flm = Fkm − I1 Fmk Flm
∂Fkm J 2/3 3
2 2
= 2/3 Bkl − I¯1 δkl
J 3
∂ I¯2
2 ¯ 2 4 ¯ −1
Flm = I1 Fkm − 4/3 Bkq Fqm − I2 Fmk Flm
∂Fkm J 2/3 J 3
2 2 4
= 2/3 I¯1 Bkl − 4/3 Bkq Bql − I¯2 δkl
J J 3
∂J
Flm =Jδkl
∂Fkm
The Kirchhoff stress consists of four terms as:
(1) (2) 2 (3) (4)
τij = τij − τij − τij + τij
3
So that
(1)
∂τij
∂ 2
w̄1 + I¯1 w̄2 Bij Flm
Flm =
∂Fkm ∂Fkm J 2/3
which yields the following expression:
(1)
∂τij
4 ¯
2 ∂ w̄1 2 2¯
Flm = − 2/3 w̄1 + I1 w̄2 Bij δkl + 2/3 + w̄2 Bkl − I1 δkl Bij
∂Fkm 3J J ∂ I¯1 J 2/3 3
2 ∂ w̄2 2 ¯ 2 4¯ 2
+ 2/3 I¯1 ¯ ¯1 w̄2 (δkj Bil + δik Bjl )
I1 Bkl − Bkq Bql − I2 δkl Bij + w̄ 1 + I
J ∂ I2 J 2/3 J 4/3 3 J 2/3
(9)
Similarly,
(2)
∂τij
8 2 ∂ w̄2 2 ¯ 2 4¯
Flm = − 4/3 w̄2 δkl Biq Bqj + 4/3 ¯ I1 Bkl − 4/3 Bkq Bql − I2 δkl Biq Bqj
∂Fkm 3J J ∂ I2 J 2/3 J 3
2
+ 4/3 w̄2 (Bil Bkj + Blq Bqj δik + Biq Bql δjk + Bik Bjl )
J
(10)
4
(3)
∂τij
¯ ∂ w̄1 2 2¯
Flm = w̄1 + I1 ¯ Bkl − I1 δkl δij
∂Fkm ∂ I1 J 2/3 3
(11)
¯ ∂ w̄2 2 ¯ 2 4¯
+2 w̄2 + I2 ¯ I1 Bkl − 4/3 Bkq Bql − I2 δkl δij
∂ I2 J 2/3 J 3
(4)
∂τij K ∂J K
Flm = (J 4 − J −6 ) Flm = (J 5 − J −5 )δij δkl (12)
∂Fkm 2 ∂Fkm 2
The total tangent stiffness for the model is:
4 2 ∂ w̄ 1 2 2
Cijkl = − 2/3 w̄1 + I¯1 w̄2 Bij δkl + 2/3 Bkl − I¯1 δkl Bij
+ w̄2
3J J ∂ I¯1 J 2/3 3
2 ∂ w̄2 2 ¯ 2 4 2
+ 2/3 I¯1 ¯ I1 Bkl − 4/3 Bkq Bql − I¯2 δkl Bij + 2/3 w̄1 + I¯1 w̄2 (δkj Bil + δik Bjl )
J ∂ I2 J 2/3 J 3 J
8 2 ∂ w̄2 2 ¯ 2 4¯
+ 4/3 w̄2 δkl Biq Bqj − 4/3 ¯ I1 Bkl − 4/3 Bkq Bql − I2 δkl Biq Bqj
3J J ∂ I2 J 2/3 J 3
2 2 ¯ ∂ w̄1 2 2¯
− 4/3 w̄2 (Bil Bkj + Blq Bqj δik + Biq Bql δjk + Bik Bjl ) − w̄1 + I1 ¯ Bkl − I1 δkl δij
J 3 ∂ I1 J 2/3 3
4 ∂ w̄2 2 ¯ 2 4 K
− w̄2 + I¯2 ¯ 2/3
I1 Bkl − 4/3 Bkq Bql − I¯2 δkl δij + (J 5 − J −5 )δij δkl
3 ∂ I2 J J 3 2
2 St. Venant Kirchhoff Material
The expression for strain energy density is:
λ µ 2
(I1 − 3)2 +
ψ(I1 , I2 , J) = I1 − 2I2 − 2I1 + 3 (13)
8 4
2.1 Derivation of Kirchhoff Stress
The Kirchhoff Stress is given by:
∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ψ 2
τ =2 + I1 B− B (14)
∂I1 ∂I2 ∂I2
Further
∂ψ λ µ
= (I1 − 3) + (I1 − 1)
∂I1 4 2
∂ψ µ
=−
∂I2 2
5
So that,
λ
τ = (I1 − 3) − µ B + µB 2 (15)
2
2.2 Derivation of Material Tangent Stiffness
The tangent stiffness is defined as:
∂τij
Cijkl = Flm
∂Fkm
∂τij
Flm
∂Fkm
λ ∂I1 λ ∂Bij ∂Bkj ∂Bik
= Bij Flm + (I1 − 3) − µ Flm + µ Bik Flm + Bkj Flm
2 ∂Fkm 2 ∂Fkm ∂Fkm ∂Fkm
λ
=λBij Bkl + (I1 − 3) − µ (Bil δjk + Bjl δik ) + µ Bil Bkj + Bik Bjl + B̃jl δik + B̃il δjk
2
where B̃ = B · B.
The expression for tangent stiffness is:
λ
Cijkl = λBij Bkl + (I1 − 3) − µ (Bil δjk + Bjl δik ) + µ Bil Bkj + Bik Bjl + B̃jl δik + B̃il δjk
2
